Zvikamu zveIslamic Financial System

Kunyangwe inodzorwa ne misimboti yechitendero, Sangano rezvemari reIslam rine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti ive hurongwa hwakakwana pachahwo. mabhanga echiIslam, etsika dzekudyara mari, takaful inishuwarenzi uye kunyangwe Islamic interbank musika vese vatambi uye zviridzwa zvinogadzira mari yechiIslam.

Izvi zvakavakwa seimwe nzira kune yakajairwa mari, inofungidzirwa ttambo yekufungidzira uye yakabviswa chokwadi chehupfumi. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuyananisa kudzoka kwemari nekudyara kwetsika, uku uchiremekedza zviga zvemutemo wechiIslam (Sharia).

Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora zvakasiyana zvikamu zveIslamic financial ecosystem. Tichaongorora basa uye nehunyanzvi hwemumwe nemumwe wevatambi ava.

Handeyi !!

🌿 Iyo Islamic Development Bank

Iyo Islamic Development Bank (IDB) isangano rezvemari repasi rose iro riri pakati peiyo Islamic yemari system. Yakavambwa pa21 Rajab 1394 (Nyamavhuvhu 12, 1974) muJeddah muHumambo hweSaudi Arabia.

Yakatanga zviri pamutemo zviitiko zvayo paChaoual 15, 1395 (Gumiguru 20, 1975). Boka reBID rinoumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu, zvinoti:

• IDB pachayo,
• Islamic Institute for Research and Training (IIRF),
• Islamic Corporation for Private Sector Development (SIDSP),
• iyo Islamic Inishuwarenzi Kambani Yekudyara uye Export Credits (SIAICE),
• International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (SIIFC).

Gore rezvemari reIDB raienderana negore remumwedzi weHijri, asi kubva musi waNdira 1, 2016. Rakachinjwa kuti rienderane negore reHijri solar rinotanga musi wa11 Capricorn (Ndira 1) richipera musi wa10 Capricorn (Zvita 31 gore rega rega).

Mutauro IDB yepamutemo chiArabic. Asi Chirungu neFrench zvinoshandawo semitauro inoshanda. Chikamu chayo cheakaundi idhinari reIslam iro rakaenzana nekodzero yekudhirowa yeInternational Monetary Fund.

Musoro wehofisi uye nzvimbo dzenharaunda

Iyo IDB inotungamirwa muJeddah, Humambo hweSaudi Arabia, uye ine gumi nerimwe nzvimbo dzematunhu muAbuja (Nigeria), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Ankara (Turkey), Cairo (Egypt), Dakar (Senegal), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Dubai ( United Arab Emirates), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kampala (Uganda), Paramaribo (Suriname) neRabat (Morocco).

basa

Donzvo reIDB nderekusimudzira budiriro yevanhu. Inotarisa kuedza kwayo pazvinhu zvakakosha zvakadai sekuderedza urombo, kuvandudza hutano, kusimudzira dzidzo, kuvandudza hutongi uye kubudirira kwevanhu.

Nhengo

IDB inokosha 57 nhengo dzenyika pasi rose. Chero nyika inoda kuve nhengo inofanirwa kuve yakabatana neSangano reIslamic Cooperation (OIC). Vanofanira kuzobhadhara chikamu chekutanga chekutora chikamu chavo chemari uye kugamuchira zvirevo nemamiriro akaiswa neKanzuru yeMagavhuna.

guta

Munguva yake 38^fung musangano wepagore, Bhodhi reMagavhuna rakabvumidza iyo 5^fung general kuwedzera capital, izvo zvakakonzera 100 bhiriyoni dinars Masangano echiIslam huwandu hwemari yakatenderwa uye 50 bhiriyoni iyo yeguta guru kuti inyoreswe.

Zvichienderana nechisarudzo chimwe chete, Dare reMagavhuna rakabvumidza kukwidzwa kwechikamu chakakodzera pasi pe4^fung kuwedzera kwese. Pakupera kwegore rezvemari ra2018, iyo yakanyoreswa capital yeIDB yakasvika 50,2 bhiriyoni yemadhinari echiIslam.

🌿 Iyo Accounting uye Auditing Sangano reIslamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI)

Chikamu chechipiri cheIslamic financial system ndiyo AAOIFI. AAOIFI isangano rakazvimirira risingabatsiri rakavambwa muna 1991 nemabhanga akati wandei echiIslam.

