Kodi ndalama za boma ndi chiyani, tiyenera kudziwa chiyani?

Les ndalama zaboma ndi kasamalidwe ka ndalama za dziko. Kufunika kwa ndalama za boma sikungagogomezedwe mopambanitsa. Makamaka, imayang'ana momwe ntchito zachuma zomwe boma zimakhudzira anthu ndi mabungwe azovomerezeka.

Ndi nthambi yazachuma yomwe imayesa ndalama za boma ndi ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito komanso kusintha zina kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira ndikupewa zovuta. Iwo ndi dera lina la ndalama monga ndalama zaumwini.

Nkhaniyi ikupatsirani chithunzithunzi cha kasamalidwe ka ndalama za boma, kufunikira kwake, kuchuluka kwa ndalama za boma, zolinga ndi mitundu yandalama zaboma.

🥀 Kodi Public Finance ndi chiyani?

Ndalama za boma zitha kufotokozedwa ngati kafukufuku wa zochitika za boma, zomwe zingaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kuchepa, ndi msonkho. Zolinga zandalama za boma ndi kuzindikira kuti ndi liti, motani komanso chifukwa chiyani boma liyenera kulowererapo pa chuma cha masiku ano.

Amafunanso kumvetsetsa zomwe zingachitike pakusintha pamsika. Zachuma zaboma zitha kuphatikiza zinthu zina kunja kwa zachuma, kuphatikiza ma accounting, malamulo, ndi kasamalidwe kazachuma.

Kumvetsetsa udindo wa boma ndi momwe kusintha kungakhudzire chuma ndi zinthu zina zofunika za akatswiri a zachuma.

Boma likalowererapo ndikuchitapo kanthu pazachuma, zotsatira zake zimakhala m'magulu atatu: Kuchita bwino kwachuma, kugawa ndalama ou kukhazikika kwachuma.

✔ Kuchita bwino kwachuma

Kuchita bwino pazachuma ndi muyezo womwe akatswiri azachuma amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apindule ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, kuchita bwino kungadziwike ndi njira yofananira ndi zotsatira zake.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa luso laukadaulo ndi luso lazachuma ndi ubale wa zinthu zomwe anthu amaziyika pa zinthu. Makhalidwe aukadaulo amatha kukhala okhazikika kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu. Kuchita bwino kwachuma kumayang'ana pakuchotsa zinyalala kuti zipereke phindu lalikulu.

Kuchita bwino kwaukadaulo kumafuna kukulitsa mtengo, kwinaku kudzipereka momwe kungafunikire kuti apange njira yabwino kwambiri.

✔ Kugawa kwa malipiro

Kugawa ndalama ndiko kuwerengera chuma cha dziko ndi ndalama zake zikagawidwa ndi chiwerengero chonse cha anthu. Kugawidwa kwathunthu kungayesedwe ndi mndandanda wa maphunziro owerengera. Chuma ndi ndalama ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.

Chuma ndi chiwonjezeko cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe anthu ali nazo komanso chuma chawo. Zopeza ndi mtengo weniweni wandalama zomwe zaperekedwa ndi anthu pa nthawi inayake.

Zambiri zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku chuma cha dziko ndi ndalama zomwe zingapezeke zingakhale zothandiza kuyankha mafunso osiyanasiyana a ndale, chikhalidwe ndi zachuma.

✔ Macroeconomic kukhazikika

Kukhazikika kwachuma cha Macroeconomic ndi njira yomwe kukhazikika ndi kukula kwachuma kumayendetsedwa kudzera mukupanga ndondomeko, malamulo, ndi malamulo a zachuma ndi zachuma.

Ndilo maziko a kukula kwachuma. Popanda kukhazikika, chuma chidzagwa.

Kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika chachuma, mgwirizano ukufunika pakati pa bajeti ya boma, malonda apakhomo, mabanki, malonda a mayiko ndi mabungwe olamulira.

