Chii chinonzi mari yeruzhinji, chii chatinofanira kuziva?

Les mari dzeveruzhinji ndiwo manejimendi emari yenyika. Kukosha kwemari yehurumende hakugoni kusimbiswa zvakanyanya. Kunyanya, inoongorora maitiro emabasa emari anotorwa nehurumende kune vanhu uye masangano emutemo.

Ibazi rehupfumi rinoongorora mari yehurumende nekushandiswa kwehurumende uye kugadziriswa kweimwe yekuwana migumisiro inodiwa uye kudzivisa migumisiro isingadikanwi. Ndivo imwe nzvimbo ye mari sezvazvakaita mari yako.

Ichi chinyorwa chinokupa tarisiro yekutonga kwemari yeruzhinji, kukosha, huwandu hwemari yeruzhinji, zvinangwa uye marudzi emari yeruzhinji.

🥀 Chii chinonzi Public Finance?

Mari yeruzhinji inogona kutsanangurwa sechidzidzo chezviitwa zvehurumende, izvo zvinogona kusanganisira kushandisa, kushomeka, uye mutero. Zvinangwa zvemari yehurumende ndezvekuona kuti hurumende inofanira kupindira riini, sei uye sei muhupfumi hwanhasi.

Vanotsvakawo kunzwisisa zvinogona kuitika zvekuchinja mumusika. Mari yeruzhinji inogona kusanganisira zvinhu zviri kunze kwehupfumi, zvinosanganisira accounting, mutemo, uye manejimendi emari yeruzhinji.

Kunzwisisa basa rehurumende uye kuti shanduko dzinogona kukanganisa sei hupfumi zvimwe zvakakosha zvevashandi vezvemari.

Kana hurumende ikapindira nekuita mukati mehupfumi, mhedzisiro inowira mune chimwe chezvikamu zvitatu: kubudirira kwehupfumi, kugoverwa kwemari ou macroeconomic stabilization.

✔️ Kubudirira kwehupfumi

Kushanda zvakanaka kwehupfumi ndiwo chiyero chinoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi kukoshesa zviwanikwa zvakasiyana. Kazhinji, kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kutsanangurwa neyakajairwa fomula yeratidzo uye mhedzisiro yavo yakagadzirwa.

Musiyano uripo pakati pehunyanzvi hwekuita nehunyanzvi hwehupfumi hukama hwehunhu hunoiswa nevanhu pazvinhu. Tekinoroji inoshanda maitiro anogona kuve akasarudzika kubva kune mumwe munhu kuenda kune mumwe. Kubudirira kwehupfumi kunotarisa pakubvisa tsvina kuti ipe kukosha kwakanyanya kunobvira.

Kubudirira kwehunyanzvi kunoda kuwedzera kukosha, uku uchizvipira zvakanyanya sezvinodiwa kugadzira chirongwa chakanakisa.

✔️ Kugoverwa kwemuhoro

Kugovewa kwemari kuverengerwa kweupfumi hwenyika nemari kana ichinge yagovaniswa nehuwandu hwayo. Kugoverwa kwese kunogona kuongororwa nenhevedzano yezvidzidzo zvenhamba. Pfuma uye mari zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana.

Upfumi iko kukosha kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvenyama nehupfumi hwehuwandu hwevanhu. Mari inowaniswa kukosha kwemari chaiyo yerubatsiro rweruzhinji rwevanhu panguva yakatarwa.

Ruzivo rwunounganidzwa kubva muupfumi hwenyika nemari inogona kuva chitubu chakakosha chekubatsira kupindura mibvunzo yakasiyana siyana yezvematongerwo enyika, yemagariro nehupfumi.

✔️ Macroeconomic kugadzikana

Kudzikamiswa kweMacroeconomic inzira iyo kudzikamisa nekukura kwehupfumi kunodzorwa kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwemitemo yezvemari neyemari, mitemo nemirau.

Ndiyo nheyo yekukura kwehupfumi. Pasina kugadzikana, hupfumi huchaparara.

Kuti uwane nharaunda yakagadzikana yehupfumi, chiyero chinodiwa pakati pebhajeti rehurumende, kutengeserana mudzimba, kubhengi, kutengeserana kwenyika dzese uye masangano anotonga.

