Lichelete tsa sechaba ke eng, re hloka ho tseba eng?

Les lichelete tsa sechaba ke tsamaiso ea chelete ea naha. Bohlokoa ba lichelete tsa sechaba bo ke ke ba hatisoa ho feta tekano. Haholo-holo, e hlahloba phello ea mesebetsi ea lichelete e nkiloeng ke 'muso ho batho ka bomong le mekhatlo ea molao.

Ke lekala la moruo le hlahlobang lekeno la 'muso le litšenyehelo tsa' muso le tokiso ea e 'ngoe ea tsona ho fihlela litholoana tse lakatsehang le ho qoba litlamorao tse sa rateheng. Ke sebaka se seng sa lichelete joalo ka lichelete tsa botho.

Sengoliloeng sena se u fa kakaretso ea taolo ea lichelete tsa sechaba, bohlokoa, boholo ba lichelete tsa sechaba, sepheo le mefuta ea lichelete tsa sechaba.

🥀 Lichelete tsa Sechaba ke Eng?

Lichelete tsa sechaba li ka hlalosoa e le thuto ea mesebetsi ea 'muso, e ka kenyelletsang tšebeliso ea chelete, likhaello le lekhetho. Maikemišetšo a ditšhelete tša setšhaba ke go lemoga gore mmušo o swanetše go tsenelela neng, bjang le ka lebaka la eng mo ekonoming ya lehono.

Ba boetse ba batla ho utloisisa liphello tse ka bang teng tsa liphetoho 'marakeng. Lichelete tsa sechaba li ka kenyelletsa litaba tse kantle ho moruo, ho kenyeletsoa accounting, molao, le taolo ea lichelete tsa sechaba.

Ho utloisisa karolo ea mmuso le hore na liphetoho li ka ama moruo joang ke lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa litsebi tsa lichelete tsa sechaba.

Ha 'muso o kena lipakeng 'me o sebetsa ka har'a moruo, litholoana li oela ho o mong oa mekhahlelo e meraro: katleho moruong, kabo ea chelete ou botsitso ba moruo o moholo.

️ Katleho ea moruo

Ho sebetsa hantle ha moruo ke tekanyetso e sebelisoang ke litsebi tsa moruo ho ananela mefuta e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa. Ka tloaelo, katleho e ka khethoa ka mokhoa o akaretsang oa likarohano le liphetho tsa bona tse hlahisitsoeng.

Phapang lipakeng tsa katleho ea tekheniki le katleho ea moruo ke kamano ea litekanyetso tseo batho ba li behang linthong. Litekanyetso tsa ts'ebetso ea tekheniki li ka ipapisa le motho ho ea ho motho. Ho sebetsa hantle ha moruo ho tsepamisitse maikutlo ho feliseng litšila ho fana ka boleng bo fetisisang bo ka khonehang.

Bokhoni bo botle ba tekheniki bo batla ho eketsa boleng, ha bo ntse bo itela ka hohle kamoo ho hlokahalang ho theha mohato o motle ka ho fetisisa.

️ Kabo ea meputso

Kabo ea lekeno ke palo ea leruo la naha le lekeno hang ha le aroloa ka kakaretso ea baahi ba eona. Kabo ka kakaretso e ka hlahlojoa ka letoto la lithuto tsa lipalo. Leruo le lekeno ke lintho tse peli tse arohaneng.

Leruo ke boleng bo akaretsang ba thepa le matlotlo a lichelete a sechaba. Moputso ke boleng bo nepahetseng ba chelete ba tlatsetso ea sechaba ka nako e itseng.

Boitsebiso bo bokelletsoeng ho tsoa leruong la naha le cheleteng ea bona e ka ba mohloli oa bohlokoa ho thusa ho araba lipotso tse fapaneng tsa lipolotiki, tsa sechaba le tsa moruo.

️ Ho tsitsisa ha moruo oa Macroeconomic

Ho tsitsisa ha moruo o moholo ke ts'ebetso eo botsitso le kholo ea moruo e laoloang ka eona ka nts'etsopele ea maano, melao le melawana ea lichelete le lichelete.

Ke motheo oa kholo ea moruo. Ntle le botsitso, moruo o tla putlama.

Ho fihlela maemo a tsitsitseng a moruo o moholo, ho hlokahala tekatekano pakeng tsa tekanyetso ya mmuso, kgwebo ya lehae, dibanka, kgwebo ya matjhaba le ditheo tse laolang.

