ʻO nā mākeke waiwai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua

ʻO ka mākeke kūʻai he mākeke kahi e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā, inā he kanaka a ʻoihana paha, nā mea nona hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha nā moʻokāki makeke kūʻai, hiki ke kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā palekana like ʻole. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mākeke kūʻai waiwai i ke koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokele honua. Kōkua lākou i nā ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ke kālā ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana, nā paʻa i nā mea hoʻopukapuka no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻoihana, nā koi kālā hana, nā hoʻolimalima kālā, etc.

Si he kanaka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻoe a i ʻole he hui wale nō e makemake ana e wehe i kāna kapikala i ka lehulehu, a laila, ʻo ka ʻike o nā mākeke kūʻai maikaʻi loa e lilo i mea nui iā ʻoe.

i keia la Finance de Demain Consulting nā makana iā ʻoe, e like me kā lākou mau mākeke mākeke, nā mākeke waiwai maikaʻi loa o ka honua. Ma mua o ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia kumuhana, e hoʻomaopopo mua kākou i ke ʻano o ka mākeke. ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Stock Exchange.

He aha ke kumukūʻai kūʻai?

ke kuai waiwai, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka mākeke kūʻai, he hui e ʻae i kahi kanaka a i ʻole hui e kūʻai a kūʻai aku i nā securities. Hiki i nā palekana ke lilo i mau waihona, nā palapala paʻa i hoʻopuka ʻia e kahi hui a i ʻole aupuni a me nā mea hana kālā ʻē aʻe ma kahi ākea.

Hāʻawi nā hoʻololi waiwai i nā lālā i koho ʻia i nā mea kūʻai palekana a me nā lālā e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mau mea kūʻai aku no ke kūʻai ʻana a kūʻai aku i nā securities. Mālama ka hoʻololi i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kulekele kālepa kūpono a me ka hoʻokō e pili ana i nā hana kālepa ponoʻī. Loaʻa nā kumukūʻai kūʻai i nā helu like ʻole e hana ma ke ʻano he barometer o ke olakino o ka hoʻokele waiwai.

I kēia mau lā, aneane pau nā hoʻololi e like me nā mākeke uila. ʻO ke kumukūʻai makeke o nā ʻāpana kumu o ka hui a me nā waiwai like ʻole e like me ka aila, gula, keleawe, etc. pili i ke kūlana koi a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka mākeke e like me nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku e kau i kā lākou mau kauoha hoʻokō.

Moolelo o na kuai waiwai

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea kūʻai mua a me ka mua ʻoi aʻe ma mua o nā makahiki 400 ma ʻEulopa, ma Netherlands. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kumukūʻai Dutch East Indian e kālepa ma ke kūʻai kālā. ʻO ke kuleana nui o kahi hoʻololi e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā i ka mākeke.

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā mea kuleana āpau. Aia ma kahi o 60 mau kumukūʻai nui a puni ka honua.

ʻO 10 mau mākeke waiwai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua

Ua hōʻuluʻulu mākou i kahi papa inoa o nā mākeke waiwai 10 kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua e pili ana i ka ʻikepili waiwai mākeke i hāʻawi ʻia e ka World Federation of Exchanges. E hele kāua.

1. ʻO ka New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

NYSE ʻo ia ka waihona waiwai nui loa ma ka honua, aia ma 11 Wall Street, New York City, United States. Aia ʻo NYSE ma kahi o 2400 mau ʻoihana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia e pili ana i nā hui ʻāpana polū e like me Walmart, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, JP Morgan Chase, etc.

ʻO ia kekahi o nā kūʻai kūʻai waiwai kahiko loa i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1792. ʻO ka nui o ka mākeke o nā hui āpau i helu ʻia ma NYSE ma kahi o $22,9 trillion ma 2021.

ʻO ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā kālepa nui ma waena 2 a me 6 biliona maheles. ʻO NYSE wale nō ka hoʻololi ma United States e hāʻawi ana i ke kālepa papahele i nā mea kālepa nui. Hāʻawi ia i ke kālepa ʻana i nā mea kālā like ʻole e like me ke kālā kālepa hoʻololi (ETFs), nā ukana, nā paʻa a me nā koho ʻē aʻe.

