Njira yowunikira ndalama: njira yothandiza

Cholinga cha kusanthula ndalama za kampani ndi kuyankha mafunso okhudzana ndi kupanga zisankho. Zosankhazi zitha kulumikizidwa ndi kasamalidwe ka kampani, ndondomeko yazachuma kapena mafunso okhudzana ndi ndalama. M'nkhaniyi Finance de Demain amakudziwitsani za ndondomeko ya kusanthula ndalama mu njira yothandiza.

Koma poyambira, apa pali ena Malangizo ndi njira zopangira ndikukula zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukulitsa kampani yanu kapena bizinesi yanu mosavuta.

🌽 Magawo a kusanthula ndalamare

Lingaliro la FA silikunena za chiŵerengero chilichonse koma kuwunikira mfundo zofunika kuti mumvetsetse bizinesi yomwe idaphunziridwa. Choncho, kufunika kwa kusanthula ndalama kumasiyana malinga ndi zolinga zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito.

Umu ndi momwe timasiyanitsira kaŵirikaŵiri pakati pa kufufuza kwachuma mkati ndi kunja. Kusanthula kwamkati kumachitika ndi wogwira ntchito pakampani pomwe kusanthula kwakunja kumachitidwa ndi akatswiri odziyimira pawokha. Kaya ikuchitika mkati kapena payekha, iyenera kutsatira masitepe asanu (05).

✔ Khwerero 1

Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zamaakaunti ndi zomwe sizili zamaakaunti kuti zithekenso. Ndi funso lolumikizana ndi oyang'anira osiyanasiyana akampani omwe azitha kukupatsani zikalata zomwe mwapemphedwa.

izi zikalata zowerengera ndalama ndi: banki, ndondomeko ya ndalama, ndondomeko ya ndalama ndi zina zowonjezera. Izi zitha kuphatikizanso zolemba zina zomwe zingathandize kumvetsetsa momwe kampani ikuyendera. M'gululi titha kukhala ndi malipoti otsogolera, makomiti osiyanasiyana, ndi zina.

✔ Chinthu chachiwiri 

Gawoli likupanga kusintha kuchokera ku accounting balance sheet kupita ku anabwerezanso balance sheet. Chotsatiracho chikhoza kukhala chogwira ntchito kapena chandalama malinga ndi njira yomwe yatengedwa. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito ku akaunti ya ndalama ndi ndalama (CPC) yomwe iyenera kubwezeredwa.

Kukonzanso kumaphatikizapo kuyikanso magawo osiyanasiyana kuti akhale gawo la kagwiritsidwe ntchito, kasungidwe ka ndalama kapena kandalama.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati muzinthu zamakono, tili ndi katundu womwe wakhalapo kwa chaka chimodzi, ndiye kuti timatumiza kuzinthu zokhazikika. Kugwira ntchito kumeneku sikumakhudza zonse zomwe zili ndi katundu/ngongole koma m'malo mogwira ntchito. Zimangosintha ma ratios owerengeredwa. 

✔ Gawo lachitatu

Pambuyo pa kubwerezanso kwa banki, sitepe iyi imapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwonetsa ndondomeko ya zachuma (katundu kapena liquidity) kapena imagwira ntchito paunyinji waukulu ndi akaunti ya ndalama ndi ndalama zobwerezedwanso. Ndiko kuphatikizika kwa ntchito yomwe idachitika kale.

✔ Gawo lachinayi

Ino ndi nthawi yowonetsera ndondomeko ya ndalama, kulungamitsa mawerengedwe, ngati alipo, ziwerengero zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalama; kuchuluka kwa ndalama; bizinesi ndi phindu.

✔ Khwerero zisanu

Uku ndiye kusanthula kolondola kwachuma. Pambuyo powerengera magawo osiyanasiyana mu sitepe yapitayi, m'pofunika kuyankhapo za kusinthika kwawo. Yesetsani kufotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mikangano. Nenani ngati ma ratioti awa ali abwino kapena osavomerezeka kukampani? Ngati zili zosayenera, perekani malingaliro owongolera.  

Ndipo ichi, chiŵerengero ndi chiŵerengero kapena ndi block of ratios. Gawoli liyenera kubweretsa kuweruza kwa mtengo kapena kuwunika momwe chuma chikuyendera (mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake) pakampani. Kuti mukwaniritse bwino gawo lachisanu ili, katswiri wazachuma ayenera kuyankha mafunso otsatirawa:

•  Kodi zotsatira za kampaniyo ndi zotani pazachuma komanso malire?
• Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira izi, kodi ndondomeko ya ndalama za kampani ndi yotani?
• Kodi ndalamazi zimathandizira bwanji?
• Kodi kampaniyo imagwira ntchito bwanji poyerekeza ndi makampani ena omwe ali m'gawo lomwelo?

🌽 Ndi chiyani kwenikweni chomwe chiyenera kufufuzidwa?

Kuti mupeze njira yabwino yowunikira ndalama, katswiri wa zachuma ayenera kufufuza dongosolo la zotulukapo ndi malire. Unikani ndalama zomwe zapangidwa, njira zopezera ndalama izi ndikuwunikanso phindu la ndalamazi.

✔ Turnover ndi malire

Kusanthula kwa kachitidwe ka chiwongola dzanja ndi malire kumatenga malo ofunikira pakuwunika zachuma. Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za zotuluka poyamba ndi phindu ntchito kachiwiri kumapangitsa kuti kuthana ndi nkhawa za msika ndi njira zamabizinesi.