Kuti tipitirizebe kukhazikika kwachuma chachikulu komanso momwe chuma chikuyendera bwino, msika uyenera kuyendetsedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti chiwongola dzanja, kayendetsedwe ka bizinesi ndi zofuna za chuma zikukhalabe zokhazikika.

🥀 Zigawo zandalama za boma

Zigawo zazikulu za ndalama za boma zikuphatikizapo ntchito zokhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama za msonkho, kupanga ndalama zothandizira anthu, ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yopezera ndalama (monga kubweza ngongole za boma).

Zigawo zikuluzikulu zikuphatikizapo:

✔ Kutolera misonkho

Kutolera misonkho ndiye gwero lalikulu la ndalama za boma. Zitsanzo za misonkho yoperekedwa ndi maboma ndi monga msonkho wamtengo wapatali, msonkho wamakampani, msonkho wa munthu aliyense, msonkho wa cholowa, msonkho wa katundu, ndi zina.

Mitundu ina ya ndalama zomwe zili m'gululi ndi monga msonkho ndi msonkho wa katundu wochokera kunja ndi ndalama zochokera kumtundu uliwonse wa ntchito zaboma zomwe si zaulere.

✔ Bajeti

Bajeti ndi ndondomeko ya zomwe boma likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mchaka chachuma. Nawa kalozera yemwe amakulolani mosavuta kukhazikitsa banja lanu bajeti mu mphindi zochepa.

✔ Ndalama

Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi chilichonse chomwe boma limawonongera ndalama, monga mapologalamu a anthu, maphunziro, ndi zomangamanga. Ndalama zambiri zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito ndi njira yopezera ndalama kapena kugawanso chuma, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupindulitsa anthu onse.

Ndalama zenizeni zitha kukhala zokwera kapena zochepa kuposa bajeti.

✔ Deficit/Zowonjezera

Ngati boma likugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuposa momwe limapezera ndalama, pali kuchepa kwa chaka chimenecho. Apo ayi, pali chowonjezera. M'munsimu muli mndandanda wa ndalama zomwe anthu ambiri amapeza komanso ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachuma za boma.

🥀Njira zina zopezera ndalama/Misonkho

Boma limapanga ndalama ndikutolera misonkho kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana kuti lipeze ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi ntchito zapagulu. Nawa magwero akuluakulu aboma a ndalama ndi misonkho

Misonkho ya ndalama

Anthu amalandila msonkho wotengera ndalama zomwe amapeza. Misonkho nthawi zambiri imasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza, ndipo mitengo yake imakwera pamabulaketi omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri.

Misonkho ya anthu

Makampani amayenera kulipira msonkho pa phindu lomwe adapeza. Misonkho yamakampani imatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mphamvu ndi mtundu wabizinesi.

VAT (Msonkho Wowonjezera Mtengo)

VAT ndi msonkho wosalunjika womwe umaperekedwa pamtengo womwe wawonjezeredwa pagawo lililonse la kupanga ndi kugawa kwa chinthu kapena ntchito. Mitengo ya VAT imatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera dziko komanso malonda.

Misonkho

Misonkho ya kasitomu ndi misonkho imene imaperekedwa pa katundu wotumizidwa kunja kapena kunja. Atha kutengera kuchuluka kwa mtengo wanyumba kapena mitengo yake.

Misonkho ya katundu

Eni nyumba ayenera kulipira msonkho wa katundu pa malo awo enieni. Kuchuluka kwa msonkho wa katundu nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi mtengo wa malo ndi msonkho wapafupi.

Misonkho yamafuta

Misonkho yamafuta amaperekedwa pa petulo, dizilo, ndi mafuta ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto. Misonkho imeneyi nthawi zambiri imasonkhanitsidwa kuti ipeze ndalama zoyendetsera misewu ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi mayendedwe.

Zopereka zamagulu

Olemba ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito amathandizira machitidwe a chitetezo cha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zopereka za anthu. Zoperekazi zimathandizira ndalama monga inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, penshoni ya anthu opuma pantchito komanso ndalama zabanja.