Kuti uchengetedze kuenderera mberi kwekugadzikana kwehupfumi uye huwandu hwakakwana hwekuita kwehupfumi, musika unofanirwa kutariswa kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhindu, kutenderera kwebhizinesi uye kudiwa mukati mehupfumi kunoramba kwakagadzikana.

🥀 Zvikamu zvemari yehurumende

Zvikamu zvikuru zvemari yehurumende zvinosanganisira mabasa ane chekuita nekuunganidzwa kwemari dzemitero, kushandiswa kwemari yekutsigira nzanga, uye kuitwa kwechirongwa chemari (sekuburitswa kwechikwereti chehurumende).

Zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira:

✔️ Mutero wekuunganidza

Kuunganidza mitero ndiko kunopa hurumende mari. Mienzaniso yemitero inotorwa nehurumende inosanganisira mutero wevalue added, corporation tax, mutero wemari inotambirwa nemunhu, mutero wenhaka, mutero weproperty, nezvimwe.

Mamwe marudzi emari muchikamu ichi anosanganisira mabasa nemitero pazvinotengwa kunze kwenyika uye mari kubva kune chero rudzi rwebasa rehurumende risiri remahara.

✔️ Iyo bhajeti

Bhajeti iyi hurongwa hwezvinotarisirwa kushandiswa nehurumende mugore rekushandiswa kwemari. Heino gwara rinokubvumira gadza nyore bhajeti yemhuri yako mumaminetsi mashoma.

✔️ Expenses

Kushandisa chinhu chipi nechipi icho hurumende inoshandisa mari pairi, zvakadai sezvirongwa zvevanhu, dzidzo, uye zvivakwa. Kuwanda kwemari inoshandiswa nehurumende inzira yekuwana mari kana kugovera upfumi, iyo ine chinangwa chekubatsira nzanga yose.

Mari chaiyo inogona kunge yakakwira kana kuderera pane bhajeti.

✔️ Deficit/Surplus

Kana hurumende ikashandisa mari inodarika yainounganidza, pane kushomeka gore iroro. Zvikasadaro, pane zvakawandisa. Pazasi pane rondedzero yemamwe akajairika mari uye mari inoshandiswa munyika yemari yeruzhinji.

🥀Mamwe mabviro emari/Mitero

Nyika inowana mari uye inounganidza mitero kubva kwakasiyana-siyana kuti iwane mari yezviitwa zveveruzhinji nemasevhisi. Heano mamwe emamwe manyuko makuru ehurumende mari nemitero

Mitero yemuhoro

Vanhu vari pasi pemutero wemuhoro zvichienderana nemari yavanowana. Mitero yemitero inowanzosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemari, nemitengo yepamusoro yemabhuraketi emari yepamusoro.

Mitero yeSosaiti

Makambani anosungirwa kubhadhara mutero pane purofiti yakaitwa. Mutero wekambani unogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekutonga uye rudzi rwebhizinesi.

VAT (Value Added Tax)

VAT mutero usina kunanga unobvisirwa kukosha kwakawedzerwa padanho rega rega rekugadzira uye kugovera kwechakanaka kana sevhisi. Mitengo yeVAT inogona kusiyana nenyika nechigadzirwa.

Tariffs

Customs duty mitero inotemerwa pazvinhu zvinobva kunze kwenyika kana kunze kwenyika. Iwo anogona kuve akavakirwa pachiyero chemutengo wepfuma kana pamitengo chaiyo.

Mitero yezvivakwa

Varidzi vezvivakwa vanofanira kubhadhara mitero yezvivakwa pazvivakwa zvavo. Huwandu hwemutero wenzvimbo inowanzotarwa zvichienderana nekukosha kwenzvimbo uye mutero wenzvimbo.

Mitero yemafuta

Mitero yemafuta inobhadhariswa peturu, dhiziri, nemamwe mafuta anoshandiswa mumotokari. Mitero iyi inowanzounganidzwa kuti iwane mari yezvivakwa zvemigwagwa uye mapurojekiti ane chekuita nekutakura.