E le ho boloka botsitso bo tsoelang pele ba moruo o moholo le boemo bo nepahetseng ba moruo, 'maraka o tlameha ho laoloa ho netefatsa hore sekgahla sa tsoala, potoloho ea khoebo le tlhoko ea moruo li lula li tsitsitse.

🥀 Likarolo tsa lichelete tsa sechaba

Likarolo tse kholo tsa lichelete tsa sechaba li kenyelletsa mesebetsi e amanang le pokello ea lekeno la lekhetho, ho etsoa ha litšenyehelo ho tšehetsa sechaba, le ho kenya tšebetsong leano la lichelete (joalo ka phano ea likoloto tsa sechaba).

Likarolo tse kholo li kenyelletsa:

️ Pokello ea lekhetho

Pokello ea lekhetho ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa chelete ea mebuso. Mehlala ea makhetho a lefisoang ke mebuso e kenyelletsa lekhetho la boleng bo eketsehileng, lekhetho la koporasi, lekhetho la motho ka mong, lekhetho la lefa, lekhetho la thepa, joalo-joalo.

Mefuta e meng ea lekeno mokhahlelong ona e kenyelletsa mesebetsi le litefiso tsa thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha le lekeno ho tsoa ho mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa litšebeletso tsa sechaba tse sa lefelloeng.

️ Theko ea lichelete

Budget ke moralo oa seo ‘Muso o rerileng ho se sebelisa selemong sena sa lichelete. Mona ke tataiso e u lumellang theha tekanyetso ea hau ea lelapa habonolo metsotsong e mmalwa.

️ Litšenyehelo

Ho sebelisa chelete ke ntho leha e le efe eo 'muso o hlileng o sebelisang chelete ho eona, e kang mananeo a sechaba, thuto le mekhoa ea motheo. Boholo ba tšebeliso ea chelete ea 'muso ke mokhoa oa ho fana ka chelete kapa kabo ea leruo, e ikemiselitseng ho thusa sechaba ka kakaretso.

Litšenyehelo tsa 'nete li ka ba holimo kapa ka tlase ho feta tekanyetso.

️ Khaello/Tlhahiso

Haeba 'muso o sebelisa chelete e ngata ho feta eo o e bokellang ka chelete, ho na le deficit selemong seo. Ho seng joalo, ho na le surplus. Ka tlase ke lethathamo la tse ling tsa matseno le litšenyehelo tse atileng haholo lefatšeng la lichelete tsa sechaba.

🥀Mehloli e meng ea chelete / Lekhetho

Naha e kenya chelete le ho bokella makhetho ho tsoa mehloling e fapaneng ho tšehetsa mesebetsi le litšebeletso tsa eona tsa sechaba ka lichelete. Mona ke e meng ea mehloli e meholo ea mmuso ea lekhetho le lekhetho

Lekhetho la chelete

Batho ba tla lefisoa lekhetho ho latela chelete eo ba e fumanang. Litefiso tsa lekhetho hangata lia fapana ho latela boemo ba moputso, 'me ho na le litefiso tse holimo bakeng sa masaka a holimo.

Makhetho a sechaba

Likhamphani li tlameha ho lefa lekhetho ho phaello e entsoeng. Sekhahla sa lekhetho la khoebo se ka fapana ho latela matla le mofuta oa khoebo.

VAT (Lekhetho le Ekelitsoeng Boleng)

VAT ke lekhetho le sa tobang le lefisoang boleng bo ekelitsoeng mohatong o mong le o mong oa tlhahiso le kabo ea thepa kapa litšebeletso. Litefiso tsa VAT li ka fapana ho ea ka linaha le lihlahisoa.

Litefiso

Lekhetho la lekhetho ke lekhetho le lefshoang thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha kapa kantle ho naha. Li ka ipapisa le peresente ea boleng ba thepa kapa litheko tse ikhethileng.

Lekhetho la thepa

Beng ba thepa ba tlameha ho lefa lekhetho la thepa sebakeng sa bona sa thekiso ea matlo. Chelete ea lekhetho la thepa hangata e khethoa ho latela boleng ba thepa le litefiso tsa lehae.

Lekhetho la mafura

Lekhetho la mafura le lefisoa peterole, diesel le libeso tse ling tse sebelisoang likoloing. Makhetho ana ka kakaretso a bokelloa ho lefella litšebeletso tsa motheo tsa litsela le merero e amanang le lipalangoang.