Ua hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano nona ka NYSE i ka makahiki 2006, i ka wā i hui pū ai me Archipelago Holdings e hoʻokumu i ka NYSE Group, Inc. I ka kali ʻana i kēia hoʻololi, ua kūʻai ʻia nā noho hope loa ma Kekemapa 2005.

Ua lilo nā mea noho a pau i mau kuleana o ka ʻO ka hui NYSE. ʻO kahi hui pū me Euronext NV, kahi hui o nā kūʻai kūʻai kālā ʻEulopa, i hoʻokumu i ka hui paʻa ʻo NYSE Euronext ma 2007. Ma 2008, ua loaʻa ʻo NYSE Euronext i ka American Stock Exchange (i kapa hou ʻia ʻo NYSE Amex Equities).

ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi nui o kēia hoʻololi ka DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE.

2. NASDAQ

NASDAQ kū no ka National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. ʻO ia ka lua o ka mākeke waiwai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua. Hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1971, ka NASDAQ Aia ma 151 W, 42nd Street ma New York. ʻO ia ke poʻokela o ka mākeke waiwai uila o ka honua me ka huina kālā o ka mākeke o $10,8 trillion.

ʻOi aku ma mua o 3 mau kumukūʻai i helu ʻia ma NASDAQ me ka awelika mākeke o $000 trillion i kēlā me kēia mahina. ʻO nā hui ʻenehana nui e like me Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Tesla, Amazon, Apple, etc. ua helu ʻia ma laila. Hāʻawi nā hui i helu ʻia ma NASDAQ i ka 1,26% o ka nui o ka waiwai mākeke honua. ʻO ka helu NASDAQ kekahi kapa ʻia ʻo NASDAQ.

Aia kekahi ʻike hoihoi e pili ana i ka mākeke kūʻai NASDAQ e kāhāhā ʻoe i ka ʻike. ʻAʻohe ona hui i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea a i ʻole ka ʻāpana pono. ʻOi aku kona makemake i ka ʻenehana, mālama olakino a me nā lawelawe lawelawe mea kūʻai aku.

3. ʻO ka Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)

Ke Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Tokyo, ʻike ʻia ʻo Tosho. ʻO ia ke kolu o ka helu o nā mākeke kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua a aia ma Tokyo, Iapana. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo TSE ma 1878. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka TSE ma mua o 3 mau hui i helu ʻia me ka nui o ka mākeke kumulative ma mua o $500 trillion.

Nikkei 225, ʻO ia ka benchmark e lilo i 225 mau hui ʻoihana Kepani e like me Honda, Toyota, Suzuki, Sony, Mitsubishi a me nā mea hou aku.

E pīhoihoi ʻoe i ka ʻike ʻana ua hoʻokuʻu loa ʻo TSE i kāna mau hana no 4 mau makahiki ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻAe ʻo TSE i nā lālā e kālepa i nā derivatives, nā waiwai honua, nā paʻa, etc. mooolelo TSE ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 limahana a kaulana loa no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻokō kālepa a me ka nānā ʻana i ka mākeke.

Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopiʻi kekahi mau mea kūʻai mākeke i nā makahiki. Wahi a lākou, ua lilo ka TSE i mea nui a paʻakikī hoʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hoʻololi honua ʻē aʻe. Aia ka TSE i ʻelima mau ʻāpana.

ʻO ka ʻāpana mua ka papa inoa o nā hui nui loa ma Iapana a ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻelua e papa inoa i nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi. A hui pū ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua i kapa ʻia ʻo " nā mākeke nui ".

4. ʻO ka Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)

ʻO ka Shanghai Stock Exchange ʻo ia kekahi o nā mākeke waiwai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua a ʻo ka mea nui loa ma Asia. Aia ia ma Shanghai, Kina a ke kūlana ʻehā ma muli o ka nui o ka mākeke.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kūʻai kālā ma 1866 akā ua hoʻopanee ʻia i ka makahiki 1949 ma muli o ke kipi ʻana o Kina a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona kumu hou i ka makahiki 1990.

