Izixhobo zemali ze-14 zamaSilamsi

Zeziphi ezona zixhobo zezimali zamaSilamsi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu? Lo mbuzo sisizathu seli nqaku. Ngokwenene, imali yobuSilamsi njengenye indlela yezemali eqhelekileyo inika inani lezixhobo zemali.

Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo kufuneka zihambelane neSharia. Ezi zixhobo zihlelwa ngokubanzi ngokwamacandelo amathathu. Sinezixhobo zenkxaso-mali, izixhobo zokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nezixhobo zemali ezingezizo ezebhanki. Kule nqaku, ndinikezela kuwe izixhobo zemali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufuna ukuthatha ulawulo lwemali yakho yobuqu kwiiveki nje ezi-6, Ndikunika esi sikhokelo sisebenza kakuhle. Makhe siye

🔰 IiHawala

Un isiHawayi, ikwabizwa ngokuba yiHundi leyo lithetha “ukuthemba”. Yinkqubo yentlawulo eqhelekileyo nesasazwa ngokusesikweni. Imvelaphi yayo ayaziwa kakhulu. Into endiyithethayo kukuba ibuyele kwi-Middle Ages yokuqala. Njengobungqina, sinokuyifumana kwimibhalo yeFiqh yenkulungwane yesi-8. Indima ephambili yeHawala yile ukujikeleza imali kuthungelwano lwabathengisi bamasheya.

Noko ke, iimbono ziyahluka ngokuphathelele ingcaciso yale ngcamango. Kwabanye abaphandi, le nkqubo isebenza ngesiseko sokuthembela kwaye ngoko ayifuni ukukhutshwa kweendlela zokuhlawula. Njengoko ayixhomekeke ukunyanzeliswa ngokusemthethweni kwezivumelwano, le nkqubo isebenza nangona kungekho sikhokelo esiqhelekileyo somthetho kunye nezomthetho.

Kwabanye, nangona kunjalo, I-Hawala ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwebhili yokutshintshiselana, inqaku lesithembiso, itshekhi okanye uyilo. Ngokobuchwephesha, umkweliti udlulisela uxanduva lokuhlawula ityala lakhe kumntu wesithathu onetyala kuye. Ngoko ke uxanduva lwentlawulo luxhomekeke kumntu wesithathu. I-Hawala yindlela evumela ukuhlawulwa kwee-akhawunti zamazwe ngamazwe ngokudluliswa kwe-accounting. Isusa kumlinganiselo omkhulu imfuneko yokudluliselwa kwemali yokuhlawula amatyalaes. Unganika uluvo lwakho ngalo mahluko kwizimvo.

🔰 I Mousawama

Sisivumelwano sokuthengisa zakudala ezifanayo Murabaha. Kolu hlobo lwekhontrakthi, umthengi akawazi umda wenzuzo osetyenziswa ngumthengisi. Ngamanye amazwi, umthengisi akafuneki ukuba achaze ixabiso elihlawulwe ukudala okanye ukufumana okulungileyo okanye inkonzo. Olu hlobo lwekhontrakthi lwenzeka xa kunzima ukumisela ixabiso lempahla okanye inkonzo.

Le isivumelwano sikaMousawama ibonisa okufanayo iingenelo kunye nezingeloncedo ezifanayo ngaphezu kweMurabaha. Ngokuvela kwemarike, sinokuzuza kumakhadi e-mosawama. Ngapha koko, ikhadi le-e-Mousawama ngumbono omtsha wamakhadi okufakwa kwe-elektroniki ekuthotyelweni kweSharia.

Eli khadi letyala kuphela kohlobo lwayo oluphula inkcazo yenkxaso-mali yamaSilamsi kunye nokuphucula indlela yokuhlawula. Umthengi ufumana imvume yetyala kwaye ukuthengwa kunokwenziwa kubarhwebi abachaziweyo abagubungela uninzi lweemfuno zakho.

🔰 I-Qard Hasan

Le Qard Hassan sisivumelwano semali-mboleko phakathi kwamaqela amabini ngesiseko sokhuseleko loluntu. Isenokuhlangabezana nemfuno yexesha elifutshane yomboleki. Yi mboleko ngaphandle kwenzala okanye inzuzo. Ifana noncedo kunekhredithi yorhwebo.

Le ndlela yobugcisa ayifane isetyenziswe ngamaziko orhwebo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile (xa kukho ubunzima kumntu okanye inkampani, okanye xa umntu enqwenela ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwamacandelo avelayo).

Ngokwale mihla, abaninzi bathelekisa oku imali-mboleko yosuku lokuhlawula. Ngexesha lenkqubo yemali-mboleko, imali yokubuyisela kufuneka ifane nemali ebolekiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho nzala okanye i-riba mayingasetyenziswa kwimali-mboleko. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwentembeko elungileyo, lowo ubolekayo unokuhlawula imali eninzi kumbolekisi kwixesha elizayo. Kuphela, akunakuxoxwa okanye kuvunyelwene ngexesha lekhontrakthi.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba banika umqeshisi ibhonasi okanye intlawulo eyongezelelweyo, kuvumelekile, kodwa ingxoxo yelo lungiselelo ayivumelekanga. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa njengomlinganiselo wokholo kunye nendlela yokubulela umqeshisi. I-Qard Hasan ikwayinto esiyibizayo imali mboleko yesisa. Nangona kunjalo, nantsi incwadi yam ekuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neebhanki zamaSilamsi.

