Duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da hanyar sadarwar Ethereum

Aikin Ethereum wani ɓangare ne na ƙoƙari na dimokaradiyyar intanet ta hanyar ƙirƙirar a kwamfuta duniya. Manufarsa ita ce ta maye gurbin tsohon samfurin sabobin ko girgijen da ke karɓar bayanai tare da sabuwar hanya: nodes da masu sa kai suka samar. Mahaliccinta suna son gabatar da madadin tsari don bayanai da aikace-aikace masu rarraba wadanda ba su dogara da manyan kamfanonin fasaha ba.

Sunan wanda ya kirkiro Ethereum shine Vitalik Buterin kuma shi dan Rasha-Kanada ne a karkashin shekaru 30. Daga baya, wasu mutane sun haɗa kai da saurayin don tace farar Takarda ta farko: Mawallafin Burtaniya Gavin Wood, Jeffrey Wilcke, babban mai haɓaka abokin ciniki na Go, da Charles Hoskinson. Na karshen wani masanin lissafin Amurka ne wanda ya kafa aikin ilimi akan blockchain. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Cardano blockchain.

🥀 Menene Ethereum?

Ethereum dandamali ne da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata dangane da tsarin blockchain ko toshe sarkar. Yana da buɗaɗɗen tushe don aiki da kasuwanci akan layi, wanda ke da faffadan ɗaki don haɓakawa. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda irin wannan kayan aiki har yanzu yana ɗaukar matakansa na farko a cikin masu saka hannun jari masu kawo cikas.

Kamar yadda har yanzu ci gabansa bai cika ba, domin har yanzu yana bukatar ilimi mai yawa daga bangaren masu sauraronsa, muna iya tabbatar muku da cewa karfinsa, ta fuskar samun kudin shiga, har yanzu yana da yawa.

Ether, cryptocurrency wanda ke iko da Ethereum, ana amfani dashi don biyan ma'amaloli da ke faruwa akan hanyar sadarwar Ethereum. Ita manufa ta farko shine don ba da lada ga masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke aiwatar da ma'amalar bayanai akan hanyar sadarwar da ba a san su ba, kodayake kuma yana yiwuwa a yi ciniki tare da wannan ƙimar.

Yawancin mutanen da ba su da hannu sosai a wannan hanyar sadarwar suna magana zuwa Ether kamar Ethereum. An bayar da wannan takwaran na dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya fara shirin, amma ana ƙirƙira miliyoyin sabbin tsabar kudi kowace shekara.

Siyan wannan cryptocurrency yana buƙatar amfani da dandamali na cryptocurrency ƙwararrun ƙwararru, waɗanda zasu iya zama aiki mai wahala da ɗaukar lokaci wanda zai lalata ikon ku na amsa ga canje-canjen farashi na ɗan lokaci.

Kasuwancin Ethereum ta hanyar CFDs yana ba ku damar amsawa da sauri ga canje-canje da riba daga rashin daidaituwa a kan tabo. A zahiri, ba kwa buƙatar mallakar wannan cryptocurrency don samun damar cinikin farashinsa.

🥀 Ta yaya Ethereum ke aiki?

Wannan blockchain yana aiki (na yanzu) tare da mashahuri Tabbatar da aikin (PoW). Ana kiranta algorithm na ma'adinai "ethash", maimakon Bitcoin SHA-256. Anan, toshe masu inganci (watau masu hakar ma'adinai na Ethereum) suma suna gasa don magance matsalar lissafi, tare da mai nasara yana samun lada na kusan 3,5 ETH.

Game da hakar ma'adinan su, zamu iya cewa masu hakar ma'adinai da masu haɓakawa ba sa son injin ASIC saboda, a cewar su, suna iya haifar da wani yanki na tsakiya. Saboda haka, algorithm ethash an ƙera shi musamman don korar waɗannan nau'ikan na'urori; ko kuma a maimakon haka, ka sa su zama marasa amfani a cikin hakar ma'adinan ku. Tabbas, ba kamar Bitcoin ba, yawancin ETH an haƙa shi da katunan bidiyo (GPUs).