Kuberekwa kwesangano iri kwaiva mhinduro kune kudiwa kwekuenzaniswa kwezvinyorwa zvemari zvemabhanga echiIslam. Basa rayo nderekugadzira mitemo nemaitiro echiIslam mu accounting, auditing uye corporate governance.

Basa reAAOIFI

Kunyanya, iyo AAOIFI ine chinangwa ku:

• kutanga a Sharia-inoenderana accounting, odhita, utongi uye tsika yekufunga modhi;
• nhepfenyuro mamodheru aya kuburikidza nemasemina, zvinyorwa, mishumo, tsvakiridzo, nezvimwe;
• gadzira accounting uye odhita zviyero mukati memasangano emari echiIslam, kuti awirirane nekududzira iwo.

Muchidimbu, chinangwa chekupedzisira cheAAOIFI ndechekumisa uye kuwirirana kwemaitiro emari echiIslam. Miyero yainogadzira inonzi iyo Financial Accounting Standards (FAS).

Islamic accounting zviyero

Kugadzira zviyero zveaccounting zvakanangana neBIs, nhengo dzeAAOIFI dzine sarudzo pakati pemaitiro maviri anopokana nediametrically:

Kutanga, ivo vanogona kuita kutsvaira kwakachena kweWestern accounting zviyero (IFRS zviyero). Mukuita izvi, vanovimba nehwaro hwechiIslam uye zvinangwa zvekugadzira yakakodzera accounting zviyero. Ipapo vanogona ongorora mipimo international accounting standards maererano neIslam framework. Gamuchira izvo zvinokodzera mari yechiIslam.

Vanongogadzira zviyero zveakaunzi kana zviyero zveakaunzi zvepasi rose zvakaramba zvakanyarara pamabatirwo eakaunzi emamwe mapoinzi kana kutora maonero anopesana nemisimboti yakakosha yeIF.

🌿 Iyo Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB)

Chikamu chechitatu chakakosha cheIslamic financial system ndeye Islamic Financial Services bhodhi (IFSB). Yakavambwa muna 2002 nechinangwa chekuona budiriro uye kugadzikana kwemari yeIslam.

Nekudaro, basa rayo nderekugadzira nekuvandudza mirau yepasirese uye zviyero zvinoenderana ne sharia. Izvi ndezvekusimudzira kujeka mumasevhisi anopihwa neIslam mari. Chinangwa chikuru chezviyero zvakaburitswa neIFSB ndechekudzivirira uye kutonga kwenjodzi dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa kubva kumari yechiIslam.

🌿 Iyo International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA)

Chikamu chechina cheIslamic financial system ndeye Iyo International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA). Idare reSharia rinounganidza pamwe chete magweta echiMuslim ari nhengo dzeSangano reIslam Musangano.

Basa rayo ndere kudzidza uye kugadzira maonero emutemo (fatwas) vachivavarira kushanda sechinzvimbo chakafanana pahupfumi, mari nemabhanga.

IIFA inounza pamwe chete magweta echiMuslim ane ruzivo rwakanyanya mundima yekutengeserana uye akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mune zvemazuva ano zvehupfumi kana zvemari.

Mazhinji masangano ezvemari echiIslam anowanzo kudaidza IIFA kuburikidza nebhodhi ravo reSharia kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mitemo yavo yekushandisa inopindirana neiyo yakapihwa neIIFA.

🌿 Iyo International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM)

Iyo International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM) isangano rakavambwa muna 2002 uye rakavakirwa muManama, Bahrain. Chinangwa chayo ndechekumisa uye kuwiriranisa maitiro mumisika yemari yeIslam pasi rose.

Kunyanya, IIFM inotsvaga kumisa zviyero zvakabatana muzvinyorwa zvepamutemo uye nzira dzekupa kufambisa kuyambuka-muganho wezvigadzirwa zvemari zveIslam. Sangano rinotarisa pane akati wandei akakosha zviridzwa senge sukuk (Islamic bond) uye Sharia-inoenderana nekuchinjana kwekunze.

Kugadzira aya mazinga, IIFM inovimba nekubatana pakati pevatambi vakuru muindasitiri yezvemari yeIslam pasi rose. Mabhangi epakati, vanoburitsa sukuk, mastock exchange, mafemu emutemo uye kunyange vatongi vane chekuita nebhodhi resangano.