🔰 I Mokayada

Sisibhambathiso sotshintshiselwano ngobungakanani x bemathiriyeli ekrwada ngokuchasene nobungakanani y benye imathiriyeli ekrwada ingabandakanyi naluphi na utshintsho lwemali. Amaxabiso amiselwe ngokwesiseko samaxabiso emarike ezinto ezithengiswayo

🔰 I kafalah

Kumthetho wamaSilamsi, i kafala yinkqubo ethile yokuthatha umntwana ongamzalanga abe ngowakho ehambelana nokugcinwa komntwana ngaphandle kwe-filiation. Ikwabhekiselele kwinkxaso-mali phambi kokuqeshwa kwabasebenzi bamanye amazwe kumazwe asePersian Gulf. Kwimali yamaSilamsi iKafala yi isivumelwano sesiqinisekiso apho umntu wesithathu aqinisekisa ityala le-arhente enetyala. Uxanduva lwetyala ngokubhekisele kumtyali ngoko luwela kumaqela amabini ekhontrakthi.

Ikwasetyenziswa njengenye yeekhontrakthi zokuxhasa iimveliso zezemali zamaSilamsi. Ngokuyintloko ngeenjongo zokunciphisa umngcipheko, njengeekhontrakthi Musyarakah, Mudarabah, Murabahah, istisna′, ijarah kunye ne-tawarruq. Njengesivumelwano seHawala, iKafala ayivelisi iindleko ngaphaya kweendleko zolawulo.

🔰 I Rahn

Le URahn sisivumelwano apho i-arhente ikhusela ityala ngesibambiso (isibambiso). Olu hlobo lwekhontrakthi lujolise ekunciphiseni umngcipheko weqela elithwalwa ngumbolekisi. Inzuzo yale khontrakthi kukuba ivumela i-arhente ukuba ibonise i-asethi ekuye njengesibambiso ngelixa igcina ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nobunini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isiqinisekiso sicelwa ngumbolekisi kumbolekisi ekuqaleni kwesivumelwano ukuphepha ukusilela. onetyala ukuba angalihlawuli ityala.

Ukuba semthethweni kwengcamango kaRahn kukhankanywe kwi Quran kwindinyana 283 ye al Baqarah : “Kwaye ukuba nihamba nize ningamfumani umbhali, makuthathwe idipozithi (yesibambiso). Le ndinyana iqinisekisa imvume yokufumana imali-mboleko okanye inkxaso-mali ngesiqinisekiso kwi-Islam.  

Oku kwakhona kwaxhaswa yisenzo soMprofeti kwihadith ebaliswa ngu-Aishah (RA): “URasulullah wathenga ukutya ngetyala kumYuda waza wanikela ngesikrweqe sakhe sentsimbi njengesibambiso kumthengisi. » (Sahih al-Bukhari). Kwinkqubo yangoku yebhanki yamaSilamsi, ingqikelelo yeRahn inokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

✔ Imeko yokuqala kukusebenzisa i-asethi yesibambiso okanye i-Marhun njengokhuseleko olusulungekileyo.

Umzekelo, kwimali yezindlu, ibhanki ibonelela ngesibonelelo sezemali kumthengi ukuba athenge indlu eyenza ibhanki ibe ngumbolekisi kunye nomthengi njengomboleki, kuba imali ithengiswa ngetyala edala ityala.

Kule meko, umbolekisi uya kwenza indlu yemali iMarhun (isibambiso) ukuze ikhusele izibophelelo zayo zokuhlawula kwibhanki. Ngexesha lesiqinisekiso, umboleki (umxhasi) akakwazi ukuthengisa indlu kwelinye iqela ngaphandle kokuba ibhanki imgunyazise njengomntu obolekayo. Ukuba umthengi akaphumeleli ukuhlawula amatyala akhe ebhankini, ibhanki inamandla okuthengisa indlu ukuze ihlalise imali engahlawulwanga yentengiso.

Ibhanki inokuthatha kuphela into etyalwa ebhankini kwaye intsalela evela kwintengiso (ukuba ikhona) iya kubuyiselwa kumthengi. Lo mzekelo upeyinta umfanekiso wesicelo sokuqala sikaRahn, oko kukuthi, njengokhuseleko olusulungekileyo.

✔ Kwimeko yesibini, i-al-rahn iya kuba sisixhobo sokuququzelela i-microfinance.

 Apha, isixa-mali esinikiweyo siya kuxhomekeka kwixabiso le-Marhun (isibambiso se-asethi). Kwimali eqhelekileyo ye-al-rahn, umxhasi uthembisa ngempahla yakhe exabisekileyo njengegolide kwi-pawnbroker okanye eyaziwa ngokuba " kedai pajak gadai islam njengoMarhun.

