Ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa

Ahịa ngwaahịa bụ ahịa nke ndị na-etinye ego, ma ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara, ndị nwe otu akaụntụ ahịa ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ karịa, nwere ike ịzụta ma ọ bụ ree nchekwa dị iche iche. Ya mere, ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma na-ekere òkè na akụ na ụba ụwa. Ha na-enyere ndị azụmaahịa aka ibuli ego site n'iwepụta mbak, nkekọ nye ndị na-etinye ego maka mgbasawanye azụmahịa, ihe ndị chọrọ isi ego na-arụ ọrụ, mmefu ego, wdg.

Si ị bụ onye na-etinye ego ma ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ imeghe isi obodo ya n'ihu ọha, mgbe ahụ ihe ọmụma nke ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma ga-abara gị uru.

taa Finance de Demain Consulting na-enye gị, dị ka isi ahịa ha si dị, ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa. Tupu anyị atụle isiokwu a, ka anyị buru ụzọ ghọta ihe ahịa ngwaahịa bụ, A maara nke ọma dị ka Exchange Stock.

Kedu ihe bụ Exchange Exchange?

ahịa ngwaahịa, nke a makwaara dị ka ahịa ngwaahịa, bụ nzukọ na-enye mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ohere ịzụta na ire ihe nchekwa. Nchekwa nwere ike ịbụ ebuka, agbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ gọọmentị nyere na ngwa ego dị iche iche n'ebe ọha na eze.

Mgbanwe nke ngwaahịa na-enye ndị na-ere ahịa nchekwa aha ahapụtara na ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụrụ na ire nchekwa. Mgbanwe ahụ na-eme ka nnabata na atumatu ahia ahia ziri ezi na nrube isi metụtara ihe omume ahia n'onwe ha. Mgbanwe nke ngwaahịa nwere akara ngosi dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị ka barometer nke ahụike akụ na ụba.

N'oge a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe niile dị ka ahịa eletrọnịkị. Ọnụ ahịa ahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala na ngwa ahịa dị iche iche dịka mmanụ, ọla edo, ọla kọpa, wdg. dabere n'ọchịchọ na ọnọdụ ọkọnọ n'ahịa ka ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa na-etinye iwu igbu ha.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngwaahịa ngwaahịa

E hibere mgbanwe ngwaahịa kacha ochie na nke mbụ gara aga karịa 400 afọ na Europe, na Netherlands. A na-eji ngwaahịa Dutch East India na-ere ahịa na mgbanwe ngwaahịa. Isi ọrụ nke mgbanwe bụ ịhụ na enwere oke ego n'ahịa.

Nnukwu mgbanwe ahụ, ọ ka mma maka ndị niile metụtara ya. Enwere ihe dị ka nnukwu mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa 60 gburugburu ụwa.

Ahịa ngwaahịa ngwaahịa 10 kacha mma n'ụwa

Anyị achịkọtala ndepụta nke ahịa ngwaahịa 10 kacha elu n'ụwa dabere na data isi ahịa nke World Federation of Exchanges nyere. Ka a pụọ.

1. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

NYSE bụ mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, nke dị na 11 Wall Street, New York City, United States. NYSE nwere gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ 2400 edepụtara nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbawa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị ka Walmart, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, JP Morgan Chase, wdg.

Ọ bụ otu n'ime mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha ochie nke hiwere na 1792. Ọnụ ahịa ahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ niile edepụtara na NYSE bụ ihe ruru $22,9 trillion na 2021.

Ọnụ ahịa ahịa kwa ụbọchị dị n'etiti 2 na 6 ijeri mbaks. NYSE bụ naanị mgbanwe na United States na-enye nnukwu ndị ahịa azụmaahịa azụmaahịa. Ọ na-enye ịzụ ahịa n'ụdị ego dị iche iche dị ka ego mgbanwe mgbanwe (ETFs), ebuka, agbụ na ọtụtụ nhọrọ ndị ọzọ.

Ọdịdị nke NYSE gbanwere na 2006, mgbe ọ jikọtara ya na Archipelago Holdings iji mepụta NYSE Group, Inc. N'ịtụ anya mgbanwe a, e rere oche ikpeazụ na mgbanwe ahụ na December 2005.

Ndị niile ji oche ghọrọ ndị nwe oke nke Otu NYSE. Njikọ na Euronext NV, otu ndị na-agbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa Europe, kere ụlọ ọrụ na-ejide NYSE Euronext na 2007. Na 2008, NYSE Euronext nwetara American Stock Exchange (e mesịa degharịa aha NYSE Amex Equities).

Isi index nke mgbanwe a bụ Ọnụ ego nke DOW Jones INNDUSTRIAL.

2. NASDAQ

NASDAQ na-anọchi anya National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. Ọ bụ ahịa ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma nke abụọ n'ụwa. Emepụtara na 1971, ndị NASDAQ dabere na 151 W, 42nd Street na New York. Ọ bụ ahịa ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na-eduga n'ụwa yana mkpokọta ahịa ahịa ruru ijeri $10,8.