Mipiro yemagariro

Vashandirwi nevashandi vanopa rubatsiro kumagariro ekuchengetedza magariro kuburikidza nemipiro yemagariro. Mipiro iyi inobhadhara mari yemabhenefiti akaita seinishuwarenzi yehutano, penjeni dzemudyandigere uye mari dzemhuri.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti manyuko emari nemitero zvingasiyana munyika nenyika, zvichienderana nemitemo yemitero inoshandiswa munyika imwe neimwe.

🥀 Mamwe Mabviro Emari yeHurumende

Mari dzehurumende dzinounza pamwe chete kushandiswa kwese nemari yeHurumende pamwe chete nevakuru vematunhu. Vanozadzisa mabasa matatu anokosha.

Kutanga, iyo yakakwana kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa. Nekuda kwekudyara kweveruzhinji muzvikamu zvakakosha zvakaita sedzidzo, hutano kana zvekufambisa, mari dzeveruzhinji dzinofanirwa kubvumira kugovaniswa kwezviwanikwa zvenyika kune zvakakosha zvehupfumi nemagariro.

Chinangwa chechipiri: kugovera patsva kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwemari. Kunyanya kuburikidza nemutero wemuhoro uye kufambiswa kwemagariro senge pekugara kana mari dzemhuri, mari yehurumende ine chinangwa chekugovera patsva chikamu chehupfumi hunogadzirwa kune avo vanonyanya kutambura.

Chechitatu basa pakupedzisira : kugadzikana kwehupfumi. Nekushandisa countercyclical budgetary uye fiscal levers (kushomeka, chikwereti cheruzhinji, kuderedzwa kwemitero), mari yeruzhinji inofanirwa kuita kuti zvikwanisike kutonga hupfumi, nekukurudzira chiitiko munguva dzekutambudzika uye kudzikisira pasi panguva yebooms.

Pakupedzisira, kuburikidza nesimba ravo rezvemari uye nhamba yavo yakawanda yezviito zvekuita, mari yehurumende chinhu chinokosha chiri mumaoko eHurumende kutungamira zvine hungwaru budiriro yehupfumi nemagariro evanhu munyika.

✔️ Chikwereti chenyika

Kana hurumende iine dhefisiti (kushandisa kudarika mari), inobhadhara musiyano nekukwereta mari uye nekupa chikwereti chenyika.

Vanokwereta vanogona kunge vari mukati (chikwereti chakakweretwa kubva kune vanokweretesa vepamba senge mabhanga kana masangano emari) uye chekunze (chikwereti chakakweretwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika masangano ezvemari nehurumende).

✔️ Kutonga kwemari

Kutungamira kwemari chikamu chemari yeruzhinji. Inotarisa pamaitiro ekutonga ekutonga uye nyaya dzine chekuita nekugadzirisa bhajeti. Icho chishandiso chinoshandiswa kuburikidza nekuita kwezvemari kwenyika.

Musoro wekutonga kwemari ndewekuti: Bhajeti inogadzirwa sei, inotambirwa uye inoitwa? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinotariswa pakugadzirira bhajeti?

Mitero inotorwa sei nezviremera zvakasiyana? Ndeapi madhipatimendi ane basa rekuongorora nekuzivisa maakaundi eruzhinji?

🥀 Zvinangwa zvemari yeruzhinji

Mari dzehurumende dzinounza pamwe chete kushandiswa kwese nemari yeHurumende pamwe chete nevakuru vematunhu. Vanozadzisa zvinangwa zvikuru zvitatu:

Chinangwa chekutanga ndiko kugovewa kwakakwana kwezvinhu. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kweveruzhinji muzvikamu zvakakosha (dzidzo, hutano, zvifambiso, nezvimwewo), mari dzeveruzhinji dzinovavarira kugovaniswa kwezviwanikwa zvenyika kune ramangwana rekudyara uye zvinodiwa pamberi.

Chinangwa chechipiri: kugovewa patsva kwepfuma. Kuburikidza nemitero uye kufambiswa kwevanhu, chidimbu chezviwanikwa zvakaunganidzwa zvakaitirwa nhengo dzenzanga dzakanyanya. Pfungwa ndeyekugadzirisa kusaenzana kuti kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kwevanhu.