I-Marhun iya kuxatyiswa kwaye umthengi uya kunikwa imali-mboleko esekelwe kwipesenti ethile, yithi I-70% yexabiso likaMarhun. Ngexesha lokuboleka, i-pawnbroker, njengomnini we-asethi, ihlawulisa intlawulo esekelwe kwizibalo zemihla ngemihla okanye zenyanga ngokugcinwa kwayo kwenkonzo yento ekubanjisiweyo ide iqokelelwe kwaye ityala lihlawulwe. Ngale nto, ukwenza iRahn njengesixhobo sokuququzelela ukuxhaswa ngemali kunokubonwa ngakumbi ekufumaneni inkxaso-mali encinci.

🔰 I Ulwaphulo

Le Ulwaphulo yavela phakathi kwezizwe zamandulo zama-Arabhu njengetyala elidityanelweyo elalifuna abo benze ubugebenga kumalungu esinye isizwe ukuba bahlawule imbuyekezo kumaxhoba okanye kwiindlalifa zabo.

Kamva lo mgaqo wanwenwela kwimimandla emininzi, kuquka urhwebo lwaselwandle, apho abo babenenxaxheba banikela kwingxowa-mali eyayilungiselelwe ukuhlawula onke amalungu eqela awehlelwa ziingozi ngoxa ehamba elwandle.

Namhlanje sele iyinto esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimali yamaSilamsi. I-Takaful iqhelekile ebizwa ngokuba yi-inshurensi yamaSilamsi. Oku kubangelwa ukufana okubonakalayo phakathi kwenkontileka ye-Kafalah (isiqinisekiso) kunye ne-inshurensi.

Isekelwe kwimigaqo yokubambisana kunye nentsebenziswano, ebandakanya izinto zoxanduva lokwabelana, imbuyekezo edibeneyo, zomdla kunye nomanyano. 

I-inshurensi yamaSilamsi ifuna ukuba umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye afake isandla kwingxowa-mali esetyenziselwa ukuxhasana. Umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye unikela ngeemali ezaneleyo ukuhlawula amabango alindelekileyo.

🌲 Iimilo ezahlukeneyo d 'i-inshurensi yobuislam

NjengamaSukuks, kukho iindlela ezininzi zeTakaful. I-inshurensi halal inikeza ukhuseleko lwemali kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Nokuba ungumntu ozimeleyo okanye ishishini.

✔ UTakaful ongenzi ngeniso

Babonisa ukuba umsebenzi ulawulwa kwi isiseko sokubambisana okanye sentsebenziswano. Oku kungakhathaliseki iifom zabo ezisemthethweni. Kulolu hlobo lweTakaful, ikomiti yolawulo isoloko isekwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba benkqubo.

Ibhodi ilawula umsebenzi egameni labo bonke abanini-polisi. Ngoko ke akukho ziko lahlukileyo elijongene nokulawula umsebenzi njengale meko ilandelayo.

✔ Ngenzuzo Takaful

Kuthiwa zenzelwe inzuzo ukuba ulawulo lwengxowa-mali luphathiswe iqumrhu lorhwebo (umqhubi Ulwaphulo). Asiyokomiti njengakwimeko yangaphambili.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimigaqo ethile kulawulo ngalunye, ingxowa-mali inokudityaniswa nomsebenzisi. Kuphela, kufuneka kubekho ukwahlukana okucacileyo phakathi kweemali zabanini-zabelo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwiprogram ye-inshurensi.

Kwamanye amazwe, inkqubo Ulwaphulo inokunikezelwa nge "festile" ye-inshurensi yendabuko. Oku kunjalo kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika afana neCameroon, iSenegal, iMorocco kunye namanye amaninzi.

🌲I iimodeli ezahlukeneyo Ulwaphulo

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuseka izivumelwano ze-inshurensi zaseTakaful. Kodwa ndinikezela kuwe kuphela iimodeli ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.

Iimodeli eziphefumlelwe ngu Mudaraba, iimodeli eziphefumlelweyo wakala, Iimodeli ezixutyiweyo kunye neemodeli eziphefumlelwe yiminikelo (Waqf).

✔ Umzekelo Mudaraba kuhlanjwa

Kwimodeli yeTakaful Mudaraba, sinoMudarib (usomashishini) odlala indima yomqhubi weTakaful kunye rab ul mal (ababoneleli abangundoqo) ngubani na abathathi-nxaxheba.

Ikhontrakthi ichaza indlela iinzuzo eziveliswe kukubekwa kunye/okanye intsalela yomsebenzi Ulwaphulo iya kusasazwa phakathi komsebenzisi Ulwaphulo kunye nabazimasi.

Ilahleko luxanduva lwabathathi-nxaxheba kuphela njengabanegalelo kwimali eyinkunzi. Ngaphandle kwakwimeko apho umqhubi wafunyaniswa ukuba wenze ubugwenxa bomsebenzi okanye akahoyanga. Kule meko i Mudarib okanye usomashishini akahlawulwa ngenxa yemigudu yakhe.

✔ Umzekelo walala kuhlanjwa

Lo mzekelo umiliselwe kubudlelwane be-arhente (inqununu–iarhente). Isetyenziselwa ukubhalisa kunye nokubekwa. Kumrhumo, umsebenzisi Ulwaphulo isebenza njenge-arhente yabathathi-nxaxheba ukulawula ingxowa-mali Ulwaphulo.

