Zigawo za Islamic Financial System

Ngakhale kulamulidwa ndi mfundo zachipembedzo, Dongosolo lazachuma lachisilamu lili ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapanga dongosolo lathunthu mwazokha. Mabanki achisilamu, ndalama zamakhalidwe abwino, inshuwaransi ya takaful komanso msika wachisilamu pakati pa mabanki onse ndi osewera komanso zida zomwe zimapanga ndalama zachisilamu.

Izi zidamangidwa ngati njira yosinthira ndalama wamba, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti tchingwe chongopeka komanso chosalumikizidwa zenizeni zachuma. Cholinga chake ndikuyanjanitsa ndalama zobweza ndalama ndi mabizinesi abwino, ndikulemekeza malamulo a Chisilamu (Sharia).

M'nkhaniyi, tiwonanso magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma achisilamu. Tiwunikanso ntchito ndi zomwe aliyense wa sewerowa amachita.

Tiyeni tizipita !!

🌿 Bungwe la Islamic Development Bank

Bungwe la Islamic Development Bank (IDB) ndi bungwe lazachuma lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili pakatikati pa dongosolo lazachuma lachisilamu. Adapangidwa pa 21 Rajab 1394 (Ogasiti 12, 1974) ku Jeddah mu Ufumu wa Saudi Arabia.

Idayamba ntchito zake pa Chaoual 15, 1395 (October 20, 1975). Gulu la BID limapangidwa ndi mabungwe asanu, omwe ndi:

• IDB yokha,
• Islamic Institute for Research and Training (IIRF),
• Islamic Corporation for Private Sector Development (SIDSP),
• Islamic Insurance Company for Investments and Export Credits (SIAICE),
• International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (SIIFC).

Chaka chandalama cha IDB chinali chofanana ndi chaka choyendera mwezi cha Hijri, koma kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2016. Chidasinthidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi chaka choyendera dzuwa cha Hijri kuyambira pa 11 Capricorn (Januware 1) ndikutha pa 10 Capricorn (December 31 chaka chilichonse).

Chilankhulocho IDB yovomerezeka ndi Chiarabu. Koma Chingelezi ndi Chifalansa zimagwiranso ntchito ngati zilankhulo. Chigawo chake chaakaunti ndi Dinar yachisilamu yomwe ikufanana ndi ufulu wapadera wojambula wa International Monetary Fund.

Ofesi yayikulu ndi malo achigawo

IDB ili ku Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ndipo ili ndi malo khumi ndi amodzi ku Abuja (Nigeria), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Ankara (Turkey), Cairo (Egypt), Dakar (Senegal), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Dubai ( United Arab Emirates), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kampala (Uganda), Paramaribo (Suriname) ndi Rabat (Morocco).

Mission

Ntchito ya IDB ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha anthu. Imayang'ana zoyesayesa zake pazinthu zofunika kwambiri monga kuchepetsa umphawi, kukonza thanzi, kulimbikitsa maphunziro, kuwongolera utsogoleri ndi chitukuko cha anthu.

mamembala

IDB ndiyofunikira Mayiko 57 omwe ali mamembala padziko lonse lapansi. Dziko lililonse lomwe likufuna kukhala membala liyenera kukhala logwirizana ndi Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Ayenera kulipira gawo loyamba la kutenga nawo gawo kwa likulu ndikuvomera zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi Council of Governor.

Capital

Pazaka zake 38^TH Msonkhano wapachaka, Board of Governors idavomereza 5^TH kuchuluka kwachuma, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti 100 biliyoni dinar Mabungwe achisilamu kuchuluka kwa likulu lovomerezeka ndi 50 biliyoni ya likulu kuti alembetse.

Kutengera chigamulo chomwechi, Board of Governors idavomereza apilo ya gawo lomwe liyenera kuperekedwa pansi pa 4^TH kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono. Kumapeto kwa chaka chachuma cha 2018, likulu lolembetsedwa la IDB anakwana 50,2 biliyoni za dinar zachisilamu.

🌿 Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI)

Chigawo chachiwiri cha ndondomeko ya zachuma ya Chisilamu ndi AAOIFI. AAOIFI ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lopanda phindu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1991 ndi mabanki angapo apakati achisilamu.

