Zida 14 zandalama zachisilamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri

Kodi zida zandalama zachisilamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ziti? Funso ili ndilo chifukwa cha nkhaniyi. Kwenikweni, ndalama zachisilamu monga m'malo ndalama ochiritsira amapereka angapo ndalama zida.

Komabe, zida izi ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi Sharia. Zida zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu. Tili ndi zida zopezera ndalama, zida zogwirira nawo ntchito komanso zida zosagwirizana ndi banki. Kwa nkhaniyi, ndikukuwonetsani zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zachuma.

Komabe, ngati mukufuna kuwongolera ndalama zanu m'masabata 6 okha, Ndikukupatsirani kalozerayu wothandiza kwambiri.

Tiyeni

🔰 The Hawala

Un Chihawai, amatchedwanso Hundi amene amatanthauza "kukhulupirira". Ndi njira yolipirira yomwe imagawidwa mwamwambo komanso mwamwayi. Chiyambi chake sichidziwika bwino. Zomwe ndinganene ndikuti zidayamba kale ku Middle Ages.

Monga umboni, angapezeke m'malemba a Fiqh a zaka za zana la XNUMX. Udindo waukulu wa Hawala ndi kuzunguza ndalama mu network ya stockbroker.

Komabe, maganizo amasiyana ponena za tanthauzo la lingaliro limeneli. Kwa ofufuza ena, dongosololi limagwira ntchito pamaziko a chikhulupiliro ndipo kotero silifuna kuperekedwa kwa njira yolipira. Monga sizidalira kulimbikitsa mapangano, dongosololi limagwira ntchito ngakhale popanda ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya malamulo ndi malamulo.

Kwa ena, komabe, Hawala sichina koma ndalama yosinthanitsa, promissory note, cheke kapena kulemba. Mwaukadaulo, wobwereketsayo amasamutsa udindo wolipira ngongole yake kwa munthu wina yemwe ali ndi ngongole yake. Choncho, udindo wolipira umakhala ndi munthu wina.

Hawala ndi njira yomwe imalola kukhazikitsidwa kwa maakaunti apadziko lonse lapansi potengera ma accounting. Imachotsa kumlingo waukulu kufunika kosinthira ndalamaes. Mukhoza kuyankhapo pa kusiyana kumeneku mu ndemanga.

🔰 The Mousawama

Ndi mgwirizano wogulitsa classic yofanana ndi Murabaha. Mu mgwirizano wamtunduwu, wogula sadziwa malire a phindu omwe wogulitsa amagwiritsira ntchito.

Mwanjira ina, wogulitsa sakakamizidwa kuwulula mtengo woperekedwa kuti apange kapena kupeza zabwino kapena ntchito. Mgwirizano wamtunduwu umachitika pamene kuli kovuta kudziwa mtengo wa chinthu kapena ntchito.

Le Mousawama contract amapereka chimodzimodzi ubwino ndi kuipa komweko kuposa Murabaha. Ndi kusinthika kwa msika, titha kupindula kale ndi makhadi a e-mousawama. M'malo mwake, khadi la e-Mousawama ndi lingaliro latsopano la makhadi osungitsa zamagetsi ogwirizana ndi Sharia.

Khadi la ngongole ndilokhalo lamtundu wake lomwe limaphwanya tanthauzo la ndalama zachisilamu ndikuwongolera njira yolipira. Makasitomala amalandila chivomerezo cha ngongole ndipo zogula zitha kugulidwa kwa amalonda omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa zanu zambiri.

🔰 The Qard Hasan

Le Kard Hassan ndi mgwirizano wa ngongole pakati pa magulu awiri pamaziko a chitetezo cha anthu. Ikhozanso kukwaniritsa chosowa chachifupi cha wobwereka. Ndi a ngongole popanda chiwongola dzanja kapena phindu. Zili ngati chithandizo kuposa ngongole zamalonda.

Njira imeneyi siigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi makampani ogulitsa. Kumbali ina, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina (pakakhala zovuta kwa munthu kapena kampani, kapena pamene wina akufuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha magawo omwe akubwera).

M'mawu amakono, ambiri amayerekezera izi ndi ngongole yolipira. Panthawi yobwereketsa, ndalama zobweza ziyenera kukhala zofanana ndi zomwe adabwereka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe chidwi kapena riba ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ngongole.

Komabe, pankhani ya chikhulupiriro chabwino, wobwereka akhoza kulipira wobwereketsa ndalama zambiri m'tsogolomu. Zokhazo sizingakambirane kapena kuvomereza panthawi ya mgwirizano.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati apatsa wobwereketsa bonasi kapena ndalama zowonjezera, ndizololedwa, koma kukambirana za makonzedwe otere ndikoletsedwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika ngati muyeso wa chikhulupiriro chabwino komanso ngati njira yothokozera wobwereketsa.

Qard Hasan amatchedwanso ngongole yabwino. Komabe, nali buku langa lomwe limakuuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa za mabanki achisilamu.