Wonke umngcipheko uthwalwa yingxowa-mali kwaye nayiphi na intsalela yokusebenza yeyabathathi-nxaxheba. Umsebenzisi Ulwaphulo akathabathi nxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kumngcipheko obangelwa yingxowa-mali okanye kuyo nayiphi na intsalela/intsilelo yengxowa-mali.

Kwelinye icala, i-inshurensi Takaful ifumana a khomishini walala fixed emele ngokubanzi ipesenti yeminikelo ehlawulweyo. Ezi ntlawulo zibuyekeza inkonzo yakhe njengomphathi.

Umvuzo womsebenzisi unokubandakanya umrhumo wokusebenza, oxhuzulwa kuyo nayiphi na intsalela. Linyathelo elikhuthazayo lolawulo olusebenzayo lwemali.

✔Imodeli edibeneyo: indibaniselwano walala et mudaraba

Kulo mzekelo, iikontraka ezingaphantsi ezimbini zenziwe. Okokuqala ikhontrakthi ye-Wakala yamkelwe kumrhumo, kwaye emva koko ikhontrakthi Mudaraba isetyenziselwa utyalo-mali lwengxowa-mali.

Lo mzekelo ngowona ucetyiswayo yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Enyanisweni, yamkelwa ngokubanzi ngabanini be-inshurensi Ulwaphulo.

✔ Imodeli yeWaqf

Ngokombono wenkolo yamaSilamsi, i-waqf luhlobo lomnikelo owenziwa ngumntu ngonaphakade. Ngalo mzekelo, i-inshurensi kuqala yenza umnikelo. Emva koko, abanini-polisi benza igalelo elongezelelweyo eliza kusetyenziselwa ukuhlawula amabango.

Umsebenzisi ufumana ikhomishini yobhaliso esisigxina. Amaqela afakwe kwi-inshorensi afumana imali eseleyo emva kokuhlawulwa kwamabango. Lo mzekelo ifumaneka ikakhulu ePakistan.

Kuzo zonke ezi modeli zingentla, i-inshurensi iya kubonelela ngemali mboleko engenanzala ukuhlawula nakuphi na ukusilela kwingxowa-mali. takaful. le imali-mboleko ihlawulwa kusetyenziswa intsalela ikamva lengxowa-mali takaful. Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa umahluko phakathi kwe-inshurensi yamandulo kunye ne-inshurensi yamaSilamsi, i takaful.

🔰 I-Mudharaba

Le Mudharaba ibhekisa kwikhontrakthi yorhwebo apho elinye iqela linikela ngenkunzi lize elinye libe negalelo kwimigudu yobuqu. Isabelo ngokomlinganiselo weenzuzo simiselwa sisivumelwano phakathi kwabantu ababini.

Kodwa ilahleko, ukuba ikhona, ithwalwa kuphela ngumnini-capital, apho umrhwebi akafumani nto ngomsebenzi wakhe. Umxhasi-mali waziwa ngokuba " rabal maal » kunye nomrhwebi phantsi kwegama elithi « mudarib ". Njengendlela yokuxhasa ngemali eyamkelwa ziibhanki zamaSilamsi, sisivumelwano apho yonke inkunzi ibonelelwa yibhanki yamaSilamsi ngelixa ishishini lilawulwa lelinye iqela.

Inzuzo kwabelwana ngayo ngokwemilinganiselo ekuvunyelwene ngayo kwangaphambili kunye nelahleko, ukuba ikhona, ngaphandle kokuba ibangelwa kukungakhathali okanye ukuphulwa kwemigaqo yesivumelwano ". mudarib » ixhaswa yibhanki yamaSilamsi.

🔰 Musharakah okanye Musharakah

Imvelaphi yegama UMusharakah uvela kwiSharikah yesiArabhu okuthetha ubambiswano. Kubafundi bezomthetho bamaSilamsi, ukuba semthethweni kunye nokuvunyelwa kweMusharakah kusekelwe kumalungiselelo eQuran, iSunnah kunye ne-Ijma (imvumelwano) yabaphengululi.

Kwimali yamaSilamsi, uMusharaka unjalo indlela yokuxhasa ngemali ekwimo yentsebenziswano. Sisivumelwano esisayinwe phakathi ibhanki kunye nomthengi wayo apho iqela ngalinye linikela ngenkunzi ukuya kumanqanaba alinganayo okanye ahlukeneyo mhlawumbi ukuseka iprojekthi entsha okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi ekhoyo.

Ingeniso okanye ilahleko eyenziweyo isasazwa ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yesivumelwano. Zabelwana ngokuhambelana nesivumelwano seMusharakah. Ilahleko ngokuqhelekileyo kwabelwana ngayo ngokomlinganiselo wenkunzi enikelwa nguMusharik ngamnye. Izivumelwano zeMusharakah zinokuthatha ezi fom zilandelayo: iMusharakah eqhubekayo kunye nehlayo. Isivumelwano seMusharakah sinokungenwa kuso ixesha elifutshane okanye elide. Imali eyinkunzi efakwe yibhanki kwiMusharaka ingahlala ingaguquguquki kulo lonke ixesha lekhontrakthi.

 🌲 Iindidi zezivumelwano musharakah

Njengeemveliso ezininzi zemali zamaSilamsi, kukho iindidi ezimbini zele musharakah : i musharakah yokugqibela kunye ne musharakah degressive.

