Limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng

Mmaraka oa setoko ke 'maraka oo bo-ramatsete, ebang ke batho ka bomong kapa litsebi, beng ba ak'haonte e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa' maraka, ba ka rekang kapa ba rekisa li-security tse fapaneng. Kahoo, limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa stock li bapala karolo ea mantlha moruong oa lefatše. Ba thusa likhoebo ho nyolla chelete ka ho fana ka liabo, li-bond ho batseteli bakeng sa katoloso ea khoebo, litlhoko tsa capital capital, tšebeliso ea chelete, joalo-joalo.

Si u motseteli kapa feela k'hamphani e lakatsang ho bula motse-moholo oa eona ho sechaba, joale tsebo ea mebaraka e metle ea setoko e tla ba ea bohlokoa ho uena.

kajeno Finance de Demain Consulting li hlahisa ho uena, ho ea ka lichelete tsa bona tsa 'maraka, limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Pele re bua ka taba ena, a re qaleng ka ho utloisisa hore na 'maraka oa thekiso ke eng, e tsejoang haholo e le Stock Exchange.

Stock Exchange ke eng?

'maraka oa setoko, eo hape e tsejoang ka hore ke 'maraka oa setoko, ke mokhatlo o lumellang motho kapa k'hamphani ho reka le ho rekisa securities. Securities e ka ba li-stock, li-bond tse fanoeng ke k'hamphani kapa 'muso le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa lichelete sebakeng sa sechaba.

Li-stock exchanges li fana ka botho ho barekisi ba khethiloeng ba securities le litho tse sebetsang e le bakena-lipakeng bakeng sa ho reka le ho rekisa matšeliso. Phapanyetsano e netefatsa ho latela melaoana ea khoebo e hlokang leeme le ho latela melao e amanang le mesebetsi ea khoebo ka bo eona. Lichelete li na le li-indices tse fapaneng tse sebetsang e le tekanyo ea bophelo bo botle ba moruo.

Matsatsing ana, hoo e batlang e le phapanyetsano eohle e teng e le limmaraka tsa elektroniki. Theko ea 'maraka ea likarolo tsa motheo tsa k'hamphani le lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tse kang oli, khauta, koporo, joalo-joalo. ho ipapisitse le tlhokeho le maemo a phepelo 'marakeng ha bareki le barekisi ba beha litaelo tsa bona tsa ho bolaoa.

Nalane ea limmaraka tsa setoko

Khoebo ea khale ka ho fetisisa le ea pele ea stock e thehiloe nakong e fetileng lilemo tse fetang 400 Europe, Netherlands. Li-stock tsa Dutch East Indian li ne li sebelisetsoa ho hoeba ka phapanyetsano ea setoko. Boikarabello bo ka sehloohong ba phapanyetsano ke ho netefatsa hore ho na le chelete e lekaneng 'marakeng.

Ha phapanyetsano e kholoanyane, e molemo ho ba amehang bohle. Ho na le likhoebo tse kholo tse ka bang 60 lefatšeng ka bophara.

Limmaraka tse 10 tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng

Re hlophisitse lethathamo la limmaraka tse holimo tsa 10 lefatšeng ho latela lintlha tsa capitalization tse fanoeng ke World Federation of Exchanges. Ha re ee.

1. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

NYSE ke khoebo e khōlō ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, e 11 Wall Street, New York City, United States. NYSE e na le lik'hamphani tse ka bang 2400 tse thathamisitsoeng tse kenyelletsang lik'hamphani tse ngata tsa blue chip tse kang Walmart, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, JP Morgan Chase, joalo-joalo.

Ke e 'ngoe ea li-stock tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tse thehiloeng ka 1792. Chelete ea lichelete ea 'maraka ea lik'hamphani tsohle tse thathamisitsoeng ho NYSE e ka ba $22,9 trillion ka 2021.

Palo e tloaelehileng ea khoebo ea letsatsi le letsatsi e pakeng tsa Li-share tse limilione tse 2 le tse 6s. NYSE ke eona feela phapanyetsano United States e fanang ka khoebo ea fatše ho barekisi ba kholo. E fana ka khoebo ka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa lichelete tse kang lichelete tse rekisoang ka phapanyetsano (ETFs), li-stock, li-bond le likhetho tse ling tse 'maloa.