🔰 The Mokayada

Ndi mgwirizano wa kusinthana kwa kuchuluka kwa x wa zinthu zopangira motsutsana ndi kuchuluka y kwa zinthu zina zosaphatikizirapo kusinthanitsa ndalama. Zochulukira zimakhazikitsidwa pamitengo yamisika yazinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa

🔰 The kafalah

M'malamulo achisilamu, kafala ndi njira ina yolerera yomwe imafanana ndi kulera popanda filiation. Imatchulanso thandizoli asanalembetse antchito akunja m'maiko a Persian Gulf.

Pazachuma zachisilamu Kafala ndi mgwirizano wa chitsimikizo pomwe wina amatsimikizira ngongole ya wobwereketsa. Udindo wa ngongole motsutsana ndi wobwereketsa umakhala ndi maphwando awiri a mgwirizanowo.

Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati imodzi mwamapangano othandizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachuma zachisilamu. Makamaka pofuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo, monga makontrakitala Musyarakah, Mudarabah, Murabahah, Istisna′, Ijarah and Tawarruq. Monga momwe zilili ndi mgwirizano wa Hawala, Kafala samapanga ndalama zilizonse kuposa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito.

🔰 The Rahn

Le Rahn ndi mgwirizano womwe wothandizira amapezera ngongole kudzera mu chikole (chikole). Mgwirizano wamtunduwu umafuna kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha wobwereketsa.

Ubwino wa mgwirizanowu ndikuti umalola wothandizira kupereka chuma chomwe ali nacho ngati chikole pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito ndi umwini wake. Kawirikawiri, chitsimikizocho chimafunsidwa ndi wobwereketsa kuchokera kwa wobwereketsa kumayambiriro kwa mgwirizano kuti apewe kusakhulupirika kwa ngongole. wangongole osalipira ngongoleyo.

Kuvomerezeka kwa lingaliro la Rahn kudatchulidwa mu Quran mu al-Baqarah aya 283 “Ndipo ngati muli paulendo ndipo simunapeze mlembi, ndiye kuti atengere Chikole. Ndime iyi ikuvomereza chilolezo chopeza ngongole kapena ndalama ndi chikole m'Chisilamu.  

Izi zidathandizidwanso ndi machitidwe a Mtumiki (SAW) kuchokera mu Hadith yomwe Aishah (RA) anaifotokoza: “Mtumiki (SAW) adagula chakudya kwa Myuda ndi ngongole ndipo adapereka zida zake zachitsulo kukhala chikole kwa wogulitsa. » (Saheeh al-Bukhari).

Mchitidwe wamakono wamabanki achisilamu, lingaliro la Rahn lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamilandu iwiri yosiyana.

✔ Mlandu woyamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito chikole kapena Marhun ngati chitetezo chenicheni.

Mwachitsanzo, pazachuma chanyumba, banki nthawi zambiri imapereka ndalama zothandizira kasitomala kuti agule nyumba zomwe zimapangitsa banki kukhala wobwereketsa komanso kasitomala ngati wobwereketsa, chifukwa ndalama ndikugulitsa pangongole zomwe zimabweretsa ngongole.

Zikatero, wobwereketsayo adzapanga nyumba yandalama kukhala Marhun (chokolezera) kuti akwaniritse udindo wake wolipira kubanki. Pa nthawi ya chitsimikizo, wobwereketsa (wogula) sangathe kugulitsa nyumbayo kwa gulu lina pokhapokha ngati banki imuloleza kukhala wobwereketsa.

Ngati wogulayo alephera kubweza ngongole yake ndi banki, banki ili ndi mphamvu zogulitsa nyumbayo kuti ithetse ndalama zosalipidwa zogulitsa.

Banki ikhoza kungotenga zomwe zabwereketsa kubanki ndipo zotsalira pakugulitsa (ngati zilipo) zidzabwezeredwa kwa kasitomala. Chitsanzochi chimapereka chithunzi cha ntchito yoyamba ya Rahn, ndiko kuti, ngati chitetezo chenicheni.

✔ Munkhani yachiwiri, al-rahn idzakhala chida chothandizira microfinance.

 Apa, kuchuluka kwandalama zoperekedwa kudzatengera mtengo wa Marhun (chikole cha chuma). Muzachuma chodziwika bwino cha al-rahn, kasitomala amalonjeza zinthu zake zamtengo wapatali monga golide kwa pawnbroker kapena yemwe amadziwika kuti " kedai pajak gadai islam monga Marhun.

Marhun adzakhala amtengo wapatali ndipo kasitomala adzapatsidwa ngongole malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake, titero 70% ya mtengo wa Marhun.

Panthawi yobwereka, wobwereketsa, monga mwiniwake wa katunduyo, amalipiritsa chindapusa powerengera tsiku lililonse kapena mwezi uliwonse pa ntchito yake yosunga katunduyo mpaka atabweza ndipo ngongoleyo itathetsedwa.