Yanzu, a nan gaba, ana sa ran Ethereum zai watsar da Hujja na Aiki (PoW) kuma ya ɗauki cikakken tabbaci na Stake (PoS). Tare da wannan tsarin, ba za a ƙara samun masu hakar ma'adinai ba, amma wakilai ko masu tabbatar da ma'amaloli waɗanda "zai saya” hakkinsu tare da wani adadin ETH a cikin walat ɗin su.

Don haka, waɗanda ke da mafi yawan tsabar kuɗi za su sami mafi kyawun damar tsarin zaɓe su don tabbatar da ma'amaloli ba tare da ƙarin kashe kuɗi na makamashi ko kayan aiki ba.

Ya kamata a ambaci cewa kowane ETH yana rarraba har zuwa wurare 18 na decimal (0,000000000000000001 ETH). Kamar dai yadda akwai cent a cikin kudin fiat, ya kuma sanya suna mafi ƙanƙanta juzu'ai.

Anan dole ne mu ambaci cewa Gwei shine ɗayan mafi yawan gama gari don bayyana ƙananan adadi, kamar satoshi in bitcoin. Don haka maimakon faɗin cewa farashin gas ɗin ku shine 0,000000001 ether, zaku iya cewa farashinsa. 1 gaba.

🥀 Zan iya biya tare da ether wani wuri?

Kuna da ETH kuma kuna buƙatar sanin abin da za ku yi da shi? Shin yana yiwuwa a sayi wani abu ko biya don sabis tare da wannan cryptocurrency?

To, ko da yake yana da ban mamaki ga mutane da yawa, fiye da kamfanoni daban-daban 1 yarda da ETH a matsayin hanyar biyan kuɗi a duk duniya, bisa ga bayanan da Cryptwerk ya bayar. Wannan ya haɗa da manyan kantuna, kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido, sashin wasan bidiyo, sabis na intanet da kuma sabis masu alaƙa da cryptocurrency, da sauransu.

Lokacin yin bitar kididdigar rukunin yanar gizon, a hankali amma haɓakar haɓaka cryptocurrency ta 'yan kasuwa shine ana lura da shi daga 2018 zuwa 2020. Kuma ba za mu yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen ambaton cewa Amurka ce ke kan gaba a cikin kasashen da ke da yawan kamfanoni.

🥀 Menene na'ura mai kama da Ethereum (EVM)?

Za mu iya cewa EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) wani abu ne kamar Ethereum CPU. Kuma shi ne ainihin abin da yake sauti: na'ura na dijital wanda, a ka'idar, yana iya magance kusan kowace matsala ta ilimin lissafi kuma, don haka, aiwatar da kusan kowane umarni ko shirin.

Ana kiran wannan tsariTuring cikakke", kuma yana nufin iyawar kwamfutoci waɗanda duk muka sani. Kuma wannan shine dalilin da yasa ake kiran Ethereum da "kwamfuta ta duniya".

An gina kowane nau'in shirye-shiryen kwamfuta akan EVM a cikin Harsunan Solidity da Vyper. Waɗannan su ne shirye-shiryen da muka sani a matsayin "kwangiloli masu wayo", don haka kamar yadda zaku iya tunanin, EVM shine zuciyar Ethereum, inda aka haifi sihiri. Tabbas, don kunna shi, kamar yadda muka ambata, ya zama dole don samar da iskar gas.

Bugu da ƙari, EVM yana da nasa harshe: da 'EVM bytecode'. Da zarar an rubuta kwangilolin a cikin Solidity, Vyper ko wasu, an “fassara su” zuwa cikin Bayarwa ta yadda EVM za ta iya karantawa da aiwatar da su daidai.

🥀 Menene "gas" kuma menene amfani dashi?

Idan kun yi amfani da Bitcoin aƙalla sau ɗaya, za ku san cewa kowace ma'amala tana da ɗan ƙarami. Kwamiti ne da aka tsara don ƙananan yara waɗanda ke kula da hanyar sadarwa. To, daidai a cikin Ethereum shine abin da ake kira "gas“. Anan ne wurin haƙar ma'adinai na cryptocurrency a cikin fasahar Blockchain.

Ka tuna lokacin da suka yi sharhi a sama cewa kuna biyan kuɗi kaɗan a cikin ETH don amfani da hanyar sadarwa? To, wannan adadin gas ne. Ba wai wani kudin ba ne, ya fi ma’auni ne na abin da za ku biya na abin da kuke yi.