Chechitatu basa: kugadzikana kwehupfumi. Kuburikidza nekushomeka kweruzhinji, chikwereti chakazvimirira uye kusiyana kwemitero, mari yeruzhinji ine basa rekutonga kwehupfumi. Chinangwa ndechekugadzirisa kutenderera kwehupfumi.

Pakupedzisira, mari yehurumende inoumba chombo chine simba chekutungamira hupfumi hwenyika pamwe nekupesvedzera kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose. Kudzora kwavo kwakakosha kune chero hurumende.

🥀 Kudiwa kwekutonga kwakanaka kwemari yehurumende

Hurumende dzematunhu dzakaona kusaenzana kwemari kusingagumi uye kunoramba kuripo, kutadza kwemari nekuda kwehurongwa hwemari hwakaoma uye zvigadzirwa.

Masangano emari ehurumende akadai sehurumende nepakati, mari yehurumende, zviremera zvemitero, mabhanga makuru, vatongi, vaongorori vehurumende uye masangano anokweretesa vari kuronga manipulation akawanda, gadziridzo uye mabhindauko ekugadzirisa mari dzeveruzhinji kuitira kuti pave nekugarika kwevanhu kwazvino uye kweramangwana.

Kuti kukurumidza kugadzirisa chiitiko chisingadikanwi munguva dzekutambudzika, kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu panguva ino uye yenhengo dziripo dzimwe nguva zvinotungamirira kumigumisiro inouraya.

Kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwemari dzeveruzhinji kunotungamira mukuchera makomba akadzika kwazvo mumaakaundi emari yeveruzhinji, akadai se:

• Kuenzanisa maakaundi nekugadzirisa kwead hoc zvichitevera mari ine hukasha uye mutemo wekushandisa zvine hungwaru.
• Rega mari yenguva refu nemigumisiro inobatanidza nezviito zvemazuva ano.
• Chengetedza midziyo yakawandisa uye mari sezvinodiwa kusvika padanho rinogoneka.
• Pfuura zvakasaras mumaakaundi emari yeruzhinji, pane kutsvaga chengetedzo yekushomeka kweramangwana kana zvido zvekudyara.
• Pindura kana shandura mamiriro emari penjeni kana zvisungo zvekutsvaga mari mune ramangwana.
• Overestimating returns uye kugovera mari yakawandisa kumapurojekiti esarudzo pasina kubvumirana kwakanaka uye ongororo yemabhenefiti epurojekiti uye mari yemukana.
• Svetuka kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa uye kutonga maakaundi emari yeruzhinji pahwaro hwakazvimirira uye hwakabatana.

🥀 Mafambiro akakosha mumari yeruzhinji

Nenzira dzakakura uye dzinogamuchirwa dzakawanda dzekutengeserana kwedhijitari uye kuchengetwa kweruzivo padanho remunhu uye rakaungana, digitization yakakosha kugadziridza mari yeruzhinji nekuvandudza nzira dzehurumende dzekuunganidza, kugadzirisa, kugovana uye kushandisa ruzivo.

Iyo yemhando yepamusoro uye yakanyatsogadziriswa ruzivo system inobatsira kugadzira mitemo mari yehurumende inoshanda. Zvinobatsirawo mukuenderera mberi kwekutonga, kutonga uye kutevedzwa kwemitemo yezvemari yehurumende.

Hurumende nemasangano everuzhinji anosungirwa kugadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekuvandudza nekuchengetedza ruzivo rwedhijitari uye zvirimo kuitira kuti vatore mabhenefiti anogona kubva mukuchengetedza, kushandiswa uye kuongororwa kweruzivo rwedhijitari mumunda wemari yeruzhinji.

Iwo makuru ari pasi penjodzi nematambudziko akadai sekuchengetedza data, kuvanzika, kubiridzira nekunzvenga izvo zvinoganhurira huwandu hunofanirwa kuverengerwa kana uchienda kudhijitari mumari yeruzhinji.

Kana uine matambudziko ekugadzirisa mari yako, ziva kuti isu tine premium kudzidziswa iyo inokutendera iwe kuchengetedza zvirinani, kuderedza mari yako, kuita mari yakanaka kana kuziva kugadzirira pamudyandigere kunyangwe uine mari shoma. Unogona kutenga kudzidziswa kwedu paTenzi mari yako yega Vhoriyamu 1

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