Zonse zokhudza zachuma zamakhalidwe

Nchifukwa chiyani ngakhale odziwa bwino ndalama amagula mochedwa ndikugulitsa mofulumira kwambiri? Chifukwa chiyani makampani omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zamasheya omwe amafika kale mu zilembo amakhala ndi mwayi woyezeka pang'ono kuposa omwe amafika mtsogolo? Funso lina ndi lakuti:  N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amakana kuchotsa ndalama ku a akaunti yosungirako, ngakhale pamene ali mu ngongole? Kuti tiyankhe mafunsowa, tiyenera kuzama mu psychology ya osunga ndalama ndikuphunzira machitidwe awo. Potero, mukuchita zomwe zatchedwa zachuma zamakhalidwe.

Ndalama zamakhalidwe zidapangidwa mwanjira ina potengera malingaliro abwino amsika. Ndi chiphunzitso chodziwika kuti msika wogulitsa umayenda mwanzeru komanso molosera. Masheya nthawi zambiri amagulitsa pamtengo wake wabwino, ndipo mitengoyi ikuwonetsa zonse zomwe aliyense angapeze. Simungagonjetse msika, chifukwa zonse zomwe mukudziwa zakhala kale kapena posachedwa ziwonetsedwa pamitengo yamsika.

Gulu la Finance de Demain abwera pamodzi kuti akubweretsereni zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza zachuma zamakhalidwe. M'malo mwake, kumvetsetsa zama psychology ndi ndalama zamakhalidwe kungakhale kopindulitsa m'njira ziwiri.

Choyambirira, kumvetsetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe kupanga zisankho zathu kungakhudzidwe kungatithandize kupewa misampha yomwe timakumana nayo pamisika yamasheya.

Chachiwiri, kumvetsetsa kakhalidwe kazachuma ka ena omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamsika kungatithandize kuzindikira mwayi. Nthawi yabwino yolowera malonda atsopano kapena kupanga ndalama ndi pamene ena akulakwitsa.

Koma musanayambe, phunzirani zambiri za quantum ndalama.

Tiyeni

🥀 Kodi ndalama zamakhalidwe ndi chiyani?

Behavioral finance ndi kuphunzira za zikoka zamaganizidwe pa osunga ndalama ndi misika yazachuma. Kwenikweni,kakhalidwe kazachuma ndi wokhudza kuzindikira ndi kufotokoza kusagwira ntchito bwino komanso kulakwitsa kwamitengo m'misika yazachuma. Amagwiritsa ntchito zoyeserera ndi kafukufuku kuwonetsa kuti anthu ndi misika yazachuma nthawi zonse sakhala omveka komanso kuti zisankho zomwe amapanga nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa.

Ngati mukudabwa momwe kutengeka ndi kukondera kumakhudzira mitengo yamasheya, ndalama zamakhalidwe zimaperekedwa mayankho ndi mafotokozedwe.

Ndalama zamakhalidwe zimachokera ku ntchito ya akatswiri a zamaganizo Daniel Kahneman ndi Amos Tversky ndi katswiri wa zachuma Robert J. Shiller mu 1970s ndi 1980s. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito zofala, zozikika mozama, zokondera pang'onopang'ono komanso zongoganizira momwe anthu amapangira zisankho zachuma.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, ofufuza a zachuma anayamba kunena kuti lingaliro lodziwika bwino la msika, chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino chakuti msika wamalonda umayenda momveka bwino komanso wodziwikiratu, sichimayimilira nthawi zonse. Zoona zake, misika yadzaza ndi kusachita bwino chifukwa cha malingaliro olakwika a osunga ndalama pamitengo ndi zoopsa.

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, zachuma zamakhalidwe zidalandiridwa m'magulu azamaphunziro ndi azachuma monga gawo lazachuma zamakhalidwe lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi psychology psychology.

Posonyeza momwe, liti, ndi chifukwa chiyani khalidwe likusiyana ndi zoyembekeza zomveka, ndalama zamakhalidwe zimapereka chitsanzo chothandizira aliyense kupanga zisankho zabwinoko, zomveka bwino pazachuma zawo.