Menehelo ea sechaba

Bahiri le basebetsi ba kenya letsoho tsamaisong ea ts'ireletso ea sechaba ka menehelo ea sechaba. Menehelo ena e tšehetsa melemo e kang inshorense ea bophelo bo botle, penshene ea ho tlohela mosebetsi le meputso ea malapa.

Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore mehloli ea chelete le lekhetho e ka ’na ea fapana ho ea ka linaha, ho itšetlehile ka melao ea lekhetho e sebelisoang naheng ka ’ngoe.

🥀 Mehloli e Meng ea Tšebeliso ea 'Muso

Lichelete tsa sechaba li kopanya litšenyehelo tsohle le lekeno la Naha hammoho le balaoli ba libaka. Ba phetha mesebetsi e meraro ea bohlokoa.

Ntlha ea pele, kabo e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa. Ka lebaka la matsete a sechaba makaleng a bohlokoa a kang a thuto, bophelo bo botle kapa lipalangoang, lichelete tsa sechaba li tlameha ho lumella kabo e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa tsa naha ho ea pele ho moruo le sechabeng.

Sepheo sa bobeli: kabo botjha ho lokisa ho se lekane ha meputso. Haholo-holo ka lekhetho la lekeno le phetisetso ea sechaba joalo ka litsiane tsa bolulo kapa tsa malapa, lichelete tsa sechaba li ikemiseditse ho abela botjha karolo ya letlotlo le hlahiswang ho ba futsanehileng haholo.

Mosebetsi oa boraro qetellong : botsitso ba moruo. Ka ho sebelisa li-countercyclical budgetary le li-fiscal levers (likhaello, likoloto tsa sechaba, ho fokotsa lekhetho), lichelete tsa sechaba li tlameha ho etsa hore ho khonehe ho laola moruo, ka ho susumetsa ts'ebetso nakong ea tlokotsi le ho e fokotsa nakong ea booms.

Qetellong, ka matla a bona a lichelete le palo e kholo ea lits'ebetso tsa bona, lichelete tsa sechaba ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa matsohong a Naha ho tataisa ka leano nts'etsopele ea moruo le sechaba.

️ Mokoloto oa naha

Haeba mmuso o na le khaello (chelete e fetang chelete e kenang), e tla tšehetsa phapang ka ho alima chelete le ho fana ka sekoloto sa naha.

Bakoloto ba ka ba ka hare (mokoloto o alimiloeng ho ba alimang malapeng joalo ka libanka kapa mekhatlo ea lichelete) le ka ntle (mokoloto o alimiloeng ho tsoa mekhatlong ea machaba ea lichelete le mebusong).

️ Tsamaiso ea lichelete

Tsamaiso ea lichelete ke karolo ea lichelete tsa sechaba. E tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a mekhoa ea taolo ea tsamaiso le litaba tse amanang le tokisetso ea tekanyetso. Ke sesebelisoa seo ts'ebetso ea lichelete tsa linaha e etsoang ka eona.

Taba ea tsamaiso ea lichelete ke hore: Tekanyetso ea lichelete e lokisoa, e amoheloe le ho etsoa joang? Ke lintlha life tse eloang hloko ha ho etsoa moralo oa tšebeliso ea chelete?

Makhetho a bokelloa joang ke ba boholong ba fapaneng? Ke mafapha afe a nang le boikarabelo ba ho hlahloba le ho tlaleha litlaleho tsa sechaba?

🥀 Lipheo tsa lichelete tsa sechaba

Lichelete tsa sechaba li kopanya litšenyehelo tsohle le lekeno la Naha hammoho le balaoli ba libaka. Ba phethahatsa merero ea mantlha e meraro:

Sepheo sa pele ke kabo e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa. Ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea chelete ea sechaba makaleng a bohlokoa (thuto, bophelo bo botle, lipalangoang, joalo-joalo), lichelete tsa sechaba li ikemiselitse ho fana ka kabo e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa tsa naha molemong oa matsete a kamoso le litlhoko tsa mantlha.

Sepheo sa bobeli: kabo botjha ya leruo. Ka makhetho le phetisetso ea sechaba, karoloana ea lisebelisoa tse bokelletsoeng e reretsoe litho tse hlokang menyetla sechabeng. Sepheo ke ho lokisa ho se lekane ho netefatsa bonngoe ba sechaba.

Mosebetsi oa boraro: botsitso ba moruo. Ka likhaello tsa sechaba, likoloto tse ikemetseng le mefuta e fapaneng ea lekhetho, lichelete tsa sechaba li na le karolo ea taolo ea moruo. Sepheo ke ho theola maemo a moruo.