Edepụtara ihe karịrị ebuka 3 na NASDAQ yana ọnụ ahịa ahịa nkezi $000 trillion kwa ọnwa. Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị ka Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Tesla, Amazon, Apple, wdg. edepụtara ebe ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị edepụtara NASDAQ na-atụnye 1,26% nke ọnụ ahịa ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ndekọ NASDAQ bụkwa akpọrọ NASDAQ.

Enwere eziokwu na-adọrọ mmasị banyere ahịa ngwaahịa NASDAQ nke ga-eju gị anya ịmara. Ọ nweghị ụlọ ọrụ edepụtara na mpaghara mmanụ na gas ma ọ bụ ngalaba akụrụngwa. Ọ na-enwekwu mmasị na teknụzụ, ahụike na ngalaba ọrụ ndị ahịa.

3. Ụlọ ahịa ahịa Tokyo (TSE)

Ahịa Tokyo Stock Exchange, makwaara dị ka Tosho. Ọ bụ nke atọ n'ọkwa ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa ma dị na Tokyo, Japan. E hiwere TSE n'afọ 1878. TSE nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 3 edepụtara aha ya na mkpokọta ahịa ahịa karịrị puku ijeri $500.

Nikkei 225, bụ akara aka nke mejupụtara 225 azụmahịa azụmahịa Japan dị ka Honda, Toyota, Suzuki, Sony, Mitsubishi na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Ọ ga-eju gị anya ịmara na TSE kwụsịrị ọrụ ya kpamkpam ruo afọ 4 mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. TSE na-enye ndị otu ohere ịzụ ahịa ihe nrụpụta, ebuka ụwa, agbụ, wdg. akaụntụ TSE ihe karịrị 1 ndị ọrụ ma mara nke ọma maka ịhụ na nrubeisi ahia na nleba anya ahịa.

Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ndị sonyere n'ahịa emeela mkpesa na kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Dị ka ha si kwuo, TSE aghọwo nnukwu na mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. TSE nwere ngalaba ise.

Akụkụ nke mbụ depụtara nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na Japan na ngalaba nke abụọ depụtara ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ọkara. Ọnụ, a na-akpọ ngalaba abụọ a " isi ahịa ".

4. Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)

The Shanghai Stock Exchange bụ otu n'ime ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa yana nke kachasị na Eshia. Ọ dị na Shanghai, China na ọkwa nke anọ dabere na isi ahịa ahịa.

Emebere mgbanwe ngwaahịa a na 1866 mana ebigharịrị na 1949 n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe China na ntọala ọgbara ọhụrụ ya ka etinyere na 1990.

Na 2006, ọ depụtara mbak nke ụlọ ọrụ 842, na-anọchite anya isi ahịa ahịa nke ihe dị ka ijeri dollar 915.

The Shanghai Stock Exchange ejirila 130% rịa elu na 2006 wee site na 97% na 2007, ike nke akụ na ụba China na-adọta ọtụtụ nde ndị ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ n'ahịa. N'October 2007, ndị Ihe mejupụtara SSE (isi ahịa index) ruru na isi 6.

Ọ tara ahụhụ karịsịa site na nsogbu ego nke 2008, na-efunahụ karịa 65,5% nke uru ya, na-ejedebe afọ 2008 na 1 isi, na-anọchi anya mfu nke 820 ijeri dollar na ahịa capitalization. Taa, SSE nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze 81 edepụtara n'elu ikpo okwu ya na mkpokọta ahịa ahịa jikọtara ọnụ nke ihe dị ka ijeri $3 trillion.

Agbanyeghị, ahịa ngwaahịa a dịtụ iche na ndị ogbo ya ekwuru n'elu. N'ebe a, ndị na-ahụ maka ahịa na-amanye ndị na-agbaji sekit iji kwụsị mgbanwe ọnụahịa. Mgbe ọ bụla enwere akụkọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka, gọọmentị China nwere ikike ịkwụsị ịzụ ahịa maka ụbọchị ahụ.

5. Euronext: ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma na mpaghara euro

N'ịbụ nke dị na Amsterdam, a na-ewere mgbanwe ngwaahịa Euronext dị ka otu n'ime ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma na Europe.

Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke ise na ọkwa anyị yana ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 1 edepụtara n'elu ikpo okwu ya nwere mkpokọta ahịa ahịa karịrị ijeri $300 trillion. Indices ntụaka ya bụ'AEX-INDEX, le PSI-20 na CAC 40. Nkezi mkpokọta olu kwa ọnwa dị ihe dị ka ijeri $174.

Euronext na-arụ ọrụ ego ahaziri ahazi yana n'ụzọ doro anya na ahịa ahịa. Onyinye a na-enye na-ekpuchi ngwaahịa dị ka equities, ETFs (ego a na-agbanwe agbanwe), akwụkwọ ikike na asambodo, agbụ, mmepụta nha nha, mmepụta ngwa ahịa na indices.

Ngbanwe a na-arụ ọrụ ahịa nke Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon, Oslo, Dublin na Milan. Ọ na-arụ ahịa ndị a raara nye SMEs na ETI dị ka Uto Euronext na Euronext Access. Euronext na-enyekwa ndị ọzọ ọrụ.

6. Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE)

Hong Kong Stock Exchange, nke tọrọ ntọala na 1891, bụ nke isii n'ime ndepụta nke ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa. HKSE benchmark index bụ index nke Hang Seng. Enwere ngụkọta nke nchekwa ụgwọ 1200 yana karịa ụlọ ọrụ 2300 edepụtara na HKSE, nke ihe dịka 50% sitere na China China.

Ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa ahịa nke ebuka HKSE niile edepụtara karịrị ijeri $4. HKSE na-ewepụta oke azụmaahịa nke ihe karịrị otu nde nkwekọrịta nrụpụta kwa ụbọchị yana ọdịnihu HCEI.

Na 2017, HKSE si na usoro ịzụ ahịa anụ ahụ gaa na e-azụmahịa. Ọtụtụ nnukwu conglomerates dị ka HSBC Holdings, AIA, Tencent Holdings, China Mobile, wdg. A na-echekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke HKSE.

7. The London Stock Exchange (LSE)

Ụlọ ahịa Stock Exchange nke London, nke bụ otu n'ime mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha ochie n'ụwa, nke London Stock Exchange Group nwe ma na-elekọta ya. LSE, nke e hiwere na 1698, nọ n'ọkwa nke asaa n'ime ndepụta nke ahịa ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha ukwuu n'ụwa.

Ọ bụ mgbanwe ngwaahịa kacha ukwuu n'ụwa ruo mgbe ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. NYSE mechara gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha ukwuu n'ụwa mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ biri.

Otú ọ dị, LSE jụrụ onyinye abụọ nke NASDAQ malitere n'etiti 2006 na 2007. Na 2007, ọ nwetara Italian Stock Exchange nke dabeere na Milan maka 1,5 ijeri euro iji mepụta London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). Taa, e nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ 3 edepụtara na LSE nwere mkpokọta ahịa ahịa nke karịrị $ 000 trillion.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ UK na-eduga dị ka Barclays, British Petroleum, Vodafone, GlaxoSmithKline, BlackRock, Qatar Holding n'etiti ndị ọzọ ka edepụtara na LSE. Isi index nke ahịa a bụ IHE 250.

8. La Shenzhen Stock Exchange

Mgbanwe nke ngwaahịa Shenzhen Ọ dị na Shenzhen, nke a maara dị ka Silicon Valley nke China. Shenzhen bụ mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa nke abụọ na China na-esote Shanghai Stock Exchange nke e guzobere na Disemba 1, 1990.

Shenzhen bụ nke asatọ kachasị na otu n'ime mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa. O nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 1400 depụtara n'elu ikpo okwu ya nwere ọnụ ahịa nnukwu ego ahịa nke gburugburu $3,92 trillion.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị edepụtara na mgbanwe a dabere na China na omume azụmaahịa niile dị Ego Yuan. Dị ka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ edepụtara na China, gọọmentị China nwere ikike zuru oke ịkwụsị ịzụ ahịa maka ụbọchị ma ọ bụrụ na akụkọ ọjọọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe omume na-emetụta oke. China nwere ọnụọgụ abụọ dị maka ndị na-etinye ego na ndị ahịa

• A-oke nke a na-ere na ego obodo, Yuan
• et B mbak nke a na-erere na dollar US maka ndị na-etinye ego na mba ofesi

Isi index nke ahịa a bụ Akụkụ SZSE.

9. The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE)

The Toronto Stock Exchange bụ nke TMX Group nwe ma na-ejikwa ya. TSE tọrọ ntọala na 1852 ma dị na Toronto, Canada. TSE nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ 2 edepụtara aha ya na mkpokọta ahịa ahịa nke $200 trillion.

Ọtụtụ ngwa ego dị ka ntụkwasị obi itinye ego na ụlọ, ebuka, agbụ, ngwa ahịa, ETF, wdg. A na-ere ahịa na Toronto Stock Exchange na nkezi oke azụmaahịa nke ijeri $97 kwa ọnwa.

Ngbanwe a mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya akụkọ maka ijikọ na London Stock Exchange, mana nkwekọrịta ahụ dara ka ndị na-eketa òkè jụrụ atụmatụ ahụ. Isi index nke ahịa a bụ nke S&P/TSX.

10. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

Ọnụ ahịa Bombay Exchange, mgbanwe ngwaahịa ngwaahịa kacha ochie, nke e guzobere na 1875 na Eshia. Ọ na-anọ ebe nke iri na ọkwa nke ahịa ngwaahịa kacha mma n'ụwa. BSE dị na Dalal Street, India nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 5 edepụtara n'elu ikpo okwu ya. Mkpokọta ọnụ ahịa BSE karịrị ijeri $500 trillion.

BSE bụ ebe obibi S&P BSE SENSEX benchmark index, acronym maka nhụsianya index. Sensex bụ ebuka 30 na-anọchite anya akụkụ dị iche iche nke akụ na ụba. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbawa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị ka Reliance Industries, Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Tata Steel bụ akụkụ nke BSE SENSEX Index.

Tupu ị pụọ, ebe a bụ ọzụzụ adịchaghị nke ga-enyere gị aka ịchịkwa ego gị.