Mwa ichi, mchitidwe wa Rahn ngati chida chothandizira ndalama zitha kuwoneka makamaka pakupeza Microfinancing.

🔰 The Zowopsa

Le Zowopsa unayambira m’mafuko akale a Aarabu monga mlandu wamba womwe unkafuna kuti awo amene analakwira anthu a fuko lina alipire chipukuta misozi kwa ozunzidwa kapena olowa nyumba awo.

Mfundo imeneyi pambuyo pake inafalikira m’madera ambiri, kuphatikizapo zamalonda zapanyanja, zimene otenga nawo mbali anapereka ndalama ku thumba lomwe cholinga chake chinali kuthandiza anthu onse a m’gulu limene anachita ngozi poyenda panyanja.

Masiku ano lakhala lingaliro logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzachuma chachisilamu. Takaful nthawi zambiri amatchedwa inshuwaransi ya Chisilamu. Izi ndi chifukwa cha kufanana koonekera pakati pa mgwirizano wa Kafalah (chitsimikizo) ndi inshuwalansi.

Zimakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo za mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano, zomwe zikuphatikiza zinthu za udindo wogawana, chiwongoladzanja chogwirizana, za chidwi ndi mgwirizano. 

Inshuwaransi ya Chisilamu imafuna kuti aliyense apereke thandizo ku thumba lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizana. Wophunzira aliyense amapereka ndalama zokwanira kubweza zomwe akuyembekezeka.

🌲 Mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana D 'Inshuwaransi ya Chisilamu

Monga Sukuks, pali mitundu ingapo ya Takaful. Inshuwalansi halal imapereka chithandizo chandalama m'mbali zonse za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kaya ndinu munthu payekha kapena bizinesi.

✔ Takaful yopanda phindu

Akutanthauza kuti ntchitoyo imayendetsedwa pa a maziko ogwirizana kapena ogwirizana. Izi mosasamala mawonekedwe awo azamalamulo. Kwa mtundu uwu wa Takaful, komiti yoyang'anira nthawi zambiri imakhazikitsidwa ndi omwe akutenga nawo gawo.

Bungweli limayang'anira ntchitoyo m'malo mwa onse omwe ali ndi ma policy. Choncho palibe bungwe losiyana lomwe limayang'anira ntchitoyo monga momwe zilili m'munsimu.

✔ Zopeza phindu Takaful

Amanenedwa kuti ndi opindulitsa ngati kasamalidwe ka ndalamazo aperekedwa ku bungwe lazamalonda (woyendetsa Zowopsa). Si komiti ngati m'mbuyomu.

Malingana ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi ulamuliro uliwonse, ndalamazo zikhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi woyendetsa. Pokhapokha, ziyenera kukhala ndi kulekanitsa bwino pakati pa ndalama za omwe ali ndi masheya ndi omwe akutenga nawo gawo pa inshuwaransi.

M'mayiko ena, pulogalamu Zowopsa ikhoza kuperekedwa ndi "zenera" la inshuwaransi yachikhalidwe. Izi ndizochitika m'mayiko angapo a ku Africa monga Cameroon, Senegal, Morocco ndi ena ambiri.

🌲The mitundu yosiyanasiyana Zowopsa

Pali njira zingapo zokhazikitsira makontrakitala a inshuwaransi ya Takaful. Koma ndikungopereka kwa inu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Zitsanzo zouziridwa ndi Mudaraba, zitsanzo zouziridwa ndi wakala, mitundu yosakanizidwa ndi mitundu yolimbikitsidwa ndi zopereka (Waqf).

✔ Chitsanzocho Mudaraba pur

Muchitsanzo cha Takaful Mudaraba, tili ndi Mudarib (wochita bizinesi) yemwe amatenga gawo la opareshoni ya Takaful komanso rab mli (opereka ndalama) omwe ophunzirawo.

Kontrakitiyi imafotokoza momwe zopindulira zimapangidwira ndi ndalama ndi/kapena zochulukirapo kuchokera muntchitoyo Zowopsa idzagawidwa pakati pa woyendetsa Zowopsa ndi opezekapo.

Kutayika ndi udindo wa omwe atenga nawo mbali monga opereka ndalama. Kupatula ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo apezeka kuti wachita zolakwika mwaukadaulo kapena wanyalanyaza. Mu nkhani iyi Mudarib kapena wochita bizinesi salipidwa chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake.

✔ Chitsanzocho wakala pur

Chitsanzo ichi chimatsatiridwa ndi mgwirizano wa bungwe (principal-wothandizira). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polembetsa ndikuyika. Polembetsa, woyendetsa Zowopsa amagwira ntchito ngati nthumwi ya omwe akutenga nawo mbali kuyang'anira thumba Zowopsa.