Kuburikidza nekutsikiswa kwemadhairekitori uye zvibvumirano zvakajairwa zvakachinjirwa kune zvakatemwa zveIslam zvemari, IIFM ine chinangwa chekusimbisa kubatanidza uye kuwirirana kwemisika yemari yeIslam. Chiito chayo chakakosha kusimudzira mhiri-muganhu capital inoyerera uye kubatana kweiyi inokura ecosystem.

🌿 La Liquidity Management Center (LMC)

Le Liquidity Management Center (LMC) isangano rakagadzirwa muna 2002 richitungamirwa neIslam Development Bank. Chinangwa chayo ndechekufambisa kutonga kwemari uye kugovera kwakaringana kwemari kumabhanga echiIslam nemasangano emari.

Pachokwadi, iyo LMC inopa mhinduro dzakasiyana dzekugonesa vatambi vezvemari vechiIslam kuti vatore zvirinani mari yavo yakawandisa uye kushomeka. Inovapa sevhisi yekuchenesa mari pakati pemabhangi echiIslam, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kuunganidza zvinodiwa.

Iyo Center yakaisa zvakare nzira yekubatana kwemari yekutonga. Mari idzi dzinoiswa pamisika yemari yeIslam, paine purofiti uye kurasikirwa kwakagovaniswa pakati pemasangano enhengo. Zvishandiso zvenguva pfupi zvekudyara zvinopihwawo kukwidziridza purofiti yekuwandisa liquidity.

Panguva imwecheteyo, LMC inopa nzira dzenguva pfupi dzekudzosera mari kumasangano emari echiIslam akatarisana nematambudziko emari. pakarepo mari inoda. Nekuda kwemaitiro ese aya, Iyo Center inoita basa rinowedzera mukukwenenzvera uye nekugadzirisa liquidity management mukati memari yechiIslam.

🌿 The International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA)

Sangano reInternational Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA) isangano rezviyero specialized financial ratingmukuongororwa kwemasangano emari echiIslam.

Yakagadzirwa muna 2005 uye yakavakirwa muBahrain, donzvo reIIRA nderekupa kiredhiti kiredhiti pamwe nekuongorora zvemari kwevatambi vezvemari vechiIslam. Yakanyanya kutarisisa ndeye kuongororwa kwemabhangi echiIslam, makambani einishuwarenzi takaful, mari yekudyara yeIslam uye sukuk (Islamic bond).

Sangano rinoongorora kusimba kwemari kwemasangano aya pamwe nekutevedzera kwavo zviga zveSharia (mutemo wechiIslam). Zviyero zvayo zvechikwereti zvinotangira kubva kuAAA yevatambi vane njodzi yakaderera kusvika kuD kune avo vasina kukwana.

Iwo zviyero uye ongororo dzakagadzirwa neIIRA dzinoshandiswa nevatambi vakasiyana munyika yezvemari yeIslam. Vatongi vanoishandisa kutarisa njodzi. Vagadziri vemari vanovafunga kana vachiongorora mikana yekudyara. Uye mamwe akajairwa rating agency anovimba nayo kuti anzwisise zviri nani izvo zvechiIslam zvigadzirwa zvemari.

IIRA yakawedzerwa kukosha iri mairi ruzivo rwakadzama zvimwe zvezvemari yechiIslam. Nzira yezviyero zvayo inosanganisa zvinhu zvakaita sekuremekedza musimboti wekugovana purofiti uye kurasikirwa kana kusabatanidzwa kwezviitiko zvisingaenderane netsika dzechiMuslim.

Nekukura kuri kuramba kuchikura kwemari yechiIslam pasirese, basa remasangano ehunyanzvi akaita seIIRA rakaiswa kuti rikure mukukosha. Vanoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera pachena uye kuvimba mune ino imwe nzira yezvemari.

🌿 Iyo International Islamic Center yeKuyananisa uye Arbitration (IICRA)

The International Islamic Center for Reconciliation and Arbitration (IICRA) isangano repasi rose riri muDubai. Yakagadzirwa muna 2005 pasi peiyo egis yeIslamic Development Bank, inoshanda mukuyananisa uye nekupokana kwemakakatanwa emari echiIslam.