Kubadwa kwa bungweli kunali kuyankha pakufunika kofananiza ndi ndalama zamabanki achisilamu. Ntchito yake ndikukhazikitsa malamulo achisilamu ndi miyezo mu accounting, auditing ndi utsogoleri wamakampani.

Udindo waAAOIFI

Mwachindunji, AAOIFI ikufuna:

• kukhala njira yowerengera ndalama yogwirizana ndi Sharia, yowerengera ndalama, utsogoleri ndi kaganizidwe koyenera;
• kufalitsa zitsanzo izi kudzera mu semina, zofalitsa, malipoti, kafukufuku, etc.;
• kulenga mfundo zowerengera ndi zowerengera m'mabungwe achisilamu azachuma, kuti agwirizane ndikutanthauzira.

Mwachidule, cholinga chachikulu cha AAOIFI ndikukhazikitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa machitidwe azachuma achisilamu. Miyezo yomwe imapanga imatchedwa Miyezo Yowerengera Zachuma (FAS).

Miyezo yama accounting achisilamu

Kupanga miyezo yowerengera ndalama ku ma BI, mamembala a AAOIFI ali ndi chisankho pakati pa njira ziwiri zotsutsana ndi diametrically:

Choyamba, atha kusesa bwino miyezo yowerengera yaku Western (miyezo ya IFRS). Pochita izi, amadalira maziko ndi zolinga za Chisilamu kuti apange miyezo yoyenera yowerengera ndalama. Ndiye iwo angathe santhula miyezo Miyezo yapadziko lonse yowerengera ndalama mogwirizana ndi dongosolo lachisilamu. Atengereni omwe ali oyenera ndalama zachisilamu.

Amangopanga miyezo yowerengera ndalama ngati miyezo yapadziko lonse yowerengera ndalama yakhala chete pa kasamalidwe kazinthu zinazake kapena atengera malingaliro otsutsana ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za IF.

🌿 Bungwe la Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB)

Chigawo chachitatu chofunikira cha dongosolo lazachuma lachisilamu ndi Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB). Idakhazikitsidwa ku 2002 ndi cholinga chowonetsetsa kuti chuma cha Chisilamu chikuyenda bwino komanso kukhazikika.

Chifukwa chake, cholinga chake ndikukhazikitsa ndikusintha malamulo ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yogwirizana ndi sharia. Izi ndikulimbikitsa kuwonekera kwa ntchito zoperekedwa ndi Islamic Finance. Cholinga chachikulu cha miyezo yofalitsidwa ndi IFSB ndi kupewa ndi kuyang'anira zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera ku ndalama zachisilamu.

🌿 International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA)

Chigawo chachinayi cha dongosolo lazachuma lachisilamu ndi International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA). Ndi bungwe la Sharia lomwe limasonkhanitsa oweruza achisilamu omwe ali mamembala a Organisation of the Islamic Conference.

Ntchito yake ndikuphunzira ndikupanga malingaliro azamalamulo (kunenepa) cholinga chake chikhale chofanana pazachuma, zachuma ndi mabanki.

IIFA imasonkhanitsa oweruza achisilamu odziwa zambiri pazamalonda komanso okhudzidwa kwambiri pazachuma kapena zachuma.

Mabungwe ambiri achisilamu azachuma nthawi zambiri amayitanitsa IIFA kudzera mu board yawo ya Shariah kuti awonetsetse kuti malamulo awo ogwirira ntchito akugwirizana ndi omwe aperekedwa ndi IIFA.

🌿 The International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM)

Msika wa International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM) ndi bungwe lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 2002 ndipo lili ku Manama, Bahrain. Cholinga chake ndikukhazikitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa machitidwe m'misika yayikulu yachisilamu padziko lonse lapansi.

Makamaka, IIFM ikufuna kukhazikitsa miyezo yogwirizana pazolemba zamalamulo ndi njira zoperekera kuti zithandizire kugulitsa zinthu zandalama zachisilamu kumalire. Bungweli limayang'ana kwambiri zida zingapo zofunika monga sukuk (Chisilamu ma bond) ndi ntchito zotengera Sharia zakunja.