Tisaiwale kuti njira zopezera ndalama ndiponso misonkho zimasiyanasiyana m’mayiko osiyanasiyana malinga ndi malamulo a misonkho amene akugwira ntchito m’dziko lililonse.

🥀 Zina Zomwe Boma Limawonongera Ndalama

Ndalama za boma zimabweretsa pamodzi ndalama zonse zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito komanso ndalama zomwe boma limapeza. Amakwaniritsa ntchito zitatu zofunika.

Choyamba, mulingo woyenera kwambiri kugawa chuma. Chifukwa cha mabizinesi aboma m'magawo ofunikira monga maphunziro, zaumoyo kapena zoyendera, ndalama zaboma ziyenera kuloleza kugawa bwino chuma cha dziko kuzinthu zofunika kwambiri pazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Cholinga chachiwiri: kugawanso kuti akonze kusalingana kwa ndalama. Makamaka kudzera mumisonkho ya ndalama zomwe amapeza komanso kusamutsidwa kwa anthu ena monga zolowa m'nyumba kapena kubanja, ndalama za boma zimafuna kugawanso gawo lina la chuma chopangidwa kumagulu ovutika kwambiri.

Chachitatu ntchito potsiriza : kukhazikika kwachuma. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera bajeti ndi ndalama (zoperewera, ngongole za anthu, kuchotsera misonkho), ndalama za boma ziyenera kupangitsa kuti zitheke kuyendetsa chuma, polimbikitsa ntchito panthawi yamavuto ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwachuma.

Potsirizira pake, kupyolera mu mphamvu zawo zachuma ndi kuchuluka kwa njira zogwirira ntchito, ndalama za boma ndi chida chofunikira m'manja mwa Boma kutsogolera bwino chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko.

✔ Ngongole ya dziko

Ngati boma liri ndi chiwongola dzanja (kuwononga ndalama kupitirira ndalama), lidzapereka ndalama zosiyana ndi kubwereka ndalama ndi kupereka ngongole ya dziko.

Obwereketsa akhoza kukhala amkati (ngongole yobwereketsa kwa obwereketsa apanyumba monga mabanki kapena mabungwe azachuma) ndi akunja (ngongole yobwereka ku mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi maboma).

✔ Kuwongolera zachuma

Kasamalidwe kazachuma ndi gawo lazachuma chaboma. Imayang'ana kwambiri njira zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Ndi chida chomwe ntchito zachuma zamayiko zimachitikira.

Mutu wa kayendetsedwe ka chuma ndi: Kodi bajeti imakonzedwa bwanji, kulandiridwa ndi kuchitidwa bwanji? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimaganiziridwa pokonza bajeti?

Kodi misonkho imatoleredwa bwanji ndi maboma osiyanasiyana? Ndi madipatimenti ati omwe ali ndi udindo wofufuza ndi kupereka malipoti maakaunti aboma?

🥀 Zolinga zachuma zaboma

Ndalama za boma zimabweretsa pamodzi ndalama zonse zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito komanso ndalama zomwe boma limapeza. Amakwaniritsa zolinga zazikulu zitatu:

Cholinga choyamba ndiko kugawikana koyenera kwa zinthu. Chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito m'magawo akuluakulu (maphunziro, zaumoyo, zoyendera, ndi zina zotero), ndalama za boma zimafuna kugawa bwino chuma cha dziko kuzinthu zamtsogolo ndi zofunikira zofunika kwambiri.

Cholinga chachiwiri: kugawanso chuma. Kudzera m'misonkho ndi kusamutsidwa kwa anthu, kachigawo kakang'ono kazinthu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndizomwe zimapangidwira anthu ovutika kwambiri. Lingaliro ndi kukonza kusalingana kuti zitsimikizire mgwirizano wa anthu.