✔ I-musharakah eqinisekileyo

Olu guqulelo lwekhontrakthi musharakah ivumela ibhanki ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwinkxaso-mali yeprojekthi ngendlela ezinzileyo kwaye ixhamle kwizabelo kwisikhundla sayo njengeqabane elingumnini-ndawonye. Kule meko, ibhanki ijongene nokusetyenziswa kwexesha eliphakathi okanye elide kwezi zixhobo ezizinzileyo.

Igalelo lebhanki lingathatha uhlobo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkampani ezikhoyo. Eli galelo linokuba luhlobo lwegalelo ekwandeni kwenkunzi yesabelo kwiinkampani ezintsha. Olu hlobo lwe musharakah nge izibambiso ze-equity zidibana kwizemali zemveli ukukhusela ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwishishini esele likho. Kule khontrakthi akukho ntlawulo yemali eyinkunzi.

✔ Le musharakah iyancipha

Nge musharakah iyancipha ibhanki ngokuthe ngcembe irhoxa kwikomkhulu lenkampani. Umthengi uya kuhlawula, ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo ebhankini, inxalenye yenzuzo efunekayo kuye njengoko enokugcina inxalenye okanye sonke isabelo sakhe ukubuyisela umnikelo omkhulu webhanki.

Emva kokubuyisela yonke i-capital kunye nenzuzo efunyenweyo, ibhanki ihoxisa kwiprojekthi okanye ekusebenzeni. Le fomula iyafana nezibambiso zotyalo-mali kwiimali eziqhelekileyo.

 🌲 Iinzuzo zenkxaso-mali musharakah

Ukuxhaswa ngemali ngu musharakah ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi zebhanki kunye neqabane (ama)qabane. Kwibhanki, le fomula ibonelela ngamathuba otyalo-mali ixesha elide kunye/okanye eliphakathi kwizibonelelo zayo. Ungumthombo wengeniso ethe rhoqo nengaguquguqukiyo evumela ukuba ibhanki ibonelele abo bagcina imali kunye nabanini-zabelo ngentlawulo enomtsalane.

Kubathengi okanye amaqabane, i musharakah inikezelwa njengohlobo lwetyala lexesha elide neliphakathi. Ngaloo ndlela, yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuxhasa ngemali ifaneleke ngakumbi kwiimfuno zemijikelo yokuyila kunye nophuhliso lweshishini, ngokumalunga nokwakha kunye/okanye ukwandisa inkunzi kunye nokufumana kunye/okanye nokuhlaziya izixhobo.

Le musharakah Est ifunwa kakhulu ngabakhuthazi ukuyilwa kwamaShishini amaNcinci naPhakathi (SMEs). Igalelo leqela ngalinye kufuneka lifumaneke ngexesha lokuqhuba umsebenzi, umxholo wenkxaso-mali. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho wamaSilamsi uvumela muchaza kwiitransekshini ezixhamla kwintlawulo erhoxisiweyo, ngaphandle kokuba iqela ngalinye lithatha inxalenye yesibophelelo ngokujonga um(ababoneleli) (ababoneleli) (charikat wudjouh).

Kule meko, indima yebhanki ngokubanzi iquka ukukhutshwa kweziqinisekiso zebhanki (ukuqinisekiswa, i-documentary credit, incwadi yokuqinisekisa, isiqinisekiso semarike, njl.). Nasiphi na isivumelwano esijolise ekuqinisekiseni elinye lamaqela ukubuyiswa koncedo lwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zithini na iziphumo zolu shishino alunamsebenzi.

Ngale ndlela, ibhanki ayinalungelo ukubanga imbuyekezo yegalelo labo. Ngaphandle kwimeko yokwaphulwa kwamagatya ekhontrakthi, ukungakhathali okunzulu kulawulo lomcimbi okanye ukophulwa kwentembeko. Ibhanki inokufuna iqabane layo ukuba linike iziqinisekiso kodwa inokuzisebenzisa kuphela kwimeko yezenzo ezikhankanywe ngasentla.

  🌲Iingxaki ezinxulumene nokuziqhelanisa ne musharakah

Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela yenkxaso-mali kuhlala kuphantsi ngenxa yomngcipheko ophezulu wetyala. Umngcipheko wetyala onxulumene nenkxaso-mali musharakah lithuba lokungachacha iimali ziqhubele phambili umthamo kwaye ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Umgangatho ophezulu walo mngcipheko ufumana inkcazo:

• Lukungabikho kweziqinisekiso ;
• Izinga eliphezulu lobungozi bokuziphatha kunye nokukhetha okungalunganga;
• Ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kwinqanaba leebhanki malunga novavanyo lobugcisa lweeprojekthi;

Ecaleni kolu mngcipheko wetyala, izivumelwano zohlobo musharakah zikwaxhomekeke kumngcipheko we-equity, ii-asethi ezigcinwe ngokulinganayo ngumtyali-mali zinokuhla. Kwikhontrakthi musharakah onke amaqela athatha inxaxheba kwinkunzi kwaye ke ngoko kuyo nayiphi na ilahleko.

galela le musharakah iyancipha, elinye lamaqela lithembisa ukuthenga kwakhona yonke imali eyinkunzi kwizabelo ngexabiso elimisiweyo. Oku kubonakaliswa kumngcipheko owongezelelweyo ngelixa amanye amaqela engafumani lahleko (ukuthengiswa kwangaphambili). Okokugqibela, umngcipheko wemali uyinxalenye yolu hlobo lwekhontrakthi xa kukho ilahleko yemali.