I ka makahiki 2006, ua helu ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā hui 842, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka mākeke kūʻai ma kahi o 915 biliona kālā ʻAmelika.

Ua piʻi aʻe ka Shanghai Stock Exchange e 130% i ka makahiki 2006 a laila e 97% i ka makahiki 2007, ʻo ka ikaika o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina a laila e huki ana i nā miliona o nā mea hoʻopukapuka hou i ka mākeke. I ʻOkakopa 2007, ka ESS Composite (ka papa kuhikuhi mākeke nui) ua piʻi ma 6 mau helu.

Ua pilikia nui ia mai ka pilikia kālā o 2008, ua nalowale ʻoi aku ma mua o 65,5% o kona waiwai, e hoʻopau ana i ka makahiki 2008 ma 1 mau helu, e hōʻike ana i kahi poho o 820 biliona kālā ma ka mākeke capitalization. I kēia lā, aia ʻo SSE ma luna o 81 mau hui lehulehu i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma kāna kahua me ka hui ʻana o ka mākeke mākeke ma kahi o $3 trillion.

Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa iki kēia mākeke kūʻai mai kona mau hoa i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. Ma ʻaneʻi, hoʻokau nā mea hoʻoponopono mākeke i nā mea hoʻokele kaapuni e pale i ka volatility kumu kūʻai. Ke loaʻa nā nūhou maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole ka maopopo ʻole, mālama ke aupuni Kina i ke kuleana e hoʻōki i ke kālepa no ka lā.

5. Euronext: nā mākeke kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma ka ʻāpana euro

Aia ma Amsterdam, ʻo ka Euronext stock exchange i manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā mākeke kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa.

Aia ʻo ia i ka ʻelima i kā mākou papa me nā ʻoihana 1 i helu ʻia ma kāna kahua me ka nui o ka mākeke mākeke ma luna o $300 trillion. ʻO kāna mau kuhikuhi kuhikuhi'AEX-INDEX, le PSI-20 a CAC 40. ʻO ka awelika o ka huina mahina ma kahi o $174 biliona.

Hoʻohana ʻo Euronext i nā mākeke kālā a me nā derivatives i hoʻoponopono ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia kāna hāʻawi ʻana i nā huahana e like me nā equities, ETFs (kūʻai kālā kālepa), palapala hōʻoia a me nā palapala hōʻoia, nā mea paʻa, nā derivatives equity, nā huahana derivatives a me nā helu.

Ke hana nei kēia hoʻololi i ka mākeke hoʻoponopono o Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon, Oslo, Dublin a me Milan. Hoʻohana ia i nā mākeke i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā SME a me nā ETI e like me Euronext Growth a me Euronext Access. Hāʻawi pū ʻo Euronext i nā lawelawe i nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.

6. ʻO ke Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Hong Kong (HKSE)

ʻO ka Hong Kong Stock Exchange, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1891, aia i ke ono o ka papa inoa o nā mākeke kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka HKSE benchmark index ka papa kuhikuhi Hang Seng. Aia ka huina o 1200 mau hōʻaiʻē hōʻaiʻē a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2300 mau hui i helu ʻia ma ka HKSE, a ma kahi o 50% mai ka ʻāina nui o Kina.

ʻO ka huina nui o ka mākeke o nā waihona HKSE i helu ʻia ma luna o $ 4 trillion. Hoʻokumu ʻo HKSE i ka nui o ke kālepa ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau ʻaelike derivative i kēlā me kēia lā me HSCEI futures.

Ma 2017, ua neʻe ʻo HKSE mai ke kaʻina hana kālepa kino i ka e-commerce. Nui nā hui nui e like me HSBC Holdings, AIA, Tencent Holdings, China Mobile, etc. ua helu ʻia ma HKSE.

7. ʻO London Stock Exchange (LSE)

ʻO ka London Stock Exchange, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kālepa waiwai kahiko loa ma ka honua, nona a mālama ʻia e ka London Stock Exchange Group. ʻO LSE, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1698, aia i ka hiku o ka papa inoa o nā mākeke waiwai nui a maikaʻi loa o ka honua.

