Udindo wa banki yayikulu m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene?

Banki yayikulu muzachuma imagwira ntchito zachikhalidwe komanso zomwe si zachikhalidwe. Ntchito yake yachikhalidwe ndikuchita ngati bwanamkubwa wa zida zangongole kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwamitengo. Imawongolera kuchuluka kwa ngongole ndi ndalama, kupopera ndalama zambiri pamene msika uli wochepa pa ndalama zowonongeka ndikuyamwa ndalama pamene pali ngongole yowonjezereka.

Waukulu chikhalidwe ntchito zomwe zimakwaniritsa ndizongoyang'anira nkhani zamanoti, osunga ndalama m'boma, banki yamabanki, wobwereketsa womaliza, woyang'anira ngongole ndi kukonza ndalama zokhazikika.

Komabe, ntchito zake zomwe sizikhala zachikhalidwe ndizothandizira pakukula kwachuma kwa mayiko. Mwachidule, apa pali maudindo osiyanasiyana a banki yayikulu. Koma musanayambe, apa pali maphunziro apamwamba omwe angakuthandizeni amakulolani kuti mudziwe zinsinsi zonse kuti muchite bwino mu Podcast.

???? Kupanga ndi kukulitsa mabungwe azachuma

Chimodzi mwa zolinga za banki yayikulu ndikukweza ndalama ndi ngongole za dziko. Mabanki ochulukirapo ndi mabungwe azachuma akuyenera kupangidwa kuti apereke ndalama zambiri zangongole ndikusintha ndalama zodzifunira kukhala njira zopindulitsa.

Mabungwe azachuma ali m'mizinda ikuluikulu m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndipo amapereka ngongole ku minda, minda, nyumba zazikulu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda.

Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, banki yayikulu ikuyenera kupititsa mabanki kumadera akumidzi kuti alimi, mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono ndi amalonda apeze ngongole. M'mayiko osauka, mabanki amalonda perekani ngongole zazing'ono zokha.

Ngongole kumadera akumidzi nthawi zambiri kulibe. Magwero okhawo ndi wobwereketsa ndalama wa m’mudzimo amene amalipiritsa chiwongola dzanja chokwera.

Nkhani yoti iwerenge: Dongosolo lazachuma lachisilamu polimbana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko

Kugwira kwa wobwereketsa kumidzi kumidzi kutha kutha ngati makonzedwe atsopano a banki yayikulu apanga alimi kuti apereke ngongole yanthawi yochepa, yapakatikati ndi yayitali komanso chiwongola dzanja chochepa. Mabungwe amgwirizano wamakampani omwe ali ndi mabanki apamwamba omwe amathandizidwa ndi banki yayikulu atha kuthandiza kuthetsa vutoli.

Momwemonso, ikhoza kuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabanki otsogolera ndipo, kupyolera mwa iwo, mabanki akumidzi akumidzi kuti apereke ngongole kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono, ogwira ntchito zaulimi opanda malo ndi zigawo zina zofooka.

Ndi chuma chochuluka chomwe chili nacho, banki yapakati ingathandizenso kukhazikitsa mabanki a mafakitale ndi makampani azachuma kuti azipereka ndalama zamakampani akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono.

???? Kugwirizana koyenera pakati pa kufunikira ndi kupereka ndalama

Banki yapakati imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakupangitsa kusintha koyenera pakati pa kufunikira ndi kupereka ndalama. Kusagwirizana pakati pa ziwirizi kumawonekera pamtengo wamtengo. Kuperewera kwa ndalama kudzalepheretsa kukula pamene kuwonjezereka kudzatsogolera ku inflation.

Pamene chuma chikukula, kufunikira kwa ndalama kuyenera kukwera chifukwa cha kuchulukitsidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa gawo lopanda ndalama komanso kukwera kwaulimi ndi mafakitale ndi mitengo.

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Kufunika kwa ndalama zogulira ndi zongopeka kudzawonjezekanso. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuyenera kukhala kochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa ndalama kuti tipewe kukwera kwa mitengo. Komabe, zikuoneka kuti kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zongopeka, zomwe zingalepheretse kukula ndi kuyambitsa kukwera kwa mitengo.

Banki yayikulu imayang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi ngongole kudzera mu ndondomeko yoyenera yandalama. Chifukwa chake, mu chuma chomwe chikukula, banki yayikulu iyenera kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa ndalama m'njira yoti mtengo sungathe kukwera popanda kuwononga ndalama ndi kupanga.