Sebopeho sa beng ba NYSE se ile sa fetoha ka 2006, ha se kopana le Archipelago Holdings ho theha NYSE Group, Inc. Ka tebello ea phetoho ena, litulo tsa ho qetela tsa phapanyetsano li ile tsa rekisoa ka December 2005.

Bohle ba nang le litulo ba ile ba fetoha ba nang le kabelo ho Sehlopha sa NYSE. Ho kopana le Euronext NV, sehlopha sa li-stock exchanges tsa Europe, ho thehile k'hamphani e ts'oereng NYSE Euronext ka 2007. Ka 2008, NYSE Euronext e ile ea fumana American Stock Exchange (e ileng ea boela ea rehoa NYSE Amex Equities).

Lenane le ka sehloohong la phapanyetsano ena ke Karolelano ea DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL.

2. NASDAQ

NASDAQ e emetse National Association of Securities Dealers Automated quotes. Ke 'maraka oa bobeli o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. E thehiloe ka 1971, e NASDAQ e thehiloe 151 W, 42nd Street New York. Ke 'maraka o ka sehloohong oa li-stock tsa elektroniki lefatšeng ka bophara o nang le chelete e kholo ea $10,8 trillion.

Li-stock tse fetang 3 li thathamisitsoe ho NASDAQ ka kakaretso ea boleng ba 'maraka ba $ 000 trillion khoeli le khoeli. Likhamphani tse kholo tsa theknoloji tse kang Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Tesla, Amazon, Apple, joalo-joalo. li thathamisitsoe moo. Likhamphani tse thathamisitsoeng ho NASDAQ li kenya letsoho 1,26% ea kakaretso ea boleng ba 'maraka oa lefats'e. Lenane la NASDAQ le lona e bitsoang NASDAQ.

Ho na le 'nete e thahasellisang mabapi le' maraka oa NASDAQ oo u tla makatsoa ke ho o tseba. Ha e na lik'hamphani tse thathamisitsoeng lekaleng la oli le khase kapa lekaleng la lits'ebeletso. O sekametse haholoanyane lekaleng la theknoloji, tlhokomelo ea bophelo le litšebeletso tsa bareki.

3. The Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)

Tokyo Stock Exchange, e tsejoang hape e le Tosho. Ke ea boraro maemong a limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng mme e fumaneha Tokyo, Japane. TSE e thehiloe ka 1878. TSE e na le lik'hamphani tse fetang 3 tse thathamisitsoeng tse nang le chelete e ngata ea 'maraka e fetang $500 trillion.

Nikkei 225, ke letšoao le etsang lihlopha tse 225 tsa khoebo tsa Majapane tse kang Honda, Toyota, Suzuki, Sony, Mitsubishi le tse ling tse ngata.

U tla makala ho tseba hore TSE e emisitse ts'ebetso ea eona ka botlalo lilemo tse 4 kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. TSE e lumella litho ho rekisa lintho tse nkiloeng, li-stock, li-bond, joalo-joalo. Ak'haonte ea TSE basebetsi ba fetang 1 mme e tsebahala haholo ka ho netefatsa boikamahanyo ba kgwebo le ho lebela mebaraka.

Leha ho le joalo, barupeluoa ba bang ba 'maraka ba' nile ba tletleba ka seo ho theosa le lilemo. Ho ea ka bona, TSE e se e le kholo haholo ebile e rarahane ha e bapisoa le phapanyetsano e meng ea lefatše. TSE e na le likarolo tse hlano.

Karolo ea pele e thathamisa lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Japane 'me karolo ea bobeli e thathamisa lik'hamphani tse mahareng. Ka kopanelo, likarolo tsena tse peli li bitsoa " limmaraka tse kholo ".

4. The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)

Shanghai Stock Exchange ke e 'ngoe ea limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng le tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Asia. E fumaneha Shanghai, China 'me e boemong ba bone ho ipapisitsoe le capitalization ea 'maraka.

Setoko sena se thehiloe ka 1866 empa se ile sa chechisoa ka 1949 ka lebaka la phetohelo ea Chaena mme motheo oa eona oa sejoale-joale o thehiloe ka 1990.