Choncho, mukhoza kupeza scissor zotsatira zomwe zilipo chifukwa kampani imatha kukumana ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe imagulitsa ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito.

Kusanthula ndalama ndi mwayi wodziwa zambiri za ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imachita komanso kudziwa momwe ikupikisana nawo pamsika. Komabe, kusanthula kwa zotulukako kumathandizanso kuti mudziwe zambiri zakusintha kwa " ndale polekanitsa ndalama zokhazikika ku ndalama zosinthika.

✔Kusanthula ndalama

M'makampani, pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu yamabizinesi. Unyinji woyamba wandalama ndi womwe umagwirizana ndi katundu wosasunthika kumbali ya katundu wa banki.

Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa muunyinji uwu ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa njira zamakampani, makamaka poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa ndalama zatsopano ndi zomwe zatsika mtengo. Kuchuluka kwachiwiri kwa ndalama kumayenderana ndi masheya. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kwachuma kuyenera kusanthula zomwe kampani ikufuna. 

✔️Kusanthula ndalama

Kuwunika kwandalama kwa kampaniyo kuyenera kuchitidwa mwamphamvu pazaka zingapo. Itha kuchitidwanso mokhazikika pazochita zomaliza zomwe zilipo. Mu njira yosinthira, chida chofunikira chogwirira ntchito ndi tebulo la ndalama. Kutuluka kuchokera ku ntchito ndiye mwala wapangodya.

🌽 Kodi kusanthula ndondomeko ya ndalama?

Chinthu choyamba kuchita posanthula ndalama ndikuwerengera Mphamvu kudzipangira ndalama (CAF) ya kampaniyo. Bungwe la CAF limatchula zinthu zonse zamkati zomwe kampaniyo imapangidwa ngati gawo la ntchito zake zomwe zimalola kuti iwonetsetse kuti ipeza ndalama.

Zingathenso kupangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kubweza ngongole zomwe mwatenga, kulipira ndalama zogulira, kuonjezera ndalama kapena kugawa zopindula. Kuti muwerengere CAF, pali njira ziwiri: njira yochotsera (kuchokera pazotsalira zonse) ndi njira yowonjezera (kuchokera ku zotsatira za masewerawo).

 ✔ Njira yochotsera

Njira yowerengerayi ikutsatira mwachindunji kutanthauzira kwa CAF. Uku ndikuwerengera kwa CAF malinga ndi komwe idachokera. Chifukwa chake, CAF imawerengeredwa ndikupanga kusiyana pakati pa ndalama zobwezeredwa ndi ndalama zobweza zokhudzana ndi zomwe kampaniyo imachita, ndiye kuti sizikugwirizana ndi ntchito ndalama kapena ndalama.

Chinthu chogulitsidwa (motsatira ndalama zogulira) chingathe kubweretsa ndalama (motsatana ndalama). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chinthu chowerengeredwa (motsatira ndalama) sichibweretsa ndalama.

M'malo mwake, ku gross operation surplus (EBITDA) kumawonjezedwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndipo ndalama zina zomwe zingabwere kuchokera muzochita zanthawi zonse komanso ndalama zina zomwe zimachokera pazomwe zimachitika zimachotsedwa.

KUWERENGA NDALAMA = Zochulukira zogwirira ntchito + Kusamutsidwa kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito + Zogulitsa zina - Ndalama zina zogwirira ntchito + Magawo a phindu pamachitidwe ophatikizana - Magawo a phindu pamachitidwe ophatikizana + Zogulitsa zachuma - Ndalama zandalama + Zogulitsa zapadera - Ndalama zotuluka mwapadera - Kutengapo gawo kwa ogwira ntchito pazotsatira - Misonkho ya ndalama

Nawa mafunso ena oti mufunse posanthula ma mayendedwe osiyanasiyana.

 ✔ Njira yowonjezera

Njira yowerengera yachiwiriyi ndi yachangu kuposa yoyamba ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi ndi'kuwerengera kwa CAF malinga ndi gawo lake. Kanema wotsatira akuwonetsa njira yowunikira ndalama.

CAF ingathenso kuwerengedwa kuchokera ku zotsatira zonse zomwe ndalama zowerengera zimawonjezedwa (malipiro a kutsika kwamtengo wapatali ndi zoperekedwa) ndi momwe zinthu zowerengetsera zosinthidwa ndi kutsika kwamtengo wapatali zimachotsedwa.

Ndikofunikira kutero kuphatikiza kuthetsa mzere wapansi, zotsatira za ntchito zandalama ndi ndalama zowonekera mu ndondomeko ya ndalama.

Choyambirira, ndalama zothandizira ndalama zomwe zimatumizidwa ku ndondomeko ya ndalama, zomwe zimawerengedwa, ziyenera kuchotsedwa.

Chachiwiri, onjezani mtengo wamtengo wapatali wazinthu zomwe zagulitsidwa ndikuchotsa ndalama zomwe mwagulitsa.

Chinthu chachiwiri choyenera kuchita pofufuza ndalama ndikusanthula ma ratios. Izi ndi ziwerengero za ndalama zodziyimira pawokha, kudziyimira pawokha pazachuma, kutha ntchito, kudziyimira pawokha pazachuma komanso kudziyimira pawokha pazachuma.

Izi ndicholinga chowunika momwe ndalama zake zimagwirira ntchito komanso mphamvu zake zobweza. Ziwerengero zachuma ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndalama zamakampani.

Komabe, ngati mukufuna kuwongolera ndalama zanu m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndikupangira izi.

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