Zowopsa zonse zimatengedwa ndi thumba ndipo zotsalira zilizonse zogwira ntchito ndi za omwe atenga nawo mbali. Wothandizira Zowopsa satenga nawo gawo mwachindunji pachiwopsezo chomwe chimabwera ndi thumbalo kapena pazowonjezera / zoperewera za thumba.

Kumbali inayi, Takaful wa inshuwaransi amalandira a ntchito wakala yogwira zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayimira gawo limodzi la zopereka zomwe zaperekedwa. Ndalamazi zimalipira ntchito yake ngati manejala.

Malipiro a wogwiritsa ntchito angaphatikizeponso chindapusa, chochotsedwa pazowonjezera zilizonse. Ndi njira yolimbikitsa yoyendetsera bwino ndalama.

✔Mtundu wosakanizidwa: kuphatikiza wakala et mudaraba

Muchitsanzo ichi, ma sub-contracts awiri amapangidwa. Choyamba ndi W contractmalingaliro anatengera kuti muzimvetsera, ndiyeno mgwirizano Mudaraba amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndalama.

Chitsanzochi ndichomwe chimalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. M'malo mwake, amavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi ma inshuwaransi Zowopsa.

✔ Mtundu wa Waqf

M’lingaliro la chipembedzo cha Chisilamu, waqf ndi mtundu wa chopereka choperekedwa ndi munthu kwamuyaya. Ndi chitsanzo ichi, inshuwalansi choyamba amapereka. Pambuyo pake, omwe ali ndi pulasitiki amapereka ndalama zowonjezera kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kubweza ngongole.

Wothandizira amalandira chindapusa chokhazikika. Omwe ali ndi ma policy, nawonso, amalandira ndalama zotsalazo pambuyo pothetsa madandaulo awo. Chitsanzo ichi amapezeka makamaka ku Pakistan.

Pazitsanzo zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi, inshuwaransi imapereka ngongole yopanda chiwongola dzanja kuti ipereke ndalama zilizonse zomwe zingasungidwe m'thumba. takaful. Le Ngongole imabwezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zotsalira tsogolo la thumba takaful. Gome lotsatirali likuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa inshuwaransi yakale ndi inshuwaransi ya Chisilamu, the takaful.

🔰 The Mudharaba

Le Mudharaba ponena za mgwirizano wamalonda momwe gulu limodzi limapereka ndalama ndipo lina limapereka zoyesayesa zaumwini. Gawo lolingana la phindu limatsimikiziridwa ndi mgwirizano wapakati.

Koma kutayika, ngati kulipo, kumangotengedwa ndi mwiniwake wa likulu, pomwe wochita bizinesi sapeza kalikonse pantchito yake. Wothandizira ndalama amadziwika kuti " rabala mwala » ndi wochita bizinesi pansi pa dzina la « mudarib ".

Monga njira yopezera ndalama yotengedwa ndi mabanki achisilamu, ndi mgwirizano womwe ndalama zonse zimaperekedwa ndi banki yachisilamu pomwe bizinesi imayang'aniridwa ndi gulu lina.

Phindu limagawidwa molingana ndi zomwe zidagwirizana kale ndi kutayika, ngati kulipo, pokhapokha chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kapena kuphwanya mgwirizano ndi " mudarib » imathandizidwa ndi banki yachisilamu.

🔰 Musharakah or Musharakah

Magwero a mawu Musharakah amachokera ku Arabic Sharikah kutanthauza mgwirizano. Kwa oweruza achisilamu, kuvomerezeka ndi kuloledwa kwa Musharakah kumatengera zomwe zili mu Quran, Sunnah ndi Ijmah (kuvomerezana) kwa akatswiri.

Muzachuma cha Chisilamu, Musharaka ndi njira yopezera ndalama zomwe ziri mu mawonekedwe a mgwirizano. Ndi mgwirizano womwe wasainidwa pakati banki ndi kasitomala wake momwe gulu lirilonse limapereka ndalama zofanana kapena zosiyana kuti zikhazikitse pulojekiti yatsopano kapena kutenga nawo mbali mu polojekiti yomwe ilipo.

Phindu kapena zotayika zomwe zimapangidwa zimagawidwa motsatira ziganizo za mgwirizano. Amagawidwa mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa Musharakah. Zotayika nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa molingana ndi likulu lomwe Musharik aliyense amapereka.

Ma contract a Musharakah amatha kutenga mafomu awa: Musharakah yosalekeza ndi yocheperachepera. Pangano la Musharakah litha kupangidwa kwakanthawi kochepa kapena kwanthawi yayitali. Likulu loperekedwa ndi banki ku Musharaka limatha kukhalabe nthawi yonse ya mgwirizano.

 🌲 Mitundu yamakontrakitala musharakah

Monga zinthu zambiri zachuma zachisilamu, pali mitundu iwiri ya le musharakah : a musharakah final ndi musharakah wodekha.