Chinangwa cheIICRA ndechekupa masevhisi ekugadzirisa gakava anoenderana nemisimboti uye kukosha kwemari yechiIslam. Nzvimbo dzake dzehunyanzvi dzinobata kuyananisira mumakakatanwa emabhanga anosanganisira masangano ezvemari echiIslam, kupindirana kwemakakatanwa ane chekuita nekutengeserana kwemari kwechiIslam, asiwo kudzidziswa kwevatongi nevayananisi mumari yechiIslam.

Iri sangano rinozivikanwa zvakare nehunyanzvi hwaro hwekupa zvibvumirano zvezvemari zvechiIslam maererano nekutevedzera Sharia. Iyo zvakare inovandudza akajairwa kugadzirisa gakava zvirevo, zvakabatanidzwa muzvibvumirano zvemari zvemabhanga uye Islamic masangano emari.

Chido cheIICRA ndechekupa zvigadziriso zvehutongi hwega (kuyananisa, kupindirana) zvakagadziridzwa zvakakwana kune zvakatemwa zveIslam mari. Masevhisi ayo akavakirwa pahunhu hwekurongeka, hutsika uye kuenderana nechitendero izvo zviri pamwoyo weimwe nzira yezvemari.

Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwayo hwakadzama mukugadzirisa makakatanwa emari echiIslam, IICRA yave chirevo chepasi rose mundima iyi mumakore mashoma. Yakavakirwa muDubai, yakamisikidzwa zvine hungwaru mukati meimwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira dzepasirese dzemari dzeIslam.

🌿 Kanzuru yeIslam Banks uye Masangano emari (CIBAFI)

The Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI) isangano repasi rose rakavambwa muna 2001 uye riri muBahrain. Basa rayo nderekusimudzira nekusimudzira indasitiri yezvemari yeIslam pasi rose.

Kunyanya, CIBAFI inodzivirira zvido zvemabhangi echiIslam uye masangano emari. Inotsvagawo kusimbisa kushandira pamwe pakati pevatambi uye kufambisa shanduko yeruzivo uye maitiro akanaka mukati mechikamu ichi.

Iri sangano rinotorawo chikamu mukuvandudzwa kwemitemo yeveruzhinji uye mirau ine chekuita nemari yeIslam. Inosimudzira kutorwa kwemitemo yakasimba yekutonga uye manejimendi enjodzi nemasangano emari echiIslam.

Kuzadzisa basa rayo, CIBAFI inoshandisa zviito zvakawanda : kurongeka kwemisangano yepasirese, kuburitswa kwezvidzidzo uye mishumo yekutsvagisa, kupa dzidziso uye zvitupa kune nyanzvi dzezvemari dzeIslam.

Iine nhengo dzinopfuura zana nemakumi matatu kubva kunyika makumi matatu neina, CIBAFI yazvisimbisa nhasi semumiriri mukuru uye boka rinokurudzira indasitiri yezvemari yeIslam pasi rose. Yakavakirwa muBahrain, iri pamwoyo peimwe yenzvimbo huru dzezvemari dzechiIslam.

mhedziso

Pakupera kwekuongorora uku, tinoona kuti mari yeIslam yakawana zvishoma nezvishoma yakakwana uye yakarongeka ecosystem, nevatambi vakasiyana vanodyidzana kugovera zviwanikwa zvinoenderana ne mitemo yetsika dzeMuslim.

Mabhangi eCommerce, misika yemari, takaful inishuwarenzi uye kunyange etsika mari yekudyara inoumba zvikamu zvikuru zveiyi imwe nzira yemari.

Vachitsigirwa nekumisikidzwa, mirau uye masangano ekutevedzera Sharia, vanogadzira hurongwa hwakabatana hunoshanda zvinoenderana nemisimboti yepurofiti nekugovaniswa kwekurasikirwa, kurambidzwa kweribâ uye yetsika mari chete.

Inotungamirwa nekukura kuri kudiwa kubva kuhuwandu hweMuslim asiwo nea kukwezvwa nemari yetsika Padanho repasi rose, mari yeIslam inotarisirwa kuramba ichikura mumakore anotevera. Tinogona kubheja kuti sisitimu yayo icharamba ichisimbiswa kuti ipe imwe nzira inovimbika kune yakajairwa mari.