ʻO ia ke kumukūʻai nui loa ma ka honua a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo NYSE iā ia e lilo i kumukūʻai waiwai nui loa ma ka honua ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua I.

Eia naʻe, ua hōʻole ka LSE i nā makana kūʻai ʻelua i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka NASDAQ ma waena o 2006 a me 2007. I ka makahiki 2007, ua loaʻa iā ia ka Italian Stock Exchange i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Milan no 1,5 billion euros e hoʻokumu i ka London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). I kēia lā, aia ma kahi o 3 mau ʻoihana i helu ʻia ma ka LSE me ka hui ʻana o ka mākeke mākeke ma mua o $000 trillion.

Nui nā hui UK nui e like me Barclays, British Petroleum, Vodafone, GlaxoSmithKline, BlackRock, Qatar Holding ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe i helu ʻia ma ka LSE. ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi nui o kēia mākeke ka FTSE 250.

8. La Shenzhen Stock Exchange

ʻO ka Shenzhen Stock Exchange Aia ma Shenzhen, i kapa ʻia ʻo Silicon Valley o Kina. ʻO Shenzhen ka lua o ka waihona waiwai nui loa ma Kina ma hope o ka Shanghai Stock Exchange i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Dekemaba 1, 1990.

ʻO Shenzhen ka ʻewalu nui loa a ʻo kekahi o nā hoʻololi waiwai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua. Loaʻa iā ia ma luna o 1400 mau ʻoihana i helu ʻia ma kāna kahua me ka nui o ke kumukūʻai mākeke ma kahi o $3,92 trillion.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hui i helu ʻia ma kēia hoʻololi ʻana ma Kina a aia nā hana kālepa āpau Kālā Yuan. ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Kina, ua loaʻa i ke aupuni Kina ka mana piha e hoʻōki i ke kālepa ʻana no ka lā inā loaʻa kekahi nūhou a i ʻole ka hanana e pili ana i nā ʻāpana. Loaʻa iā Kina nā ʻāpana ʻelua no nā mea hoʻopukapuka a me nā mea kālepa

• A-mahele i kūʻai ʻia ma ke kālā kūloko, ka Yuan
• et B Mahele i kuaiia ma na dala US no na poe hoopukapuka o na aina e

ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi nui o kēia mākeke ka Mea SZSE.

9. Ke Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Toronto (TSE)

ʻO ke Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Toronto nona a hoʻohana ʻia e TMX Group. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo TSE ma 1852 a aia ma Toronto, Kanada. Aia ʻo TSE ma kahi o 2 mau hui i helu ʻia me ka huina kālā o ka mākeke o $200 trillion.

ʻO kekahi mau mea kālā e like me nā hilinaʻi waiwai waiwai, nā waiwai, nā mea paʻa, nā waiwai, nā ETF, etc. ke kūʻai ʻia nei ma ka Toronto Stock Exchange me ka awelika o ka huina kālā o ka mahina he $97 biliona.

Ua lilo kēia hoʻololi i nā poʻo poʻomanaʻo no ka hoʻohui ʻana me ka London Stock Exchange, akā ua hāʻule ka ʻaelike ma muli o ka hōʻole ʻana o nā mea kuleana. ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi nui o kēia mākeke ka S&P/TSX.

10. Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Bombay (BSE)

Kahua Bombay mail, ʻo ke kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kahiko loa, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1875 ma Asia. Noho ʻo ia i ka ʻumi o ka helu o nā mākeke waiwai maikaʻi loa ma ka honua. Aia ʻo BSE ma Dalal Street, India ma mua o 5 mau hui i helu ʻia ma kāna kahua. ʻO ka nui o ka mākeke mākeke o BSE ma luna o $ 500 trillion.

ʻO ka BSE kahi home ka S&P BSE SENSEX benchmark index, acronym no ka index sensitive. Hana ʻia ʻo Sensex i 30 mau ʻāpana e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai. He nui nā hui ʻāpana polū e like me Reliance Industries, Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Tata Steel he ʻāpana o ka BSE SENSEX Index.

Ma mua o kou haʻalele ʻana, eia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa premium e kōkua iā ʻoe e mālama i kāu kālā pilikino.