✔ Musharakah yotsimikizika

Mtundu uwu wa mgwirizano musharakah amalola banki kutenga nawo mbali pakuthandizira ndalama za polojekitiyi m'njira yokhazikika komanso kupindula ndi zopindula zomwe zimapindula monga bwenzi la eni ake. Pankhaniyi, banki ikuchita ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwapakati kapena kwanthawi yayitali zinthu zokhazikikazi.

Zopereka za banki zitha kukhala ngati kutenga nawo gawo mumakampani omwe alipo. Zopereka izi zitha kukhala ngati chothandizira pakukula kwa share capital m'makampani atsopano.

Mtundu wa musharakah with ma equity securities amakumana muzachuma zachikhalidwe kuti muteteze kuwongolera kwakukulu mubizinesi yomwe ilipo. Mu mgwirizano uwu palibe kubweza ndalama.

✔ Le musharakah kuchepa

Ndi musharakah kuchepa banki ikuchoka pang'onopang'ono ku likulu la kampaniyo. Wogula amalipira, nthawi zonse ku banki, gawo la phindu lomwe amapeza chifukwa akhoza kusunga gawo kapena gawo lake lonse kuti abweze ndalama zomwe apereka kubanki.

Pambuyo pobweza ndalama zake zonse ndi phindu lomwe adapeza, bankiyo imachoka pantchitoyo kapena ntchitoyo. Njirayi ikufanana ndi zitsimikizo zamabizinesi muzachuma wamba.

 🌲 Ubwino wopeza ndalama musharakah

Ndalama ndi musharakah ali ndi maubwino angapo kwa banki ndi ogwirizana nawo. Kwa banki, njira iyi imapereka mwayi wopeza ndalama kwanthawi yayitali ndi/kapena yapakati pazothandizira zake.

Ndi gwero la ndalama zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika zomwe zingathandize kuti banki ipatse omwe amasungitsa ndalama ndi omwe ali ndi masheya chiwongola dzanja chobwezera.

Kwa makasitomala kapena othandizana nawo, a musharakah imaperekedwa ngati njira ya ngongole yayitali komanso yapakatikati. Chifukwa chake, ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yopezera ndalama zambiri zosinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa za chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha bizinesi, potsata malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi/kapena kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama ndi kupeza ndi/kapena kukonzanso zipangizo.

Le musharakah Est ofunidwa kwambiri ndi otsatsa popanga mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati (SMEs). Chopereka cha chipani chilichonse chiyenera kukhalapo panthawi yogwira ntchitoyo, nkhani ya ndalama.

Komabe, malamulo achisilamu amalola mocharaka muzochitika zopindula ndi malipiro ochedwetsedwa, malinga ngati aliyense wa maguluwo atenga gawo la kudzipereka kwa wopereka (ma)charikat uwu).

Pachifukwa ichi, ntchito ya banki nthawi zambiri imakhala yopereka zitsimikizo zakubanki (chitsimikizo, mbiri ya ngongole, kalata yotsimikizira, chitsimikizo cha msika, ndi zina zotero). Mgwirizano uliwonse womwe umafuna kutsimikizira kwa mmodzi wa maphwando kuchira kwa chithandizo chake mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira za ntchitoyo ndi wopanda pake.

Mwa ichi, banki ilibe ufulu kufuna kubweza ndalama zomwe apereka. Pokhapokha ngati kuphwanya malamulo a mgwirizano, kunyalanyaza kwakukulu pakuwongolera nkhaniyo kapena kuphwanya chikhulupiriro.

Banki ingafunike kuti mnzakeyo apereke zitsimikizo, koma akhoza kungowakakamiza mu imodzi mwazochitika zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa.

  🌲Mavuto okhudzana ndi mchitidwe wa musharakah

Pochita, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopezera ndalamayi kumakhalabe kochepa chifukwa cha chiopsezo chachikulu cha ngongole. Chiwopsezo cha ngongole cholumikizidwa ndi ndalama musharakah ndiye mwayi wosachira ndalama zawonjezeka kwambiri komanso m'nthawi yake. Kuchuluka kwachiwopsezochi kungafotokozedwe ndi:

• Lkusowa kwa zitsimikizo ;
• Kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha chikhalidwe ndi kusankha koyipa;
• Kuperewera kwa ogwira ntchito oyenerera pamlingo wa mabanki potengera luso lowunika ntchito;

Pamodzi ndi chiwopsezo cha ngongoleyi, mapangano amtunduwo musharakah Zilinso ndi chiwopsezo cha equity, katundu yemwe ali ndi magawo ndi Investor akhoza kutsika mtengo. Mu mgwirizano musharakah maphwando onse kutenga nawo gawo mu likulu choncho mu zotayika zilizonse.

chifukwa le musharakah kuchepa, mmodzi wa maphwando akulonjeza kuombolanso ndalama zonse zomwe zili m'masheya pamtengo wokonzedweratu.