???? Ndondomeko yoyenera ya chiwongoladzanja

M'dziko lotukuka, dongosolo la chiwongoladzanja liri pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Palinso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwongola dzanja zazitali ndi zazifupi komanso pakati pa chiwongola dzanja m'magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma. Kukhalapo kwa chiwongola dzanja chokwera kumalepheretsa kukula kwa ndalama, zachinsinsi komanso zaboma, m'maiko omwe akutukuka.

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Chiwongola dzanja kutsika kotero ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa ndalama zabizinesi muulimi ndi mafakitale. Mofanana ndi mayiko amene akutukuka kumene, amalonda amakhala ndi ndalama zochepa zimene amapeza kuchokera ku ndalama zimene amapeza, amafunika kubwereka kumabanki kapena kumsika waukulu kuti apeze ndalama zambiri ndipo angabwereke kokha ngati chiwongola dzanja chili chochepa.

Ndondomeko ya chiwongola dzanja chochepa ndiyofunikanso kulimbikitsa ndalama za anthu. Ndondomeko ya mtengo za chidwi otsika ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama zotsika mtengo. Zimapangitsa kuti kubwereketsa kwa anthu kukhale kotsika mtengo, kumapangitsa kuti mtengo woperekera ngongole za boma ukhale wotsika ndipo motero umathandizira kuti pakhale ndalama zothandizira chitukuko cha zachuma.

Pofuna kulepheretsa kubwereketsa kongoyerekeza ndi ndalama, banki yayikulu iyenera kutsatira ndondomeko ya chiwongoladzanja cha tsankho, kulipiritsa mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya ngongole zosafunikira ndi zosagwira ntchito komanso zotsika mtengo za ngongole. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti kusungitsa ndalama ndi chiwongola dzanja m'chuma chomwe chikukula.

Popeza kuti ndalama zimene amapeza n’zochepa m’zachuma zimenezi, chiwongoladzanja chokwera sichiyenera kuonjezera chizolowezi chosunga. Pankhani ya kukula kwachuma, pamene chuma chikukula, kukwera pang'onopang'ono kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali sikungalephereke. Mtengo wa ndalama umachepa ndipo chizolowezi chosunga chimachepetsanso.

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Ndalama zimachepa ndipo chiwongola dzanja chimangokwera basi. Izi zingachititse uosakwera mitengo. M’mikhalidwe yoteroyo, kuyesayesa kulikonse kwa kuwongolera kukwera kwa mitengo mwa kukweza chiwongoladzanja kungakhale kwangozi. Kukhazikika kwamitengo kotero ndikofunikira kuti chiwongola dzanja chikhale chochepa chomwe chingasungidwe potsatira ndondomeko yandalama ya banki yayikulu.

???? Kusamalira ngongole

Kuwongolera ngongole ndi imodzi mwantchito zofunika kwambiri za banki yayikulu m'dziko lotukuka. Iyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chowonetsetsa kuti nthawi yoyenera komanso kuperekedwa kwa ma bond aboma, kukhazikika mitengo yake ndikuchepetsa mtengo wolipira ngongole ya boma. Ndilo banki yayikulu yomwe imagulitsa ndi kugula ma bond aboma ndikusintha kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka ngongole za boma munthawi yake.

Pofuna kulimbikitsa ndi kukhazikika msika wa bondi wa boma, ndondomeko ya chiwongoladzanja chochepa ndiyofunikira. Pakuti, chiwongola dzanja chochepa chimakweza mtengo wa ma bondi a boma, kuwapangitsa kukhala okopa kwa anthu komanso kupereka chilimbikitso ku mapulogalamu a boma obwereketsa.

Kusunga chiwongola dzanja chochepa kumafunikanso kuchepetsa mtengo wa ntchito ngongole ya dziko.

???? Kuwongolera ngongole

Banki Yaikulu ikuyeneranso kuyang'anira kuwongolera ngongole kuti ithandizire kuyika ndalama ndi kupanga pachuma chomwe chikukula. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuwongolera zovuta za inflation zomwe zimachitika panthawi ya chitukuko. Izi zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira kuchuluka kwa ngongole.

ntchito zamisika yotseguka akulephera kuwongolera kukwera kwa inflation m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene chifukwa msika wandalama ndi wocheperako komanso ukutukuka. Mabanki azamalonda amasunga chiŵerengero cha ndalama zotanuka chifukwa chowongolera mabanki apakati pa iwo sikwanira. Iwo sakufunanso kuyika ndalama m'magawo aboma chifukwa cha chiwongola dzanja chawo chochepa.

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Komanso, m'malo moyika ndalama m'mabizinesi aboma, amakonda kusunga nkhokwe zawo mumtundu wamadzimadzi monga golide, ndalama ndi ndalama. Mabanki azamalonda sagwiritsidwanso ntchito kubweza kapena kubwereka kubanki yayikulu.

