Chilichonse chomwe muyenera kudziwa pa intaneti ya Ethereum

Pulojekiti ya Ethereum ndi gawo loyesera kupanga demokalase pa intaneti popanga a kompyuta dziko. Cholinga chake ndikusintha mtundu wakale wa ma seva kapena data yosunga mitambo ndi njira yatsopano: mfundo zoperekedwa ndi anthu odzipereka. Opanga ake akufuna kuwonetsa njira ina ya data ndi ntchito m'madera zomwe sizidalira makampani akuluakulu aukadaulo.

Dzina la mlengi wa Ethereum ndi Vitalik Buterin ndipo ndi waku Russia-waku Canada wosakwana zaka 30. Pambuyo pake, anthu ena adalumikizana ndi mnyamatayo kuti akonze White Paper yoyamba: wolemba mabuku waku Britain Gavin Wood, Jeffrey Wilcke, wopanga wamkulu wa Go kasitomala, ndi Charles Hoskinson. Womalizayo ndi katswiri wa masamu waku America yemwe adayambitsa ntchito yophunzitsa pa blockchain. Iye ndiyenso woyambitsa wa Cardano blockchain.

🥀 Kodi Ethereum ndi chiyani?

Ethereum ndi nsanja yomwe idapangidwa zaka khumi zapitazi kutengera blockchain kapena blockchain system. Ndi nsanja yotseguka yoyendetsera ndikuchita bizinesi pa intaneti, yomwe ili ndi malo ambiri otukuka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chida chamtundu uwu chikutengabe njira zake zoyamba pakati pa omwe amasokoneza kwambiri ndalama.

Momwemonso kuti chitukuko chake sichinakwaniritsidwe, chifukwa chimafunabe chidziwitso chochuluka kwa omvera ake, tikhoza kukutsimikizirani kuti kuthekera kwake, malinga ndi zomwe amapeza, akadali aakulu kwambiri.

Ether, cryptocurrency yomwe imapatsa mphamvu Ethereum, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti ya Ethereum. Iye cholinga choyambirira ndikupereka mphotho kwa ogwira ntchito ku migodi omwe amakonza zosinthana ndi data pa netiweki yosadziwika, ngakhale ndizothekanso kugulitsa ndi mtengo uwu.

Anthu ambiri omwe satenga nawo mbali pa intanetiyi amatchula ku Ether ngati Ethereum. Wothandizira digito uyu adaperekedwa ngati gawo la kampeni yopezera anthu ambiri yomwe idayambitsa ntchitoyi, koma mamiliyoni amandalama atsopano amapangidwa chaka chilichonse.

Kugula cryptocurrency iyi kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito nsanja za cryptocurrency akatswiri, zomwe zingakhale zovuta komanso zowononga nthawi zomwe zingasokoneze luso lanu lochita kusintha kwa nthawi yochepa.

Kugulitsa Ethereum kudzera pa CFDs kumakupatsani mwayi wochitapo kanthu mwachangu pakasinthidwe ndikupindula ndi kusakhazikika komweko. M'malo mwake, simuyenera kukhala ndi cryptocurrency iyi kuti mugulitse mtengo wake.

🥀 Kodi Ethereum imagwira ntchito bwanji?

blockchain iyi imagwira ntchito (pakanthawi) ndi otchuka Umboni wa Ntchito (PoW). Algorithm yake ya migodi imatchedwa "ethash", m'malo mwa Bitcoin ndi SHA-256. Pano, block validators (i.e. Ethereum miners) amapikisananso kuti athetse vuto la masamu, ndi wopambana amalandira mphotho yozungulira 3,5 ETH.

Ponena za migodi yawo, tikhoza kunena kuti oyendetsa migodi ndi omanga sakonda makina a ASIC chifukwa, malinga ndi iwo, angayambitse centralization. Choncho, algorithm ethash yapangidwa makamaka kuti ithamangitse mitundu iyi ya makina; kapena m'malo mwake, apangitse kukhala opanda ntchito mu migodi yanu. Zowonadi, mosiyana ndi Bitcoin, ETH yambiri idakumbidwa ndi makhadi avidiyo (GPUs).