🔰 I-Ijara okanye i-Ijarah

Igama elithi Ijara livela kwisiArabhu " ajr ”, okuthetha umvuzo okanye umvuzo ngomsebenzi owenziweyo okanye iinkonzo ozenzileyo. Kwilizwe lezemali, sisivumelwano samazwe amabini esibandakanya ukudluliselwa kokusetyenziswa kwe-asethi ngexesha ekuvunyelwene ngalo ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Ibandakanya iinxalenye ezimbini: umqeshisi okanye i-Muajir kunye nomqeshi okanye u-Mustajir i-asethi. Umnini wento udlulisela i-sufruct yakhe kumqeshi wexesha elivunyelweneyo kwaye umqeshi kufuneka akwazi ukuxhamla kuyo ngaphandle kokuyidla.

Ubunini bepropati eqeshiweyo bobomqeshisi, kunye nayo yonke imingcipheko enxulumene nobunini. Ukuba nepropati ngokuphathekayo kugcinwe kwitrasti ngumqeshi. Akanaxanduva ngayo nayiphi na ilahleko, ukutshatyalaliswa okanye ukuhla kwexabiso lepropati.

Imithetho ye-ijarah, ngengqiqo yokuqeshisa, zifana kakhulu nemithetho yokuthengisa. Ukwahlukana kuphela phakathi kwe-ijarah kunye nokuthengiswa kukuba ekuthengisweni, i-corpus yepropati idluliselwa kumthengi. Kwi-ijarah, i-corpus yepropati ihlala iyipropati yomdluliseli, kodwa kuphela usufruct yayo idluliselwa kumqeshi.

🌲 Iintlobo zeekhontrakthi ze-Ijara zemali

Umsebenzi Ijara inokuthatha enye yeendlela ezimbini:

• Ijara Montahia bi tamlik. Ubunini bepropati eqeshiweyo bukhutshelwa kumthengi phantsi kwekhontrakthi eyahlukileyo kweso Ijara ekupheleni kwesivumelwano;
• Ijara Tachghilia okanye Ijara wa Iktina. Olu hlobo lwekhontrakthi lubhekiselele kwirenti elula.

Nangona kunjalo, singakwazi ukwahlula iindidi ezimbini zokusebenza Ijara Montahia bi-tamlik :Liintengiselwano ezibandakanya ii-asethi ezinokususwa. Le yimisebenzi enxulumene neempahla ezinkulu ezinokuthi ukufunyanwa kwazo kunokwenzeka ekupheleni kwekhontrakthi ngumqeshi;

Liintengiselwano real estate. Le yintengiselwano elinika yona iziko Ijara I-real estate, ethengwe nguye okanye eyakhiwe egameni lakhe, xa le misebenzi ivumela umqeshi ukuba abe ngumnini wayo yonke okanye inxalenye yepropati eqeshiweyo ekupheleni kwesivumelwano. ijara

🔰 I-Istisna'a okanye i-Istisna

I-Istisna'a luhlobo lwentengiselwano yokuthengisa apho umthengi ebeka umyalelo kumthengisi ukuba enze ii-asethi ezithile kwaye intengiso iqukunjelwe ekuhanjisweni kwe-asethi kumthengi. Istisna isetyenziselwa ubonelele ngenkxaso-mali ukwenzela ukuthengiselana apho umthengi ubandakanyeka kwimveliso okanye ukwakhiwa.

Kwimeko yentengiselwano yenkxaso-mali ye-Istisna, umxhasi wenzela iBhanki izinto kwaye emva kokuthunyelwa kwempahla eBhankini, umxhasi wonyulwa njenge-Arhente yeBhanki ukuze athengise ezi mpahla emarikeni.

Njengenzuzo, i-Istisna ingasetyenziswa ngamashishini amancinci, aphakathi kunye namaqumrhu asemthethweni. kungenjalo, yindlela efanelekileyo yenkxaso-mali yexesha elifutshane kuba ivumela ulungelelwaniso lwemali ukuba luhlonitshwe. Umthengi unokuyisebenzisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zenkunzi yokusebenza.

🔰 Salam

ISalam sisivumelwano sentengiso apho umthengisi avumayo ukubonelela umthengi ngempahla ethile emva kwexesha ngokutshintshiselana ngexabiso langaphambili elihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo ngemali ezinkozo. Luhlobo lwentengiso yetyala elibuyela umva. Esi sivumelwano sidala isibophelelo sokuziphatha kumthengisi weSalam ukuhambisa iimpahla. Ikhontrakthi yeSalam ayinakupheliswa xa sele isayinwe. Ngokwe-Sharia impahla yorhwebo (ecetywa ukuthengiswa) kufuneka ibe kwindawo ebonakalayo okanye efihlakeleyo yomthengisi.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezimbini ezingaphandle kulo mgaqo jikelele kumthetho weSharia. Omnye nguSalam kwaye omnye ngu-Istisna'a. Zombini zithengiswa ngohlobo olukhethekileyo. ISalam isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngezimali iimveliso zezolimo ezifanayo. I-Istisna'a isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali iimveliso ezifanayo ezenziweyo.