Kuti akhazikitse miyezo iyi, IIFM imadalira mgwirizano pakati pa omwe akuchita nawo gawo lazachuma lachisilamu padziko lonse lapansi. Mabanki apakati, opereka sukuk, ogulitsa masheya, makampani azamalamulo ngakhalenso owongolera ndi omwe ali nawo pagulu la bungwe.

Kupyolera mu kufalitsa maupangiri ndi mapangano okhazikika omwe amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zachuma zachisilamu, IIFM ikufuna kulimbikitsa kuphatikiza ndi kugwirizanitsa misika yazachuma yachisilamu. Zochita zake ndizofunikira kulimbikitsa kuyenda kwachuma kumalire ndi kulumikizana kwa chilengedwe chomwe chikukula ichi.

🌿 La Liquidity Management Center (LMC)

Le Liquidity Management Center (LMC) ndi bungwe lomwe linapangidwa mu 2002 motsogozedwa ndi Islamic Development Bank. Cholinga chake ndikuthandizira kasamalidwe ka ndalama komanso kugawa bwino ndalama kumabanki achisilamu ndi mabungwe azachuma.

Zowona, LMC imapereka mayankho osiyanasiyana kuti athandizire osewera azandalama achisilamu kuti azitha kuyang'anira bwino zomwe amapeza komanso zoperewera zawo. Imawapatsa ntchito yochotsa ndalama pakati pa mabanki achisilamu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kuphatikiza zosowa.

Center yakhazikitsanso njira yofanana yoyendetsera ndalama. Ndalamazo zimayikidwa pamisika yachuma yachisilamu, phindu ndi zotayika zomwe zimagawidwa pakati pa mabungwe omwe ali mamembala. Zida zopangira ndalama kwakanthawi kochepa zimaperekedwanso kuti ziwongolere phindu la ndalama zochulukirapo.

Nthawi yomweyo, LMC imapereka njira zowonjezeretsa ndalama kwakanthawi kochepa ku mabungwe azachuma achisilamu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma. zofunika ndalama mwadzidzidzi. Chifukwa cha njira zonsezi, Center imagwira ntchito yowonjezereka pakuwongolera ndikuwongolera kasamalidwe ka ndalama zachisilamu.

🌿 Bungwe la International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA)

International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA) ndi bungwe loyang'anira ndalama zapaderapowunika mabungwe azachuma achisilamu.

Idapangidwa mu 2005 ndipo ili ku Bahrain, cholinga cha IIRA ndikupereka mavoti angongole komanso kusanthula zachuma kwa osewera achisilamu azachuma. Imayang'ana kwambiri pakuwunika kwa mabanki achisilamu, makampani a inshuwaransi a takaful, ndalama zachisilamu zosungitsa ndalama ndi sukuk (mabondi achisilamu).

Bungweli likuwunika kulimba kwachuma kwa mabungwewa komanso kutsatira kwawo malamulo a Sharia (malamulo achisilamu). Mavoti ake angongole amachokera ku AAA kwa osewera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chotsika kwambiri kupita ku D kwa omwe akulephera.

Miyezo ndi kuwunika kopangidwa ndi IIRA kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osewera osiyanasiyana mdziko lazachuma lachisilamu. Owongolera amagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira zoopsa. Otsatsa ndalama amawaganizira powunika mwayi wopeza ndalama. Ndipo mabungwe ena odziwika bwino amadalira izi kuti amvetsetse bwino zazinthu zachuma zachisilamu.

Mtengo wowonjezera wa IIRA uli mu zake chidziwitso chozama makamaka zandalama zachisilamu. Njira yake yowerengera imaphatikiza zinthu zina monga kulemekeza mfundo yogawana phindu ndi zotayika kapena kusiya ntchito zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mayendedwe achisilamu.

Ndi kukula kwachuma kwachisilamu padziko lonse lapansi, udindo wa mabungwe owunikira akatswiri ngati IIRA akuyenera kukula. Iwo amalola kuwonjezeka kuwonekera poyera ndi kukhulupirirana m’dongosolo lina lazachuma ili.