Tsopano, m'tsogolomu, Ethereum akuyembekezeka kusiya Umboni wa Ntchito (PoW) ndikutengera Umboni wa Stake (PoS). Ndi dongosololi, sipadzakhalanso ogwira ntchito m'migodi, koma nthumwi kapena ovomerezeka a zochitika zomwe "angagule”ufulu wawo wokhala ndi ndalama zina za ETH m’chikwama chawo.

Choncho, omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri adzakhala ndi mwayi wosankhidwa ndi dongosolo kuti atsimikizire zochitika popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena zinthu zina.

Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti ETH iliyonse imagawidwa mpaka 18 decimal (0,000000000000000001 ETH). Monga momwe pali senti mu ndalama za fiat, adatchulanso magawo ake ang'onoang'ono.

Apa tiyenera kutchula kuti Gwei ndiye gawo lodziwika bwino lofotokozera zing'onozing'ono, monganso satoshi mu bitcoin. Chifukwa chake m'malo monena kuti mtengo wamafuta anu ndi 0,000000001 ether, mutha kunena kuti amawononga 1 gawo.

🥀 Kodi ndingalipire ndi ether kwinakwake?

Kodi muli ndi ETH ndipo muyenera kudziwa zoyenera kuchita? Kodi ndizotheka kugula china chake kapena kulipira ntchito ndi cryptocurrency iyi?

Ngakhale zikuwoneka ngati zodabwitsa kwa ambiri, makampani opitilira 1 osiyanasiyana kuvomereza ETH monga njira yolipira padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi data yoperekedwa ndi Cryptwerk. Izi zikuphatikiza masitolo akuluakulu, mabizinesi okopa alendo, gawo lamasewera apakanema, ntchito zapaintaneti komanso ntchito zokhudzana ndi cryptocurrency, pakati pa ena.

Poyang'ananso ziwerengero za malowa, kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono koma kwakukulu kwa cryptocurrency kutengera ndi amalonda kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2020. Ndipo sitingalephere kutchula kuti United States imatenga malo oyamba pakati pa mayiko omwe ali ndi makampani ambiri.

🥀 Kodi Ethereum "virtual machine" (EVM) ndi chiyani?

Titha kunena kuti EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) ndi chinthu chofanana ndi Ethereum CPU. Ndipo ndi momwe zimamvekera: makina a digito omwe, mwachidziwitso, amatha kuthetsa vuto lililonse la masamu, motero, kuchita pafupifupi malangizo kapena pulogalamu iliyonse.

Izi zimatchedwa dongosoloKutsegula kwatha", ndipo amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa makompyuta omwe tonse timawadziwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Ethereum amadziwikanso kuti "kompyuta yapadziko lonse lapansi".

Mitundu yonse yamapulogalamu apakompyuta imamangidwa pa EVM m'zilankhulo za Solidity ndi Vyper. Awa ndi mapulogalamu omwe timawadziwa monga "mapangano anzeru", kotero momwe mungaganizire kale, EVM ndi mtima wa Ethereum, kumene matsenga amabadwira. Inde, kuti yambitsa, monga tanenera kale, m'pofunika kupereka ndi mpweya.

Komanso, EVM ili ndi chilankhulo chake: the 'EVM bytecode'. Mapanganowo atalembedwa mu Solidity, Vyper kapena zina, "amamasuliridwa" mu Malangizo kotero kuti EVM iwerenge ndikuzichita molondola.

🥀 Kodi "gasi" ndi chiyani ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

Ngati mwagwiritsa ntchito Bitcoin kamodzi kamodzi, mudzadziwa kuti malonda aliwonse ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Ndi ntchito yopangidwira ana omwe amasunga maukonde. Chabwino, chofanana mkati mwa Ethereum ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "gasi“. Nawa malo amigodi ya cryptocurrency muukadaulo wa Blockchain.

Kumbukirani pamene adanena pamwambapa kuti mumalipira ndalama zochepa ku ETH kuti mugwiritse ntchito intaneti? Chabwino, mtengowo ndi gasi. Sikuti ndi ndalama ina, ndi muyeso wa zomwe muyenera kulipira pazomwe mukuchita.