🔰 IMurabaha

Le IMurabaha lulwakhiwo lwenkxaso yamaSilamsi olusebenza njengesivumelwano sokuthengisa. IMurabaha, nayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-cost-plus financing, umthengi ucela ibhanki ukuba ithenge into egameni labo. Kule khontrakthi, umthengisi kunye nomthengi bayavumelana ngeendleko kunye nomda wenzuzo ye-asethi. Ngokwesiqhelo, ibhanki yenza ukuthenga kwaye ingene kwisivumelwano kunye nomthengi ozikhethelayo kwaye ingene kwintengiso kunye nomthengi kwisiseko seMurabaha. Kamva, umthengi ubuyisela ibhanki ngokwemiqathango yentlawulo echaziweyo okanye yokuhlawula.

🌲 Imigaqo yokusebenza ye murabaha

Le murabahah njengoko kusenziwa ziibhanki zamaSilamsi yintengiselwano yokuthengisa phambili. Ixabiso leendleko, umda wenzuzo kunye nexesha lokuhlawula kufuneka laziwe kwangaphambili kwaye lamkelwe ngamaqela.

Kwimeko yokulibaziseka kwintlawulo yezavenge, ibhanki inokufaka isicelo kumthengi osilelayo izohlwayo zentlawulo emva kwexesha eya kufakwa kwiakhawunti ekhethekileyo. Kodwa akukho naliphi na ixesha ibhanki inokunyusa umyinge wengeniso kwimbuyekezo yokuphosa umhla wokugqibela.

Kwimeko yokholo olubi kwicala lomthengi, ibhanki inelungelo lokufaka ibango, ngaphezu kwezohlwayo, imbuyekezo yemihla ebekiweyo engahlonitshwanga. Kwimeko apho, umonakalo kufuneka uhlolwe ngokubhekiselele kwiikhrayitheriya ezijoliswe ngqo kwibhanki. Olu vavanyo akufunekanga lubandakanye umdla.

Emva kokugqitywa kwekhontrakthi murabahah, urhwebo luba ipropathi eyodwa neqinisekileyo yomthengi wokugqibela. Iya kuhlala, nokuba zeziphi na iziganeko ezinokuthi zenzeke emva koko. Nangona kunjalo, ibhanki ingathatha isibambiso kwiimpahla ezithengiswe njengesibambiso sentlawulo yexabiso lentengiso.

🌲 Iingxaki ezinxulumene ne murabaha

Amanqaku ombono ahluke kwesi sithembiso sokuthenga ukuba kunyanzelekile okanye akunjalo. Isithembiso sokuthenga sisinyanzeliso ngokujonga umthengi. I-Jurisconsults ikholelwa ukuba isibophelelo akufanele sisebenze kumxhasi.

Umthengi kufuneka akwazi ukucela ukucinywa kwekhontrakthi nasemva kokuba enike iodolo kunye nokuhlawula. Owona mngcipheko ubalulekileyo weqela elinxulumene ne murabaha iphuma kolu lwantlukwano lokubamba ubume obusemthethweni bekhontrakthi.

Dingxaki yesibini ye murabaha ilele kwinqanaba apho iqela liyasilela ukufikelela kwimihla ebekiweyo. Le ntlawulo kade inokubangela ilahleko ebhankini. Kwimarike, izinga lomngcipheko wokubuyisela livela ukuba izinga lokubuyiswa komsebenzi lihluke kwireyithi yereferensi yangoku; emva koko kukho ilahleko yemali enokwenzeka.

Ukulawula umngcipheko weqela elinxulumene nekhontrakthi ye murabaha, ukuhlawulwa kwangaphambili kwekhomishini enkulu kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo.

🔰 I sukuk

Eyaziwa ngegama labo lesi-Arabhu, sukuk, kwaye ihlala ibizwa ngempazamo ngokuthi “iibhondi zamaSulumane", Izixhobo ezithobela i-Shariah-ingeniso esisigxina yemalike eyinkunzi ziye zasonyusa kancinane isabelo sazo seemarike zehlabathi kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.

Iqale yaphuhliswa ngokukodwa kwimimandla yamaSilamsi, imarike yeSukuk yehlabathi ibone uphuhliso olukhulu phezu kwelizwe. iminyaka eyi-10 edlulileyo, kunye nenani lemiba ephezulu yeshishini kunye nenani labalawuli abathepha imarike.

IiSukuks ziimveliso zezimali ezinemiqathango kunye nezakhiwo ezihambelanayo neSharia, ngenjongo yokudala imbuyekezo efana naleyo yezixhobo zesiqhelo zengeniso esisigxina ezifana neebhondi.

🌿 Ziziphi iifom zeSukuks?

Njengoninzi lweemveliso zemali zamaSilamsi, iSukuks inokuthatha iindlela ezininzi. Ngoko ke, kukho malunga neshumi leendlela Sukuk.