🌿 Bungwe la International Islamic Center for Reconciliation and Arbitration (IICRA)

International Islamic Center for Reconciliation and Arbitration (IICRA) ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ku Dubai. Idapangidwa mu 2005 motsogozedwa ndi Islamic Development Bank, imagwira ntchito yoyimira pakati ndi kuthetsa mikangano yazachuma yachisilamu.

Ntchito ya IICRA ndikupereka chithandizo chothetsera mikangano mogwirizana ndi mfundo ndi mfundo zandalama zachisilamu. Magawo ake aukatswiri amakhudza kuyimira pakati pa mikangano yamabanki yokhudzana ndi mabungwe azachuma achisilamu, kukangana pamikangano yokhudzana ndi zochitika zachuma zachisilamu, komanso maphunziro a oweruza ndi oyimira pakati pazachuma cha Chisilamu.

Bungweli limadziwikanso chifukwa cha ukatswiri wake pakutsimikizira mapangano azachuma achisilamu potsatira malamulo a Sharia. Imakhazikitsanso zigawo zoyezetsa zothetsa mikangano, zophatikizidwa mumgwirizano wazachuma wamabanki ndi mabungwe azachuma achisilamu.

Chidwi cha IICRA ndikupereka mayankho achilungamo paokha (kuyimira pakati, kukangana) zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi ndalama zachisilamu. Ntchito zake zimatengera chilungamo, mayendedwe ndi zipembedzo zomwe zili pamtima pazachuma zina.

Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wake wozama pakuthana ndi mikangano yazachuma yachisilamu, IICRA yakhala m'zaka zochepa chabe kukhala chizindikiro chapadziko lonse lapansi m'derali. Kukhazikitsidwa ku Dubai, ili pakatikati pa imodzi mwamalo opangira ndalama zachisilamu padziko lonse lapansi.

🌿 Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI)

Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI) ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 2001 ndipo lili ku Bahrain. Ntchito yake ndikulimbikitsa ndikulimbikitsa makampani azachuma achisilamu padziko lonse lapansi.

Makamaka, CIBAFI imateteza zofuna za mabanki achisilamu ndi mabungwe azachuma. Ikufunanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa ogwira nawo ntchito ndikuthandizira kusinthana kwa chidziwitso ndi machitidwe abwino mkati mwa gawoli.

Bungweli limagwiranso ntchito pakupanga ndondomeko za boma ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi zachuma za Chisilamu. Imalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo okhwima a utsogoleri ndi kasamalidwe ka chiopsezo ndi mabungwe azachuma achisilamu.

Kuti akwaniritse ntchito yake, CIBAFI imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri : bungwe la misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi, kufalitsa maphunziro ndi malipoti ofufuza, kupereka maphunziro ndi ziphaso kwa akatswiri azachuma achisilamu.

Ndi mamembala opitilira 130 ochokera m'maiko 34, CIBAFI yadzikhazikitsa lero ngati bungwe lalikulu loyimilira ndikulimbikitsa makampani azachuma padziko lonse lapansi achisilamu. Kuchokera ku Bahrain, ili pamtima pa imodzi mwamalo akuluakulu azachuma achisilamu.

Kutsiliza

Kumapeto kwa kusanthula uku, tikuwona kuti ndalama zachisilamu zapeza pang'onopang'ono chilengedwe chonse komanso chokhazikika, ndi ochita masewera osiyanasiyana omwe amalumikizana kuti agawire zinthu molingana ndi malamulo a Muslim Ethics.

Mabanki azamalonda, misika yayikulu, inshuwaransi ya takaful komanso ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama ndizofunikira kwambiri pazachuma.

Mothandizidwa ndi ma standardization, regulation and Sharia compliance systems, amapanga njira yophatikizira yogwira ntchito molingana ndi mfundo za phindu ndi kugawana zotayika, kuletsa ribâ ndi ndalama zamakhalidwe abwino okha.

Kutengera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa Asilamu komanso a kukopeka ndi zachuma zamakhalidwe abwino Padziko lonse lapansi, ndalama zachisilamu zikuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukula m'zaka zikubwerazi. Titha kubetcherana kuti dongosolo lake lipitirire kulimbikitsidwa kuti lipereke njira yodalirika yazachuma wamba.