Ngakhale a Kutumiza kapena chizindikiro cha mwambo chikuwoneka chodziimira pa Ethereum poyang'ana koyamba, chowonadi ndi chakuti muyenera kukhala nacho "gasi” mu mawonekedwe a ETH kuti athe kuzigwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa chilichonse chochita nawo chidzaphatikiza mtengo wocheperako mu ethers.

Musanapitirire ku mtengo wa gasi, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti pali "mitundu" iwiri ya ogwiritsa ntchito: malire a gasi ndi mtengo wa gasi. Malire amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa mayunitsi a "gasi" omwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito pamalondawa ndipo nthawi zambiri samasiyana. Ngakhale mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwa ETH komwe kumalipidwa pagawo lililonse la "gasi“. Choncho, mtengo wonse umawerengedwa pochulukitsa malire ndi mtengo.

🥀 Kukumba ether

Le migodi ndi gawo lofunikira la momwe Ethereum imagwirira ntchito, monga momwe zimakhalira pa intaneti ya Bitcoin. Popanda migodi, zochitika sizingachitike ndipo maukonde angakhale pachiwopsezo kuukira.

Le Ethereum mining zikuphatikizapo kupanga midadada transaction, chitetezo cha maukonde, ndi kufalitsidwa kwa ether watsopano. Ogwira ntchito m'migodi amapereka mphamvu zamakompyuta zamakompyuta awo kuti atsimikizire midadada ndikulipidwa mu ether yopangidwa kumene ndi chipika chilichonse.

Mosiyana ndi Bitcoin, migodi ya Ethereum sikutengera mphamvu ya hashing koma kukumbukira. Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imatchedwa ProgPoW (Programmatic Proof-of-Work). Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kukumbukira kuchokera ku ma GPU omwe amakonzekeretsa makompyuta a anthu ogwira ntchito ku migodi.

Ogwira ntchito m'migodi ayenera kuthetsa mavuto ovuta a masamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu zambiri za RAM. Woyamba mgodi kuti apeze yankho la chipika chatsopano chilichonse amalipidwa ndi 2 ether yomwe yangopangidwa kumene, kuphatikiza ndalama zogulira block. Chida chatsopano chimapezeka pafupifupi masekondi 13 aliwonse.

Zindikirani kuti ntchito yamigodi imadya magetsi ambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kumeneku akuti kungafanane ndi dziko laling'ono. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Ethereum ikufuna kusamukira ku umboni wa mtengo ndi Eth2, njira yochepetsera mphamvu kwambiri.

Migodi ikhalabe yofunikira kwa zaka zingapo pakusintha kupita ku Eth2. Ogwira ntchito ku Migodi adapanganso mgwirizano (Ethereum Mining Council) kuti athandizire kusintha kwakukulu kwaukadaulo kwa Ethereum.

🥀 Mafoloko a Ethereum

Mphanda ndikusiyana kwaukadaulo komwe kumabweretsa kulekana pakati pa njira ziwiri zachisinthiko pa blockchain. Pa Ethereum, mafoloko angapo achitika kale.

Foloko yodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi foloko ya DAO ikutsatira ndalama zokwana madola 50 miliyoni za ether mu 2016. Kuti abwezeretse ndalamazo, Vitalik Buterin adaganiza zopanga foloko yolimba mwa kutembenuza malondawo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira ziwiri zosiyana: Ethereum (ETH) unyolo waukulu ndi Ethereum Classic (ETC) njira yotsutsa.

Panalinso foloko ya Byzantium mu 2017 yomwe inayambitsa kusintha kokonzekera Ethereum scaling. Kenako foloko ya Constantinople mu 2019 yomwe idasintha chuma chamigodi ndi chindapusa pamaneti.

Mu 2020, foloko ya Istanbul idapangitsa kuti zitheke kuphatikizira mgwirizano pakati Ethereum ndi Zcash. Ndipo pomaliza, koyambirira kwa 2022, foloko ya Arrow Glacier idakankhira m'mbuyo tsiku la The Merge ndi kusunthira ku umboni wachitetezo kuti akhazikitse maukonde.