Ko da yake a dapp ko alamar al'ada ta zama mai zaman kanta daga Ethereum a kallon farko, gaskiyar ita ce dole ne ku sami "gas" a cikin nau'i na ETH don samun damar amfani da su, saboda kowane ciniki tare da su zai hada da wannan ƙananan farashi a cikin ethers.

Kafin matsawa zuwa yiwuwar farashin iskar gas, ya kamata a ambata cewa akwai "nau'ikan" masu amfani guda biyu: iyakar gas da farashin gas. Iyakar tana nufin adadin raka'a na "gas" da kuke son kashewa akan waccan ma'amala kuma gabaɗaya baya bambanta. Yayin da farashin shine adadin ETH da aka biya don kowane rukunin "gas“. Don haka, ana ƙididdige yawan kuɗin ta hanyar ninka iyaka ta farashi.

Ƙaddamar da Ether Mining

Le kasa Wani muhimmin al'amari ne na yadda Ethereum ke aiki, kamar yadda yake yi akan hanyar sadarwar Bitcoin. Idan ba tare da hakar ma'adinai ba, ma'amaloli ba za su taɓa faruwa ba kuma hanyar sadarwar za ta kasance mai rauni ga hare-hare.

Le Ethereum Mining ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar tubalan ma'amala, tabbatar da hanyar sadarwa, da kewayar sabon ether. Masu hakar ma'adinai suna ba da ikon lissafin kwamfutocin su don inganta tubalan kuma a ba su lada a cikin sabon ether da aka ƙirƙira tare da kowane toshe.

Ba kamar Bitcoin ba, ma'adinan Ethereum ba bisa ikon hashing ba amma akan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ana kiranta ProgPoW (Programmatic Proof-of-Work). Ya ƙunshi tsananin amfani da damar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daga GPUs waɗanda ke ba da kwamfutocin masu hakar ma'adinai.

Masu hakar ma'adinai dole ne su magance matsalolin lissafi masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfin RAM mai yawa. Mai hakar ma'adinai na farko don nemo mafita ga kowane sabon toshe yana samun lada tare da sabon ether 2 da aka ƙirƙira, tare da kuɗin ciniki na toshe. Ana samun sabon toshe kusan kowane daƙiƙa 13.

Lura cewa aikin hakar ma'adinai yana cinye wutar lantarki mai yawa. An ƙiyasta wannan cin zai yi kama da ƙaramar ƙasa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Ethereum yana so ya matsa zuwa tabbacin gungumen azaba tare da Eth2, tsarin da ba shi da ƙarfi sosai.

Aikin hakar ma'adinai zai kasance wajibi na wasu 'yan shekaru yayin sauyawa zuwa Eth2. Masu hakar ma'adinai har ma sun kirkiro haɗin gwiwar (Ethereum Mining Council) don tallafawa wannan babban canjin fasaha na Ethereum.

Ƙididdigar Ethereum

A cokali mai yatsa bambance-bambancen fasaha ne wanda ke haifar da rabuwa tsakanin hanyoyin juyin halitta guda biyu akan blockchain. A kan Ethereum, an riga an yi cokali mai yatsu da yawa.

Mafi kyawun cokali mai yatsa shine cokali mai yatsa DAO yana bin $ 50 miliyan ether amfani da shi a cikin 2016. Don dawo da kudaden, Vitalik Buterin ya yanke shawarar yin cokali mai yatsa ta hanyar juyawa ma'amala. Wannan ya haifar da tashoshi daban-daban guda biyu: Ethereum (ETH) babban sarkar da Ethereum Classic (ETC) tashar dissident.

Hakanan akwai cokali mai yatsa na Byzantium a cikin 2017 wanda ya gabatar da canje-canje don shirya don sikelin Ethereum. Sannan cokali mai yatsa na Constantinople a cikin 2019 wanda ya canza tattalin arzikin ma'adinai da kudade akan hanyar sadarwa.

A cikin 2020, cokali mai yatsa na Istanbul ya ba da damar haɗa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ethereum da Zcash. Kuma a ƙarshe, a farkon 2022, cokali mai yatsa na Arrow Glacier ya mayar da ranar Haɗin kai da motsi zuwa tabbacin gungumen azaba don daidaita hanyar sadarwar.