Qetellong, lichelete tsa sechaba li etsa sesebelisoa se matla sa ho tataisa moruo oa naha le ho susumetsa boiketlo ba sechaba. Taolo ea bona ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa 'muso ofe kapa ofe.

🥀 Tlhokahalo ea tsamaiso e nepahetseng ea lichelete tsa sechaba

Mebuso ea linaha e bone ho se leka-lekane ha lichelete ka ho sa feleng le ho tsoelang pele, ho hlōleha ha lichelete ka lebaka la mekhoa le lihlahisoa tse rarahaneng tsa lichelete.

Litsi tsa lichelete tsa sechaba tse kang mebuso ea naha le ea bohareng, lichelete tsa sechaba, balaoli ba lekhetho, libanka tse bohareng, balaoli, bahlahlobi ba lichelete tsa sechaba le mekhatlo ea litekanyetso ba rera mekhoa e mengata ea ho qhekella, liphetoho le lintlafatso ho laola lichelete tsa sechaba bakeng sa boiketlo ba sechaba ba hona joale le ba nakong e tlang.

E le ho lokisa ka potlako ketsahalo e sa rateheng linakong tsa khatello, boiketlo ba sechaba hona joale le ba litho tse teng ka linako tse ling bo lebisa liphellong tse bolaeang.

Tšebeliso e mpe ea lichelete tsa sechaba e lebisa ho chekoeng ha mekoti e tebileng haholo litlalehong tsa lichelete tsa sechaba, joalo ka:

• Leka-lekanya litlaleho ka litokiso tsa nakoana ho latela leano le matla la tšebeliso ea chelete.
• Hlokomoloha litšenyehelo tsa nako e telele le liphello tse amanang le liketso tsa hona joale.
• Boloka matlotlo a feteletseng le ho fana ka lichelete ha ho hlokahala ho isa boemong bo tsitsitseng.
• Feta chelete e setsengs litlalehong tsa lichelete tsa sechaba, ho e-na le ho sala morao polokelo bakeng sa likhaello tsa nako e tlang kapa litlhoko tsa matsete.
• Fetola kapa u fetole boemo ba lichelete penshene kapa boitlamo ba matsete a kamoso.
• Overestimating dipoelo le ho abela chelete e ngata ho merero ea boikhethelo ntle le ho ba le tumellano e nepahetseng le tlhahlobo ea melemo ea morero le litšenyehelo tsa menyetla.
• Tlola tlhokomelo le taolo e sa khaotseng diakhaonto tsa ditjhelete tsa setjhaba ka mokgwa o ikemetseng le o kopantsweng.

🥀 Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa lichelete tsa sechaba

Ka mokhoa o ka sehloohong le o amoheloang ka bophara oa litšebelisano tsa dijithale le polokelo ea tlhahisoleseling maemong a motho ka mong le a kopaneng, ho bohlokoa ho etsa dijithale ho bopa bocha lichelete tsa sechaba ka ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea mmuso ea ho bokella, ho sebetsa, ho arolelana le ho sebelisa tlhahisoleseling.

Sistimi ea tlhahisoleseling ea boleng bo holimo, e laoloang hantle ea thusa ntshetsa pele maano lichelete tsa sechaba tse sebetsang hantle. E boetse e kenya letsoho taolong e tswelang pele, tsamaiso le boikamahanyo ba maano a motheo a ditjhelete tsa setjhaba.

Mmuso le mekhatlo ea sechaba e tlameha ho theha likanale tse sebetsang hantle tsa ho nchafatsa le ho boloka tlhahisoleseling le litaba tsa dijithale e le ho fumana melemo e ka bang teng ho boloka, tšebeliso le tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea dijithale lefapheng la lichelete tsa sechaba.

Likotsi le liphephetso tse ka sehloohong tse kang ts'ireletso ea data, ho boloka lekunutu, bomenemene le ho koekoetla e leng matla a fokolang a tlamehang ho eloa hloko ha ho ea ho digital licheleteng tsa sechaba.

Haeba u na le mathata a ho laola lichelete tsa hau, tseba hore re na le koetliso ea pele e u lumellang ho boloka chelete hantle, ho fokotsa litšenyehelo, ho etsa matsete a matle kapa esita le ho tseba ho itokisetsa ho tlohela mosebetsi le ha u na le chelete e nyane. U ka reka koetliso ea rona ho Master lichelete tsa hau Volume 1

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