Zindikirani kuti ndi Eth2, kusunthira ku umboni wa mtengo kudzathetsanso mafoloko okhazikika omwe maukonde a Ethereum adakumana nawo kuyambira kulengedwa kwake, ndi blockchain kukhala yolimba kwambiri.

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mafoloko otsatirawa ayenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakuwongolera scalability, liwiro ndi mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito maukonde pazogulitsa ndi ntchito.

🥀 Ethereum ndi DeFi

Chimodzi mwazinthu zosinthika kwambiri za Ethereum ndikukulitsa kuphulika kwa Decentralized Finance (DeFi) kuyambira 2020. Cryptocurrencies ndi blockchain zimapangitsa kukhala kotheka kumanga maziko azachuma otseguka, opanda oyimira pakati komanso kupezeka kwa onse.

Mapulogalamu azachuma okhazikika amamangidwa pa Ethereum pogwiritsa ntchito makontrakitala anzeru. Mapulogalamu apakompyuta apakompyutawa amayendetsa malonda, ngongole kapena chiwongola dzanja mowonekera komanso motetezeka.

Ntchito zosiyanasiyana za DeFi zatulukira monga stablecoins, nsanja zobwereketsa ndi kubwereketsa (Aave, Compound), ma inshuwaransi okhazikika (Nexus Mutual, Etherisc) kapena ngakhale kusinthanitsa komwe kumalola kusinthanitsa ma tokeni ndi ma cryptocurrencies popanda mkhalapakati (Uniswap, Curve).

Mtengo wonse wotsekedwa mu mapulogalamu a DeFi waphulika m'zaka 2 kupitirira $ 100 biliyoni. Ichi ndi chiyambi chabe ndipo akuti 10% ya ntchito zachuma zachikhalidwe zitha kugawidwa ndi 2025 chifukwa cha Ethereum.

Ngakhale zovuta zikakhalabe pazachinsinsi komanso chitetezo, palibe kukayika kuti gawo lomwe likukulali lipitiliza kupanga ndikupereka ntchito zatsopano zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kugawana mtengo m'malo mozichotsa.

🥀 Ntchito zokhazikitsidwa

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za Ethereum ndikuthekera kopanga ma decentralized application (DApps) pogwiritsa ntchito luso laukadaulo la mgwirizano. Mizere yodzipangira yokhayo imatheketsa kupanga mitundu yonse ya mapulogalamu mwachindunji pa blockchain.

Pali kale kuposa 3000 DApps imagwira ntchito pa Ethereum m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pakati pa mapulogalamu apamwamba, titha kutchula nsanja zandalama monga Uniswap kapena Compound. Komanso masewera a blockchain monga CryptoKitties kapena Axie Infinity. Kapenanso misika yokhazikitsidwa ngati OpenSea.

Mapulogalamuwa alibe cheke kapena kulephera. Deta ndi code ya DApps imagawidwa m'madera onse a Ethereum network. Palibe seva yapakati ndipo imatha kupirira kuzimitsidwa kapena kuwunika.

DApps amapangidwa ndi makontrakitala anzeru omwe amatanthauzira malamulo a pulogalamuyi. Amangodzipangira okha malinga ndi zomwe zili mu mgwirizano pamene zinthu zina zakwaniritsidwa. Amatha kuyang'anira ma cryptocurrencies, zizindikiro zopanda fungible (NFTs) ndi zina zambiri kuti apange ntchito zatsopano.

Pamapeto pake, titha kuganiza kuti ntchito zokhazikitsidwa m'malo mwake zidzalowa m'malo mwazinthu zambiri zamakono, zomwe zimapereka kuwonekera, kuchita bwino komanso kulimba mtima pomwe zikutengera kugawana phindu. Chifukwa cha Ethereum, ma DApps akungoyamba kumene kusintha kwawo ndipo akuyembekezeka kusintha kwambiri chuma cha digito pazaka khumi za 2020.

🥀 Ethereum ndi chilengedwe chowongolera

Tikudziwa kale kuti ndalama za crypto sizimakonda maboma ndi mabanki apakati padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha malingaliro awo oyambira: kudziyimira pawokha ndi kugawa mayiko. M’maiko ena padziko lonse lapansi, akhala oletsedwa kotheratu.