🥀 Traditional VS makhalidwe zachuma

Zambiri mwamalingaliro azachuma omwe adapangidwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi amawona osunga ndalama kukhala omveka. Izi zikugwirizana ndi gawo lalikulu lazachuma lomwe limawonanso opanga zisankho kukhala oganiza bwino. The chiphunzitso chamakono komanso malingaliro abwino amsika ndi ziphunzitso ziwiri zomwe zatchulidwa kwambiri pazachuma zachikhalidwe.

Onse awiri amapanga malingaliro angapo okhudza kupanga zisankho zandalama. Zina mwa izi ndi malingaliro akuti osunga ndalama amafuna kuti awonjezere phindu komanso kuti osunga ndalama ndi omveka. Lingaliro lazachuma lakhalidwe limafufuza mfundo yakuti osunga ndalama sakhala oganiza bwino.

Zimaganiziranso zolimbikitsa zosiyanasiyana za osunga ndalama kuti apange zisankho. Kumlingo wina, izi zikufotokozera zina kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo zachuma ndi zotsatira zenizeni.

Ngati mumamvetsetsa psychology psychology, zikuthandizani kumvetsetsa zina zolakwika pazachuma zachikhalidwe. Mudzakhalanso odziwa zambiri zamalingaliro anu omwe amakukondani komanso zolakwa zomwe mungapange ngati wogulitsa.

Gawo la ndalama zochulukirachulukira limayesanso kuphatikiza zotsatira zenizeni padziko lapansi, m'malo mwa chiphunzitso, popanga zisankho.

🥀 Behavioral Finance vs Behavioral Economics

Ndalama zamakhalidwe zimakhudzidwa ndi momwe zinthu zamaganizo ndi zamagulu zimakhudzira kupanga zisankho makamaka m'misika yazachuma. Zachuma zamakhalidwe zimafufuza zambiri zomwezo "zopanda nzeru" zomwe zingakhudze kupanga zisankho.

Komabe, mu nkhani iyi zotsatira zawo pa osiyanasiyana zisankho amaphunziridwa. Izi zitha kuphatikiza momwe ogula ndi atsogoleri amabizinesi amapangira zisankho. Zimaphatikizanso chiphunzitso chamasewera ndi psychology yachisinthiko.

Mfundozi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzira kapena kulosera pafupifupi njira iliyonse yachuma, kuchokera ku ndalama ndi chidaliro cha ogula mpaka ngongole, kukula ndi kusowa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, mawu akuti psychology psychology amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza mutu wosiyana pang'ono.

Psychology yazachuma nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachuma chamunthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo ndalama, ndalama, ngongole, makhadi ndi inshuwaransi. Okonza zachuma ndi alangizi amakhudzidwa ndi izi monga momwe amachitira ndi kupanga zisankho.

🥀 Kumvetsetsa zokondera zamakhalidwe azachuma

Pamene kutengeka kwachuma ndi zachuma kumabweretsa zigamulo ndi zikhulupiriro zolakwika, zokondera zachidziwitso zimachitika. Zodziwika kwambiri zamalingaliro amalingaliro ndi awa:

Kukondera pawekha: kukhulupirira kuti zotsatira zabwino za ndalama ndi zotsatira za luso ndi zotsatira zosafunika zimayambitsidwa ndi mwayi.

Le Chitsimikizo chokondera: tcherani khutu ku chidziwitso chomwe chimatsimikizira chikhulupiliro chandalama kapena kuyika ndalama ndikunyalanyaza chilichonse chomwe chikutsutsana nacho.

Kukondera koyimilira: Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu ziwiri kapena zochitika zimagwirizana kwambiri kuposa momwe zilili.

Le Kukonzekera kokhazikika: Yankhani mwayi wina wazachuma kutengera momwe ukufotokozedwera.

Anchor bias: lolani mphoto kapena nambala yoyamba ikhudze malingaliro anu mosayenera.

Kutaya mtima: kuyesera kupeŵa kutayika m'malo mozindikira phindu la ndalama, kotero kuti ndalama zabwino kapena mwayi wopeza ndalama uphonyedwe.

Izi zokondera komanso ma heuristics omwe adawathandiza kuti azitha kukhudza machitidwe amalonda, msika wama psychology ndi malonda, zolakwa zachidziwitso, komanso malingaliro amalingaliro.