Ka 2006, e thathamisitse likarolo tsa lik'hamphani tse 842, tse emelang chelete ea 'maraka oa setoko e ka bang lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 915.

Shanghai Stock Exchange e ne e nyolohile ka 130% ka 2006 mme ka 97% ka 2007, matla a moruo oa China a hohela limilione tsa batseteli ba bacha 'marakeng. Ka October 2007, sehlopha sa Sehlopha sa SSE (index ea maraka e kholo) e fihlile tlhōrōng ea lintlha tse 6.

E ile ea utloa bohloko ka ho khetheha ke mathata a lichelete a 2008, a lahleheloa ke chelete e fetang 65,5% ea boleng ba eona, e qetellang selemo sa 2008 ho lintlha tsa 1, tse emelang tahlehelo ea liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 820 ka chelete ea 'maraka. Kajeno, SSE e na le lik'hamphani tsa sechaba tse fetang 81 tse thathamisitsoeng sethaleng sa eona ka chelete e kopantsoeng ea 'maraka e ka bang $3 trillion.

Leha ho le joalo, 'maraka ona oa li-stock o batla o fapane le balekane ba oona ba boletsoeng ka holimo. Mona, balaoli ba 'maraka ba qobella li-circuit breakers ho thibela ho fetoha ha theko. Nako le nako ha ho na le litaba tse sa thabiseng kapa ho hloka botsitso, mmuso oa China o na le tokelo ea ho emisa khoebo bakeng sa letsatsi.

5. Euronext: limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa sebakeng sa euro

E fumaneha Amsterdam, Euronext stock exchange e nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa Europe.

E boemong ba bohlano boemong ba rona ka lik'hamphani tse fetang 1 tse thathamisitsoeng sethaleng sa eona ka chelete eohle ea 'maraka e fetang $300 trillion. Li-indices tsa eona tsa litšupiso ke'AEX-INDEX, le PSI-20 -et Le gia 40. Kakaretso ea kakaretso ea khoeli le khoeli e ka ba $ 174 limilione tse likete.

Euronext e sebetsa limmaraka tsa chelete tse laoloang le tse pepeneneng le tse tsoang ho tsona. Nyehelo ea eona e akaretsa lihlahisoa tse kang equities, ETFs (chelete e rekisitsoeng ka phapanyetsano), li-warranti le litifikeiti, libonto, lihlahisoa tsa tekano, lihlahisoa tsa thepa le li-indices.

Phapanyetsano ena e sebetsa 'maraka o laoloang oa Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon, Oslo, Dublin le Milan. E sebetsa limmaraka tse inehetseng ho li-SME le li-ETI tse kang Euronext Growth le Euronext Access. Euronext e boetse e fana ka litšebeletso ho batho ba boraro.

6. Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE)

Hong Kong Stock Exchange, e thehiloeng ka 1891, e boemong ba botšelela lethathamong la limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Lenane la benchmark la HKSE ke index ea Hang Seng. Ho na le kakaretso ea likoloto tsa likoloto tse 1200 le lik'hamphani tse fetang 2300 tse thathamisitsoeng ho HKSE, tseo hoo e ka bang 50% ea tsona li tsoang naheng ea Chaena.

Kakaretso ea chelete ea 'maraka ea lihlahisoa tsohle tse thathamisitsoeng tsa HKSE e feta $4 trillion. HKSE e hlahisa palo ea khoebo ea likonteraka tse fetang milione e le 'ngoe ka letsatsi ka bokamoso ba HSCEI.

Ka 2017, HKSE e ile ea tloha ts'ebetsong ea khoebo ea 'mele ho ea khoebong ea e-commerce. Likopano tse ngata tse kholo joalo ka HSBC Holdings, AIA, Tencent Holdings, China Mobile, joalo-joalo. li thathamisitsoe ho HKSE.

7. London Stock Exchange (LSE)

London Stock Exchange, eo e leng e 'ngoe ea li-stock tsa khale ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, ke ea 'me e tsamaisoa ke London Stock Exchange Group. LSE, e ileng ea thehoa ka 1698, e boemong ba bosupa lethathamong la limmaraka tse khōlōhali le tse molemo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.