Izi zimawonekera pachiwopsezo chowonjezera pomwe maphwando ena samawonongeka (kugulitsa patsogolo). Pomaliza, chiwopsezo chachikulu chimakhalanso ndi mgwirizano wamtunduwu pakagwa ndalama.

🔰 Ijara kapena Ijarah

Mawu akuti Ijara amachokera ku Chiarabu " ajr kutanthauza mphotho kapena malipiro pa ntchito yomwe wachita kapena ntchito zomwe wachita. M'dziko lazachuma, ndi mgwirizano wamayiko awiri okhudzana ndi kusamutsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chinthu pa nthawi yomwe mwagwirizana kuti iganizidwe.

Zili ndi magawo awiri: wobwereketsa kapena Muajir ndi wobwereketsa kapena Mustajir katundu. Mwiniwake wa chinthucho amasamutsa sufruct yake kwakanthawi kwa wobwereketsa kwa nthawi yomwe adagwirizana ndipo wobwereketsayo ayenera kupindula nawo popanda kuwononga.

Eni ake a malo obwereketsa amakhala a wobwereketsa, komanso zoopsa zonse zokhudzana ndi umwini. Kukhala ndi katunduyo kumasungidwa mwa trustee ndi wobwereketsa. Iye alibe udindo wa kutaya, kuwononga kapena kuchepetsa mtengo wa katundu.

Malamulo a ijara, m'lingaliro la kubwereketsa, amafanana kwambiri ndi malamulo a malonda. Kusiyana kokha pakati pa ijarah ndi kugulitsa ndiko kuti pogulitsa, katundu wa katunduyo amasamutsidwa kwa wogula. Mu ijarah, katundu wa katunduyo amakhalabe katundu wa transferor, koma kokha usufruct yake imasamutsidwa kwa wobwereketsa.

🌲 Mitundu yamakontrakitala a ndalama za Ijara

Ntchito Ijara ikhoza kutenga imodzi mwa mitundu iwiri:

• Ijara Montahia bi tamlik. Mwini wa malo obwereketsa amasamutsidwa kwa kasitomala pansi pa mgwirizano wosiyana ndi wa Ijara kumapeto kwa mgwirizano;
• Ijara Tachghilia or Ijara wa Iktina. Mgwirizano wamtunduwu umatanthawuza kubwereka kosavuta.

Komabe, tikhoza kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya ntchito Ijara Montahia bi-tamlik :

 Lzochitika zokhudzana ndi katundu wosunthika. Izi ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi katundu wamtengo wapatali zomwe kugula kwake kumatheka kumapeto kwa mgwirizano ndi wobwereketsa;

Lmalonda ogulitsa nyumba. Izi ndizochitika zomwe bungwe limapereka Ijara nyumba, zogulidwa ndi iye kapena zomangidwa m'malo mwake, pamene ntchitozi zimalola mwiniwakeyo kukhala mwiniwake wa zonse kapena gawo la malo obwereketsa kumapeto kwa mgwirizano. izi

🔰 Istisna'a kapena Istisna

Istisna'a ndi mtundu wa malonda omwe wogula amaika lamulo kwa wogulitsa kuti apange zinthu zina ndipo kugulitsa kumatsirizika pakubweretsa katundu kwa wogula. Istisna imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka ndalama zothandizira pazochita zomwe kasitomala akutenga nawo gawo pakupanga kapena kumanga.

Pankhani ya ndalama za Istisna, kasitomala amapangira zinthu ku Banki ndipo akabweretsa katundu ku Banki, kasitomala amasankhidwa kukhala Wothandizira Bank kuti agulitse zinthuzi pamsika.

Monga mwayi, Istisna itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, apakatikati komanso ovomerezeka. Komanso, ndi njira yabwino yopezera ndalama kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa imapangitsa kulemekeza mgwirizano wachuma. Makasitomala amathanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo zachuma.

🔰 Salam

Salam ndi mgwirizano wogulitsa pomwe wogulitsa amavomereza kupereka zinthu zinazake kwa wogula pambuyo pake posinthana ndi mtengo wapatsogolo woperekedwa ndalama zonse.

Ndi mtundu wa kugulitsa kobweza ngongole. Mgwirizanowu umapanga udindo wamakhalidwe abwino kwa wogulitsa Salam kuti apereke katunduyo. Salam contract sichingathetsedwa kamodzi atasainidwa. Malinga ndi Sharia chinthu (chofuna kugulitsidwa) chiyenera kukhala chakuthupi kapena mwachinsinsi cha wogulitsa.

Komabe, pali zinthu ziwiri zosiyana pa mfundo iyi mu Sharia. Mmodzi ndi Salam ndipo winayo ndi Istisna'a. Onsewa ndi malonda amtundu wina. Salam imagwiritsidwa ntchito polipira zinthu zaulimi zofananira. Istisna'a imagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ndalama zopangira zofanana.