M’madera ena, iwo apeza mpumulo polimbana ndi mavuto azachuma. Ndipo mnyamata anapambanadi! Enanso, pakati pawo, asankha kuwongolera zochitika zina.

Mu 2018, nsanjayo idayendetsedwa ndi owongolera aku US monga Bungwe la Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) neri La Commodity Futures Exchange Commission (CFEC); chifukwa chogulitsa kale chizindikiro chake mu 2014.

Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyo inali yakale panthawiyo, iwo anali ndi nkhawa kuti presale yomwe inakweza 31 BTC (yofanana ndi $ 000 miliyoni panthawiyo) idagwera pansi pa gulu la malonda a chitetezo cha 18,3 Securities Act. adalembetsa cryptocurrency ngati chitetezo musanagulitse.

Komabe, Lubin adanena kuti nthawi yonse yomwe adakhala akukambirana ndi maloya ku United States ndi mayiko ena asanagulitse chizindikirocho sichinapite pachabe. Ma Ethers adapezeka kuti sanatchulidwe ngati mtengo wandalama malinga ndi mayeso a Howey. Chifukwa chake mawu awa ochokera kwa aboma sagwira ntchito, ndipo pakadali pano zinthu zimakhalabe chonchi madzulo a kukhazikitsidwa kwa PoS.

🥀 Ethereum: dongosolo lina kuposa ma cryptocurrencies

Ngakhale kuti ether ndi cryptocurrency ya nsanja yomwe imatidetsa nkhawa m'mawu awa, sichinsinsi cha machitidwewa. Maziko a ntchito yake ndi zomwe zimatchedwa mwaukadaulo contract yanzeru, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zomangamanga zogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso zosavuta zogwirira ntchito.

Izi zikutanthawuza kuti ndondomeko zimangochitika zokha, molondola kwambiri komanso kuthetsa ntchito ya oyimira pakati. Chifukwa chake, netiweki iyi imadziwonetsa ngati njira ina yomwe imapatsa mphamvu osewera ang'onoang'ono motsutsana ndi makampani akuluakulu omwe amagulitsa ndalama padziko lonse lapansi.

Mutha kujambula ma contract anzeru motsatizana ndi chitetezo chapamwamba komanso ndalama zabwino kwambiri. Kugawikana kumeneku kumapewa kusokoneza kokhumudwitsa kwa mabanki ndi ma komishoni ena. Nthawi zambiri, mumagwira ntchito ndi mapangano opangidwa ndi ether, koma izi sizikhala zanu.

🥀 Mgwirizano wa Ethereum ndi Bitcoin

Pomaliza, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, kuyambira kubadwa kwa ethers mu 2015, maubwenzi ndi mafananidwe ndi bitcoins adawonetsa njira yake. Momwemonso, zakhudzanso chitukuko cha nsanja zina za blockchain kapena cryptocurrency.

Muyenera kukumbukira kuti ma bitcoins anali ma cryptocurrencies oyamba omwe adatuluka. Khalidwe lake lochita upainiya linatsegula njira ya malingaliro ena osasokoneza. Pulatifomu ya Buterin idatsata zomwezo ndipo idatchuka kwambiri.

Koma popanda kuyang'ana maziko a dongosolo pa cryptocurrencies. Ndizachilendo, kumbali ina, kuti osunga ndalama aziwonera awiriwa omwe amapanga pakati pa bitcoins ndi nsanja ya ether.

Nthawi zambiri, timagogomezera kugwirizana kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa bitcoins mu maukonde a ntchito za ma contract anzeru. M'lingaliro limeneli, kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo kwa dongosololi kwawonedwa kuti kumayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa bitcoins.

Zafika poti ma netiweki omwe tikuwunika adaposa ma bitcoins mu 2020 m'marekodi monga okhudzana ndi omanga komanso ochita pa sekondi iliyonse.

Nthawi zambiri, ma bitcoins okhala ndi zizindikiro amakhala ma cryptocurrencies wamba papulatifomu ya ethers. Ndi ubale wabwino kwa iwo omwe amakonda kugwira ntchito mu blockchain, koma momwe, pang'onopang'ono, dongosolo lobadwa mu 2015 limayamba kuwononga ma bitcoins.