E ne e le phapanyetsano e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ho fihlela ha Ntoa ea Pele ea Lefatše e qhoma. Hamorao NYSE e ile ea e fetola hore e be khoebo e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka mor'a Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše.

Leha ho le joalo, LSE e hanne litefiso tse peli tsa ho reka tse qalileng ke NASDAQ pakeng tsa 2006 le 2007. Ka 2007, e ile ea fumana Setaliana Stock Exchange e thehiloeng Milan bakeng sa li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 1,5 ho theha London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). Kajeno, ho na le lik'hamphani tse ka bang 3 tse thathamisitsoeng ho LSE ka chelete e kopantsoeng ea 'maraka e fetang $000 trillion.

Likhamphani tse ngata tse etellang pele UK tse kang Barclays, British Petroleum, Vodafone, GlaxoSmithKline, BlackRock, Qatar Holding har'a tse ling li thathamisitsoe ho LSE. Lenane le ka sehloohong la 'maraka ona ke FTSE 250.

8. La Shenzhen Stock Exchange

Shenzhen Stock Exchange e fumaneha Shenzhen, e tsejoang ka hore ke Silicon Valley ea China. Shenzhen ke khoebo ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa Chaena ka mor'a Shanghai Stock Exchange e ileng ea thehoa ka la 1 Tšitoe 1990.

Shenzhen ke ea borobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa ebile ke e 'ngoe ea likhoebo tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. E na le lik'hamphani tse fetang 1400 tse thathamisitsoeng sethaleng sa eona ka kakaretso ea chelete ea 'maraka e ka bang $3,92 trillion.

Boholo ba lik'hamphani tse thathamisitsoeng phapanyetsanong ena li thehiloe Chaena 'me liketso tsohle tsa khoebo li teng Chelete ea Yuan. Joalo ka ha lik'hamphani tse ngata tse thathamisitsoeng li thehiloe China, mmuso oa China o na le matla a felletseng a ho emisa khoebo bakeng sa letsatsi ha ho ka ba le litaba tse mpe kapa ketsahalo e amang likarolo. China e na le li-stock tse peli tse fumanehang bakeng sa batseteli le barekisi

• A-karolo tse rekisoang ka chelete ea lehae, Yuan
• et B Likabelo tse rekisoang ka lidolara tsa Amerika bakeng sa bo-ramatsete ba kantle ho naha

Lenane le ka sehloohong la 'maraka ona ke Karolo ea SZSE.

9. The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE)

Toronto Stock Exchange ke ea 'me e tsamaisoa ke TMX Group. TSE e thehiloe ka 1852 mme e fumaneha Toronto, Canada. TSE e na le lik'hamphani tse ka bang 2 tse thathamisitsoeng ka chelete eohle ea 'maraka ea $200 trillion.

Lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tsa lichelete tse kang li-trust tsa matsete a matlo, li-stock, li-bond, thepa, li-ETF, joalo-joalo. li rekisoa ho Toronto Stock Exchange ka karolelano ea khoeli le khoeli ea khoebo ea liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 97.

Phapanyetsano ena e sa tsoa etsa lihlooho tsa ho kopana le London Stock Exchange, empa tumellano e ile ea putlama ha beng ba liabo ba hana tlhahiso eo. Lenane le ka sehloohong la 'maraka ona ke S&P/TSX.

10. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

Bombay Stock phapanyetsano, khoebo ea khale ka ho fetisisa, e thehiloeng ka 1875 Asia. E nka sebaka sa leshome maemong a limmaraka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. BSE e Dalal Street, India e na le lik'hamphani tse fetang 5 tse thathamisitsoeng sethaleng sa eona. Kakaretso ea 'maraka oa BSE e feta $500 trillion.

BSE ke lehae la index ea benchmark ea S&P BSE SENSEX, khutsufatso bakeng sa index e hlokolosi. Sensex e entsoe ka li-stock tse 30 tse emelang likarolo tse fapaneng tsa moruo. Likhamphani tse ngata tsa blue chip tse kang Reliance Industries, Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Tata Steel ke karolo ea BSE SENSEX Index.

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