🔰 The Murabaha

Le murabaha ndi bungwe lachisilamu lothandizira ndalama lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mgwirizano wogulitsa. Murabaha, nayenso zotchedwa cost plus financing, kasitomala amapempha banki kuti agule chinthu m'malo mwake. Mu mgwirizano uwu, wogulitsa ndi wogula amavomereza pa mtengo ndi phindu la phindu la katundu.

M'malo mwake, banki imagula ndikugulitsanso ndi kasitomala yemwe akufuna ndikugulitsa ndi kasitomala pa Murabaha. Pambuyo pake, kasitomala amabwezera bankiyo molingana ndi zomwe zafotokozedweratu kapena kubweza ngongoleyo.

🌲 Mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito za murabaha

Le murabahah monga momwe mabanki achisilamu amachitira ndi malonda ogulitsa. Mtengo wamtengo wapatali, phindu la phindu ndi nthawi yolipira ziyenera kudziwidwa kale ndikuvomerezedwa ndi maphwando.

Ngati kuchedwa kubweza kwa magawowo, banki imatha kugwiritsa ntchito kasitomala wolephera zilango mochedwa zomwe zidzaikidwa muakaunti yapadera. Koma palibe nthawi yomwe banki ingawunikenso phindu lake m'mwamba kuti libwezere ndalamazo.

Pakakhala chikhulupiliro choyipa kwa kasitomala, banki ili ndi ufulu wopempha, kuwonjezera pa zilango, chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha nthawi zosalemekeza. Zikatero, zowonongekazo ziyenera kuyesedwa motsutsana ndi zolinga za banki. Kuunikaku kusakhale ndi zokonda.

Pambuyo pomaliza mgwirizano murabahah, malonda amakhala katundu yekha ndi wotsimikizika wa wogula womaliza. Zidzakhalabe, zilizonse zomwe zingachitike pambuyo pake. Komabe, banki ikhoza kutenga chikole pa katundu wogulitsidwa ngati chikole pakulipira mtengo wogulitsa.

🌲 Mavuto okhudzana ndi murabaha

Malingaliro ndi osiyana pa lonjezo ili logula ngati liri udindo kapena ayi. Lonjezo logula ndi udindo poyang'ana ndi kasitomala. Ma Jurisconsults amakhulupirira kuti udindowu suyenera kugwira ntchito kwa kasitomala.

Wogula akuyenera kupempha kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano ngakhale atapereka dongosolo ndikulipira. Chofunikira kwambiri pachiwopsezo chogwirizana ndi murabaha zimachokera ku kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe chalamulo cha mgwirizano.

Dvuto lachiwiri la murabaha yagona pamlingo womwe chipanicho chikulephera kukwaniritsa nthawi yake. Kulipira mochedwaku kungayambitse kutayika kwa banki. Pamsika, chiwopsezo chobwereranso chimachitika ngati kuchuluka kwa kubweza kwa ntchitoyo kuli kosiyana ndi komwe kukuwonetsa; ndiye pali kuthekera kwa kutayika kwachuma.

Kuwongolera zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa murabaha, kulipira patsogolo kwa komishoni yayikulu kwakhala kofala.

🔰 The sukuk

Odziwika bwino ndi dzina lawo lachiarabu, sukuk, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa molakwika kuti “mgwirizano wachisilamu", Zida zamsika zotsatiridwa ndi Shariah zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ndalama zokhazikika zakulitsa gawo lawo pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi pazaka khumi zapitazi.

Msika wapadziko lonse wa Sukuk, womwe udapangidwa m'malo okhala Asilamu ambiri, wawona kukula kwakukulu. zaka 10 zapitazi, ndi nkhani zingapo zamakampani apamwamba komanso olamulira angapo omwe akugulitsa msika.

Sukuks ndi zinthu zandalama zomwe mawu ndi kapangidwe kake zimagwirizana ndi Sharia, ndi cholinga chopanga zobweza zofananira ndi zida zanthawi zonse zokhazikika monga ma bond.

🌿 Kodi mitundu ya Sukuks ndi iti?

Mofanana ndi zinthu zambiri zachuma zachisilamu, Sukuks ikhoza kutenga mitundu yambiri. Choncho, pali pafupifupi khumi mitundu ya Sukuk.

✔ Zero-Kuponi Sukuks

Mtundu woyamba wa Sukuk ndi ziro-kuponi Sukuk. Pochita, ndi kuwulutsa kwa suku momwe katundu woti asonkhanitsire palibe.

Nkhaniyi ingakhudzenso chuma chomwe sichinapangidwe panthawi yomwe atulutsidwa. Ndalamazo zinayendetsedwa ndi Suku zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zinthu zambiri pamasamba akampani.

Pomaliza, tinganene kuti zero-coupon Sukuks ndi ofanana ndi "zikalata murabaha et Istisna'a ". Choncho si amalonda pa msika wachiwiri.