Ntchito yachitatu: kukhazikika kwachuma. Kupyolera mu kuchepeka kwa boma, ngongole zodziyimira pawokha komanso kusintha kwamisonkho, ndalama zaboma zimakhala ndi gawo lowongolera zachuma. Cholinga chake ndikusintha kayendetsedwe kazachuma.

Pamapeto pake, chuma chaboma ndi chida champhamvu chotsogola chuma cha dziko komanso kukopa chidwi cha anthu onse. Kulamulira kwawo n’kofunika kwa boma lililonse.

🥀 Kufunika koyendetsera bwino ndalama za boma

Maboma a maboma awona kusalinganika kwachuma kosatha komanso kosalekeza, kulephera kwachuma chifukwa cha zovuta zachuma ndi zogulitsa.

Mabungwe azachuma aboma monga maboma a boma ndi apakati, ndalama za boma, maboma amisonkho, mabanki apakati, owongolera, owerengera ndalama za boma ndi mabungwe owerengera ndalama akukonzekera zosokoneza zambiri, zosintha ndikusintha kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino chuma chaboma kuti pakhale moyo wabwino wapano komanso wamtsogolo wa anthu.

Pofuna kukonza mwamsanga zochitika zosafunikira panthawi yachisokonezo, ubwino wa anthu pakali pano ndi wa mamembala omwe alipo nthawi zina umabweretsa zotsatira zakupha.

Kusasamalira bwino ndalama za boma kumabweretsa kukumba maenje akuya kwambiri muakaunti yazachuma, monga:

• Sanjani ma akaunti ndi kukonza kwadzidzidzi potsatira ndondomeko yazachuma komanso ndondomeko yoyendetsera ndalama mwanzeru.
• Musanyalanyaze mtengo wanthawi yayitali ndi zotsatira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika.
• Sungani katundu wowonjezera ndi ndalama zomwe zikufunika kumlingo wokhazikika.
• Gonjetsani mopambanitsas muakaunti yazachuma chaboma, m'malo motsata nkhokwe zomwe zidzasokonekera m'tsogolo kapena zosowa zachuma.
• Chotsani kapena sinthani mkhalidwe wandalama penshoni kapena zosungitsa zamtsogolo.
• Kubweza mopambanitsa ndi kugawa ndalama zochulukira kumapulojekiti anzeru popanda kugwirizana koyenera ndikuwunika phindu la projekiti ndi mtengo wa mwayi.
• Dumphani kuyang'anira ndi kuwongolera mosalekeza maakaunti azachuma aboma pamaziko odziyimira pawokha komanso ophatikizidwa.

🥀 Mchitidwe wofunikira pazachuma chaboma

Ndi njira zazikulu komanso zovomerezeka zogwiritsiridwa ntchito pa digito ndi kusungirako zidziwitso pamlingo wapayekha komanso gulu, kugwiritsa ntchito digito ndikofunikira pakukonzanso chuma chaboma pokonza njira zaboma zosonkhanitsa, kukonza, kugawana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso. .

Dongosolo labwino, losamaliridwa bwino limathandiza khazikitsani ndondomeko ndalama za boma zogwira mtima. Zimathandiziranso kuti pakhale kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.

Boma ndi mabungwe a anthu akuyenera kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito zosinthira ndi kusunga zidziwitso za digito ndi zomwe zili mkati kuti apeze phindu lomwe lingakhalepo posungira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusanthula zidziwitso zama digito pankhani yazachuma chaboma.

Zowopsa ndi zovuta zazikulu monga chitetezo cha data, chinsinsi, chinyengo ndi kuzemba zomwe malire mphamvu ziyenera kuganiziridwa popita digito mu ndalama za boma.

Ngati muli ndi vuto loyendetsa bwino ndalama zanu, dziwani kuti tili ndi maphunziro apamwamba omwe amakupatsani mwayi wosunga bwino, kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe mumawononga, kupanga ndalama zabwino kapena kudziwa momwe mungakonzekerere kupuma kwanu ngakhale mutakhala ndi ndalama zochepa. Mutha kugula maphunziro athu pa Master ndalama zanu Volume 1

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