Yi la'akari da cewa tare da Eth2, ƙaura zuwa hujja-na gungumen azaba kuma za ta kawo ƙarshen cokali mai yatsu na yau da kullun da cibiyar sadarwar Ethereum ta samu tun lokacin da aka kirkira ta, tare da blockchain ya zama mai ƙarfi sosai.

Masana sun yi imanin cewa cokali mai yatsa na gaba ya kamata ya sami tasiri mai kyau ta hanyar inganta haɓaka, saurin gudu da farashin amfani da hanyar sadarwa don ma'amaloli da aikace-aikace.

Ƙaddamar da Ethereum da DeFi

Daya daga cikin mafi yawan juyin juya halin amfani da Ethereum shine ci gaban fashewar raba kudaden shiga (DeFi) tun daga 2020. Cryptocurrencies da blockchain suna ba da damar gina kayan aikin kuɗi na buɗewa, ba tare da masu shiga tsakani ba kuma masu isa ga kowa.

An gina aikace-aikacen kuɗi da aka raba akan Ethereum ta amfani da kwangiloli masu wayo. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen kwamfuta mai sarrafa kansa suna sarrafa cinikai, lamuni ko riba a bayyane kuma amintacce.

Sabbin sabis na DeFi iri-iri sun samo asali kamar stablecoins, dandamali na ba da rance da rance (Aave, Compound), masu insurers masu rarraba (Nexus Mutual, Etherisc) ko ma musayar ra'ayi da ke ba da damar musayar alamun da cryptocurrencies ba tare da tsaka-tsaki ba (Uniswap, Curve).

Jimlar ƙimar da aka kulle a aikace-aikacen DeFi ta fashe a cikin shekaru 2 zuwa sama da dala biliyan 100. Wannan shine farkon farawa kuma an kiyasta cewa 10% na ayyukan kuɗi na gargajiya za a iya raba su ta 2025 godiya ga Ethereum.

Ko da an ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale dangane da sirri da tsaro, ko shakka babu wannan ɓangaren da ke haɓaka zai ci gaba da haɓakawa da ba da sabbin ayyuka masu ƙima da aka mayar da hankali kan raba ƙima maimakon fitar da shi.

🥀 Aikace-aikacen da ba a daidaita su ba

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan sababbin sababbin abubuwa na Ethereum shine yuwuwar ƙirƙirar aikace-aikacen da aka raba (DApps) ta amfani da fasahar kwangila mai kaifin baki. Waɗannan layukan na'urori masu sarrafa kansu suna ba da damar gina kowane nau'in aikace-aikacen kai tsaye akan blockchain.

Akwai riga fiye da 3000 DApps yana aiki akan Ethereum a cikin yankuna daban-daban. Daga cikin aikace-aikacen flagship, za mu iya buga rukunan tsarin kuɗi kamar Uniswap ko Compound. Amma kuma wasannin blockchain kamar CryptoKitties ko Axie Infinity. Ko ma kasuwannin da aka raba su kamar OpenSea.

Waɗannan aikace-aikacen ba su da maki guda na dubawa ko gazawa. Ana rarraba bayanai da lambar DApps a ko'ina cikin nodes na cibiyar sadarwar Ethereum. Babu uwar garken da aka keɓance kuma suna da juriya ga rashin aiki ko tantancewa.

DApps sun ƙunshi kwangiloli masu wayo waɗanda ke ayyana ƙa'idodin shirin. Suna aiwatarwa ta atomatik bisa ga sharuɗɗan kwangila lokacin da wasu sharuɗɗan suka cika. Suna iya sarrafa cryptocurrencies, alamomin da ba su da ƙarfi (NFTs) da ƙari mai yawa don gina sabbin ayyuka.

Daga ƙarshe, zamu iya tunanin cewa aikace-aikacen da aka raba za su maye gurbin yawancin ayyuka na dijital na yanzu, suna ba da ƙarin fahimi, inganci da juriya yayin da aka dogara akan raba darajar. Godiya ga Ethereum, DApps suna fara juyin juya halin su ne kawai kuma ana tsammanin za su canza tattalin arzikin dijital cikin shekaru goma na 2020.

🥀 Ethereum da yanayin daidaitawa

Mun riga mun san cewa cryptocurrencies ba abin da gwamnatoci da manyan bankunan duniya suka fi so ba saboda ainihin akidarsu: cin gashin kai da mulkin kai. A wasu kasashen duniya, an hana su gaba daya.