Ndondomeko zamabanki sizigwiranso ntchito pakuwongolera ngongole ku LDCs chifukwa cha:

• a) kusowa kwa makuponi ochotsera;
• b) kukula kocheperako kwa msika wama bond;
• c) gawo lalikulu lopanda ndalama komwe kusinthanitsa kumachitika;
• d) kukhalapo kwa msika waukulu wandalama wosakonzekera;
• e) kukhalapo kwa mabanki achilengedwe omwe samachotsera ndalama zamabanki apakati;
• f) chizolowezi cha mabanki amalonda kusunga ndalama zazikulu.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chiŵerengero cha ndalama zosungirako ndalama monga njira yoyendetsera ngongole ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa ntchito za msika wotseguka ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama za banki mu LDCs. Popeza msika wachitetezo ndi wochepa kwambiri, ntchito zamisika yotseguka zimalephera.

Koma kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa ndalama zosungirako ndi banki yayikulu kumachepetsa kapena kumawonjezera ndalama zomwe zimapezeka kumabanki amalonda popanda kuwononga mitengo yachitetezo.

Apanso, mabanki amalonda amasunga ndalama zambiri zomwe sizingachepetsedwe ndi kuwonjezeka kwa banki kapena kugulitsa katundu ndi banki yayikulu. Koma kuchuluka kwa ndalama zosungirako ndalama kumachepetsa ndalama zamabanki. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ma variable reserve ratio kuli ndi malire ena mu LDCs.

choyamba, oyimira ndalama omwe si a banki samasunga ndalama kubanki yayikulu ndipo chifukwa chake sakhudzidwa nazo. Chachiwiri, mabanki omwe sasunga ndalama zochulukirapo sakhudzidwa ndi momwe amachitira.

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Njira zoyendetsera ngongole zabwino, komabe, zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa momwe zingakhudzire kugawika kwangongole komanso momwe ndalama zimakhalira. M'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, pali chizoloŵezi champhamvu chogulitsa golide, zodzikongoletsera, masheya, malo, ndi zina zotero, m'malo mwa njira zina zopangira zopangira ulimi, migodi, minda ndi mafakitale.

Ulamuliro wangongole wosankhidwa ndi woyenera kuwongolera ndikuchepetsa njira zangongole pazifukwa zosapindulitsa izi. Kuwongolera uku ndikopindulitsa pakuwongolera zochitika zongopeka muzakudya ndi zinthu. Zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera "magawo ang'onoang'ono" azachuma.

Iwo amachepetsa kufunika kwa katundu wogula kuchokera kunja pofuna kuti obwera kuchokera kunja asungitsetu ndalama zofanana ndi mtengo wa ndalama zakunja. Izi zilinso ndi zotsatira zochepetsera nkhokwe zamabanki pomwe ma depositi awo amasamutsidwa ku mabanki apakati panthawiyi.

Zosankha zowongolera ngongole zitha kukhala ngati kusintha kofunikira pamitundu ina ya chikole, malamulo oyendetsera ngongole kwa ogula, komanso kugawa kwangongole.

???? Kuthetsa vuto lamalipiro

Banki yayikulu iyeneranso kukhala ndi cholinga choletsa ndikuthetsa vuto lamalipiro pachuma chomwe chikukula. Zachuma izi zimakumana ndi zovuta zolipira pakukwaniritsa zolinga zachitukuko. Kusalinganika kumachitika pakati pa zogulitsa kunja ndi zogulitsa kunja zomwe zikupitilira kukula ndi chitukuko.

Nkhani yoti muwerenge: Njira zabwino kwambiri zachuma zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino

Banki yayikulu imayang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ndalama za dziko lino komanso imagwira ntchito ngati mlangizi wa boma pa nkhani za ndalama zakunja. Zili ku banki yayikulu kuti ipewe kusinthasintha kwamitengo ndikusunga bata.

Imachita izi kudzera muulamuliro wa kusinthana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mtengo wochotsera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mtengo wa ndalama za dziko ukupitirizabe kutsika, izi zikhoza kuonjezera chiwerengero cha kuchotsera ndipo motero zimalimbikitsa kulowa kwa ndalama zakunja.

??? Chidule…

Chifukwa chake, banki yayikulu imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukwaniritsa kukula kwachuma kwa dziko lotukuka kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana zomwe takambirana pamwambapa. Iyenera kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma, kuthandizira kukwaniritsa ntchito zonse, kuthana ndi kusalinganika kwa malipiro ndi kukhazikika kwa ndalama zosinthira.

Musanachoke, apa pali maphunziro omwe amakulolani kutero kuchita malonda mu ola limodzi lokha. Dinani apa kuti mugule.