🥀 Khalidwe la Investor

Kudzidalira mopambanitsa, kukhala ndi chidaliro mopambanitsa, kukondera, kudzikonda, kupanga kukondera ndi kudana ndi kutayika kaŵirikaŵiri kumapangitsa osunga ndalama kusokera. Zinthu zonsezi zimatsogolera kuzinthu zopanda nzeru m'malo moganizira ndalama.

Business Psychology

Psychology yamalonda imatanthawuza mkhalidwe wamaganizidwe ndi malingaliro a wamalonda omwe amatsimikizira kupambana kapena kulephera kwa malonda. Malingaliro otengera zinthu, monga kupanga zisankho zabwino, kukondera kokhazikika, kudana ndi kutayika, ndi kukondera kotsimikizira, kumatha kubweretsa ndalama zochepa kuposa zomwe mukufuna kapena zotsatira zachuma.

Market Psychology

Zachuma zaumunthu ndi zachuma komanso kukondera kumakhudza misika yazachuma, kusakanikirana kwachilendo kwa zisankho zamagulu ndi zodziyimira pawokha za mamiliyoni a anthu, kudzipangira okha komanso m'malo mwa ndalama kapena mabungwe. Zotsatira zake, misika yambiri imalephera kwa zaka zambiri.

Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa anomalies pakuwunika kwa zinsinsi zamunthu payekha komanso msika wogulitsa zingapangitse kuti msika ukhale wabwino.

Kulakwitsa kwachidziwitso

Kupanga zisankho zabwino kwambiri pazachuma ndi chifukwa cha zolakwika zamaganizidwe, zambiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kudalirana komanso kukhazikika, kudzikonda, komanso kukondera. Kufufuza zomwe zapezedwa mu sayansi ya ubongo ndi zotsatira zake pakupanga zisankho zachuma pansi pazifukwa zosatsimikizika kungayambitse njira zowunikira kwambiri zochepetsera kukondera kwa kasitomala ndi kasamalidwe kazachuma.

kulingalira kwamalingaliro

Ogulitsa ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ma heuristics awo ndi kukondera kwawo ndi zitsanzo zamalingaliro omveka asayansi motero ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito posankha ndalama. Amadabwa kumva kuti ali ndi malingaliro, osati oganiza bwino.

🥀 Mtengo Wopanda Makhalidwe Azachuma

Ndalama zamakhalidwe zimazindikira kuti osunga ndalama ali ndi malire pa kudziletsa kwawo ndipo amakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro awo, malingaliro awo ndi malingaliro awo. Makhalidwe okondera ndi opanda nzeru awa ali ndi ndalama zenizeni.

Amathandizira kuwerengera kusiyana pakati pa zomwe osunga ndalama akuyembekezeka kupeza ndi zomwe amatha kupita nazo kunyumba. DALBAR, kampani yofufuza zachuma, yachita kafukufuku wambiri poyerekezera kuchuluka kwa osunga ndalama omwe amabwereranso ku msika.

Mwachitsanzo, osunga ndalama wapakati amapeza phindu la pachaka la 4,25% pazaka 20 pakati pa 2000 ndi 2019. Nthawi yomweyo, S & P 500 wasintha mpaka +6,06%.

Osunga ndalama zokhazikika adasiyanso ndalama patebulo, kupeza 0,47% pazaka 20 zimenezo. Pamodzi ndi thumba wamba la bond index, Bloomberg Barclays US Aggregate Bond Index, idapeza kupitilira 5% pachaka.

Ngati osunga ndalama anali oganiza bwino, zikuwoneka kuti akanatha kuyandikira kwambiri ku S&P 500, kapena kupitilira ngati akanalolera kutenga chiopsezo chowonjezereka. Koma iwo anachita zoipa kwambiri.

🥀 Malingaliro oyambira andalama zamakhalidwe

Popeza kukondera kumatha kubwera pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro azachuma kuti awone zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zotsatira za kukondera kumeneku. Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amalekanitsa malingaliro azachuma m'magulu asanu awa:

kuwerengera kwamalingaliro

Kuwerengera ndalama m'maganizo ndi chizoloŵezi cha anthu kusunga ndi kugawa ndalama pazinthu zinazake. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu aziyika zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamtengo wofanana. Chifukwa chakuti anthu amaika ndalama m'magulu osiyanasiyana, izi zingachititse kuti munthu ayambe kuchita zinthu zopanda nzeru kapena zosalongosoka.