A wasu kuma, sun kasance da sauƙi a magance matsalolin kuɗi. Kuma yaro sun yi nasara! Har ila yau wasu, daidai a tsakiyar ma'auni, sun yanke shawarar tsara wasu ayyuka.

A cikin 2018, masu kula da tsarin Amurka kamar su Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) kuma Hukumar musayar kayayyaki ta gaba (CFEC); saboda pre-sayar da alamar sa a cikin 2014.

Ko da yake labarin ya tsufa a lokacin, sun damu da cewa presale wanda ya tashe 31 BTC (daidai da kusan dala miliyan 000 a lokacin) ya fadi a ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa na tallace-tallace na Securities na 18,3. Idan haka ne, dole ne masu haɓakawa. sun yi rajistar cryptocurrency azaman tsaro kafin siyarwa.

Sai dai Lubin ya ce duk lokacin da suka shafe suna tuntubar lauyoyi a Amurka da wasu kasashe kafin sayar da alamar ba a banza ba ne. An gano cewa ba za a rarraba ethers azaman darajar kuɗi bisa ga gwajin Howey ba. Don haka wannan magana ta hukuma ba ta aiki, kuma a halin yanzu abubuwa sun kasance kamar haka a jajibirin gabatar da PoS.

🥀 Ethereum: wani tsarin fiye da cryptocurrencies

Kodayake ether shine cryptocurrency na dandamali wanda ke damunmu a cikin wannan rubutu, ba shine mabuɗin wannan tsarin aiki ba. Tushen aikinsa shine abin da ake kira da fasaha kwangila mai wayo, wanda ya ƙunshi ginannen gine-ginen tallafin cibiyar sadarwa mai sauƙin aiki da sauƙi.

Wannan yana nuna cewa hanyoyin suna sarrafa kansa, tare da daidaito mai girma da kuma kawar da aikin masu shiga tsakani. Sakamakon haka, wannan hanyar sadarwar tana bayyana kanta a matsayin madadin da ke ba da iko ga ƙananan ƴan wasa a kan manyan kamfanoni waɗanda ke saka hannun jari akan sikelin ƙasashen duniya.

Kuna iya yin rikodi kwangiloli masu wayo m tare da babban tsaro da kuma mafi kyau duka zuba jari. Haka kuma, wannan matakin da aka dauka, yana kaucewa tsangwama daga bankuna da sauran jami'an hukumar. Gabaɗaya magana, kuna aiki tare da ƙayyadaddun kwangila masu alaƙa da adadin ether ɗin ku, amma waɗannan ba za su zama mallakar ku ba.

🥀 Dangantaka tsakanin Ethereum da Bitcoin

A ƙarshe, ya kamata a lura cewa, tun lokacin da aka haifi ethers a cikin 2015, dangantaka da kwatancen tare da bitcoins sun nuna alamar sa. Hakanan, ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban sauran dandamali na blockchain ko cryptocurrency.

Ya kamata ku tuna cewa bitcoins sune farkon cryptocurrencies da suka fito. Halinsa na majagaba ya ba da hanya ga wasu shawarwari masu rauni. Dandalin Buterin ya biyo baya kuma ya sami babban shahara.

Amma ba tare da mayar da hankali kan tushen tsarin akan cryptocurrencies ba. Yana da al'ada, a gefe guda, don masu zuba jari su kalli nau'in da ke samuwa tsakanin bitcoins da dandalin ether.

Gabaɗaya, muna jaddada haɓakar gabatarwar bitcoins a cikin hanyar sadarwa na ayyukan kwangiloli masu wayo. A wannan ma'ana, an fahimci karuwar farashin wannan tsarin da kwararar bitcoins ke tafiyar da shi kai tsaye.

Ya kai matsayin da hanyar sadarwar da muke nazarin ta zarce bitcoins a cikin 2020 a cikin bayanai kamar masu haɓakawa da ma'amaloli-dakika daya.

Gabaɗaya magana, tokenized bitcoins zama na yau da kullun ciniki cryptocurrencies akan dandalin ethers. Yana da dangantaka mai kyau ga waɗanda suke son yin aiki a cikin blockchain, amma a cikin abin da, kadan kadan, tsarin da aka haifa a cikin 2015 yana tasowa zuwa lalata bitcoins.