✔ Sukuk Al-Ijara (Mgwirizano Wobwereketsa)

Mtundu wachiwiri wa Sukuk ndi mtundu wa Ijara. Monga chikumbutso, Ijara ndi mtundu wa kubwereketsa komwe timakumana nako muzachuma zachikhalidwe. Onani nkhani yathu pa Ijara.

Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kupempha uku kungafotokozedwe ndi kuphweka kwa mapangidwe a sukuk. Komanso, ofufuza ena amafotokoza kuti ndi dongosolo la suku classic kumene zina zonse za suku zapangidwa.

✔ Sukuk Al-Istisna

Mtundu wachitatu wa Sukuk ndi Sukuk al-Istisna'a. Ndi mawonekedwe a suku yochokera kuwapadera qui ndi lease. Fomu iyi ndiyoyenera kupereka ndalama zothandizira ntchito zachitukuko zatsopano.

Komabe, zovuta zina zamapangidwe zakhala zovuta kuzithetsa. Pachifukwa ichi, sizidziwonetsa ngati njira ina yopezera ndalama zachisilamu zamitundu yambiri monga momwe zidanenedweratu.

✔ Sukuk Al Murabaha

Mtundu wachinayi wa Sukuk ndi Sukuk Al-Murabaha. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, mawonekedwewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa.

Mawu akuti " murabaha Ambiri amamveka kuti akunena za mgwirizano wa mgwirizano pakati pa wopereka ndalama (wogulitsa) ndi kasitomala (wogula) pomwe wopereka ndalama amagulitsa katundu kapena zinthu zina kwa kasitomala kuti apereke ndalama podikirira kuti kasitomala azitha kulipira. zoyenera malinga ndi mgwirizano " murabaha ". Chifukwa chake, ndiye malingaliro awa omwe amalimbikitsa Sukuk Al-Murabaha.

✔ Mtundu wa Hybrid Sukuk

Mtundu wachisanu wa Sukuk ndi womwe umatchedwa Sukuks wosakanizidwa. Iwo ndi Sukuk pamtengo wosakanizidwa kutengera mgwirizano wa katundu.

Ndi mtundu wa Sukuk momwe chuma chokhazikika chimakhala ndi mapangano awiri kapena kupitilira apo achisilamu azachuma. Mwanjira ina, mtundu uwu wa Sukuk umafunikira ma subcontract angapo.

✔ Sukuk Al-Musharaka

Mtundu wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa sukuk ndi Sukuk Al-Musharaka. Kutchuka kwa nyumbayi kwatsika posachedwa, kuyambira pomwe AAOIFI idalengeza mu 2008.

AAIOIFI idadzudzula kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ogula sukuk al-musharaka. Ndipotu, mawu akuti musharakah limachokera ku liwu lakuti " Shirkah » kutanthauza "mgwirizano".

Mu mawonekedwe ake osavuta, makonzedwe musharakah ndi mgwirizano wa mgwirizano pomwe wogawana nawo aliyense amapereka gawo la ndalama kuti agwire ntchito. Choperekachi chingakhale cha mtundu kapena ndalama.

✔ Sukuk Al Salam

Mtundu wachisanu ndi chiwiri wa Sukuk ndi Sukuk Al-Salam. M'malo mwake, Salam ndi mgwirizano wogulitsa ngongole pomwe wogula amalipira lero ndikulandila katunduyo pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake a Sukuks al-Salam akhudzana ndi katundu pakupanga kapena kupanga.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a Shariah, kuti kugulitsa kukhale kovomerezeka, chinthu chogulitsa chiyenera kukhalapo. Wogulitsa ayenera kukhala wake, katunduyo ayenera kukhala weniweni. Kupatulapo paudindo uwu ndikugulitsa komwe kumapangidwa pansi "S" makontrakitalaalamu »Neri« Wapadera ".

✔ Sukuk Al-Wakala (agency contract)

Fomu yachisanu ndi chitatu ndi Sukuk Al-Wakala. Lingaliro " bungwe » kwenikweni akutanthauza dongosolo lomwe gulu lina lipereka gawo lina laudindo ku gulu lina kuti lichitepo kanthu m'malo mwake.

Un bungwe Choncho ndi mtundu wa ubale bungwe mu tingachipeze powerenga ndalama. Kapangidwe ka suku onse wakala amalimbikitsidwa ndi ubale.

✔ Sukuk Al Mudaraba

Fomu yachisanu ndi chinayi ndi Sukuk Al-Mudaraba. Mwa kupanga pulogalamu suku, sitepe yoyamba nthawi zambiri imakhala kusanthula ndendende zomwe bizinesi ya woyambitsa imakhudzana ndi zomwe zili (ngati zilipo) zomwe zilipo kuti zithandizire kuperekedwa kwa suku.

✔ Sukuk Al Mudaraba

Fomu yomaliza ndi Sukuk Al-Mudaraba. Amatchedwa kwenikweni " suku ndalama". Izi ndi zizindikiro " suku » zamtengo wofanana zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikugulitsidwa kwa osunga ndalama

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