Kuti alipire ndalama zowerengera zamalingaliro, akatswiri azachuma ambiri amalimbikitsa makasitomala awo kuzindikira zowerengera zamaganizidwe ndikugawa mtengo wofanana kuzinthu zofanana.

Khalidwe la ziweto

Khalidwe la ng'ombe limatanthawuza chizolowezi cha anthu kutengera zosankha zachuma za ena. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu aona kuti ena akuikapo ndalama pa ntchito inayake, zingamulimbikitse kuchita chimodzimodzi. Akatswiri amachitira umboni lingaliro ili m'mbali zambiri za anthu, koma ndilofala kwambiri pazosankha zachuma.

Nthawi zina khalidwe la ng'ombe likakhudza munthu, zimasokoneza luso lawo lopanga chisankho, chifukwa khalidwe la ziweto limapangitsa anthu kuganiza kuti anthu ena akufufuza zomwe asankha, kuwalumphiranso.

kusiyana maganizo

Kusiyana kwamalingaliro kumatanthawuza pamene kutengeka mtima kwambiri kumayendetsa zisankho zandalama za munthu. Pazachuma, kutengeka mtima komwe nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti munthu asakhale ndi nkhawa ndi nkhawa, umbombo, changu, komanso mantha. Kulephera kwamalingaliro kungakhudze kuthekera kwa munthu kupanga zisankho zabwino kwambiri zachuma. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri azachuma nthawi zambiri amayesa kupereka upangiri wanzeru kwa makasitomala awo m'malo mwake.

Kuyimitsa

Lingaliro la anchoring limayang'ana zomwe munthu amatengera zosankha zake zachuma. Nthawi zambiri izi zikutanthawuza kupereka mtengo kuzinthu zandalama potengera malo okhazikika, monga mtengo wapakati. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wogulitsa akuwona kuti katundu wina ali pamtengo wa $ 100, angagwiritse ntchito mtengo wogulawo ngati chizindikiro kuti adziwe mtengo weniweni wa katunduyo. Izi zimapangitsa anthu kunyalanyaza zizindikiro zina zamtengo wapatali.

Kudziwonetsa

Kudzikuza ndi chizolowezi chopanga zisankho mopambanitsa luso la munthu. Akatswiri ena azachuma amawona kuti kudzikonda ngati njira yolumikizirana.

Izi zitha kutanthauza kuti munthu amawona kuti chidziwitso chake chili pamwamba pa akatswiri ena. Anthu amatha kupewa kudzikonda pomvera malangizo a akatswiri azachuma ndikufufuza zotsatira za chisankho musanachite.

🥀 Ndalama zamakhalidwe ndi gawo lomwe likukula

Ndalama zamakhalidwe tsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi a alangizi azachuma komanso machitidwe okhudzana ndi kasitomala. Za akatswiri azachuma, oyang'anira katundu ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera ndalama palokha, zachuma zamakhalidwe zikukhalanso zofunika monga maziko a njira yoyendetsera ndalama.

Tsopano ndizotheka kupeza dzina lazachuma pamakhalidwe. Izi ndi zomwe muyenera kuziganizira ngati mukufuna kumvetsetsa misika kapena kuchita bwino ngati mlangizi wazachuma. A zabwino ndondomeko zachuma kukuthandizani.

Kutsiliza

Zandalama zamakhalidwe zimawonetsa kuti anthu sapanga zisankho potengera kusanthula kwanzeru kwa chidziwitso chonse. Izi zingayambitse kuchoka pamtengo wabwino wa katundu wa kampani, ndi msika wonse panthawi yomwe mitengo yamtengo wapatali imakhala yokwera kwambiri kapena yotsika kwambiri.

Kumvetsetsa bwino zamitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana yamakhalidwe ndi zovuta zomwe zingachitike pazachuma zamakhalidwe sikufunika pamlingo uwu, koma mawu ndi malingaliro omwe takambirana m'nkhaniyi atha kuwoneka mu funso la mayeso. Koma musanachoke, nayi maphunziro omwe angakuphunzitseni momwe mungagulitsire malangizo pa intaneti. Dinani apa kuti mugule.