✔ Zero-Ikhuphoni Sukuks

Uhlobo lokuqala lweSukuk lu ikhuphoni elinguziro Sukuk. Ngokwesiqhelo, lusasazo lwe sukuk apho ii-asethi eziza kuhlanganiswa zingekabikho.

Oku kukhutshwa kunokuchaphazela ii-asethi ezingadalwanga ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwazo. Iimali zahlanganiswa nge-Sukuk iya kusetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-asethi ezininzi kwiphepha lomncono lenkampani. Ekugqibeleni, sinokuthi i-zero-coupon Sukuks iyafana "nezatifikethi IMurabaha et Istisna'a ". Ngoko ke abarhwebi kwimarike yesibini.

✔ Sukuk Al-Ijara (IsiVumelwano sokuQesha)

Uhlobo lwesibini lweSukuk luhlobo lwe-Ijara. Njengesikhumbuzo, i-Ijara luhlobo lokuqeshisa esidibana nalo kwizemali zemveli. Jonga inqaku lethu kwi-Ijara. Oku kusetyenziswa rhoqo kakhulu. Oku kucengwa kunokuchazwa ngobulula besakhiwo sezi sukuks. Ngaphezu koko, abanye abaphandi bayichaza njengesakhiwo se sukuk zakudala apho zonke ezinye izakhiwo ze sukuk ziphuhlisiwe.

✔ USukuk Al-Istisna

Uhlobo lwesithathu lweSukuk yiSukuk al-Istisna'a. Luhlobo lwe sukuk ithathwe kwiekhethekileyo qui kukuqeshisa. Le fomu ifanelekile ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zophuhliso olutsha. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo kulwakhiwo zingqineke zinzima ukuzoyisa. Kule nto, ayizibonakalisi njengomthombo ongomnye wenkxaso-mali yeprojekthi yamaSilamsi enemithombo emininzi ngendlela ebiqikelelwe ngayo.

✔ USukuk Al-Murabaha

Ifomu yesine yeSukuk yiSukuk Al-Murabaha. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iifom, le fomu isetyenziswa kancinci.

Igama elithi " IMurabaha Kuqondwa ngokubanzi njengebhekisa kwisivumelwano sekhontrakthi phakathi komxhasi (umthengisi) kunye nomthengi (umthengi) apho umxhasi angathengisa ii-asethi okanye iimveliso ezithile kumthengi ukuze kuhanjiswe imali ngokulindele ukuba umthengi abe nakho ukuhlangabezana nentlawulo yakhe erhoxisiweyo. izibophelelo ngokuhambelana nesivumelwano " IMurabaha ». Ke, yile ngcinga evuselela iSukuk Al-Murabaha.

✔ Hybrid Sukuk

Uhlobo lwesihlanu lweSukuk lubizwa ngokuba ziiSukuk ezixubileyo. Bona ke Sukuks ngesantya esixutyiweyo esekwe kwi umanyano lwempahla. Luhlobo lweSukuk apho i-asethi engaphantsi kwee-asethi iquka iikontraki ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ze-Islamic finance. Ngamanye amazwi, olu hlobo lweSukuk lufuna iikontraki ezininzi.

✔ USukuk Al-Musharaka

Uhlobo lwesithandathu lwe-sukuk nguSukuk Al-Musharaka. Ukuthandwa kwesi sakhiwo kuye kwehla kumaxesha akutshanje, ukususela kwisibhengezo se-AAOIFI kwi-2008. I-AAIOIFI yayigxeka ukusetyenziswa kwezibophelelo zokuthenga kwisakhiwo. sukuk al-musharaka. Enyanisweni, igama elithi musharakah Ithatyathwe kwigama elithi " Shirkah intsingiselo "ubudlelwane".

Ngeyona ndlela ilula, ilungiselelo musharakah sisivumelwano sentsebenziswano apho iqabane ngalinye linikela inxalenye yemali ukuze kuqhutywe iprojekthi. Lo mnikelo usenokuba ngowempahla okanye ngemali.

✔ Sukuk Al Salam

Ifom yesixhenxe yeSukuk yiSukuk Al-Salam. Enyanisweni, i-Salam yinkontileka yokuthengisa ngetyala apho umthengi ehlawula khona namhlanje kwaye ufumana i-asethi kamva. Ke i-Sukuks al-Salam iya kunxulumana ne-asethi kwinkqubo yokuvelisa okanye yokwenziwa.

Ukususela kumbono weSharia, ukuze ukuthengiswa kusebenze, into yokuthengisa kufuneka ibe khona. Umthengisi kufuneka abe ngumnikazi wayo, i-asethi kufuneka ibe yinyani. Ukwahluka kwesi sikhundla ngokubanzi kukuthengiswa okwenziwe phantsi "S" izivumelwanoyazi »Et« istisna ».

✔ Sukuk Al-Wakala (ikhontrakthi ye-arhente)

Ifom yesibhozo yiSukuk Al-Wakala. Ingcamango " walala » ngokoqobo ibhekisa kulungiselelo apho elinye iqela linikezela inxalenye yoxanduva lwalo kwelinye ukuba lisebenze egameni lalo. A walala ke ngoko luhlobo lobudlelwane arhente kwimali zakudala. Isakhiwo se sukuk wonke walala iphefumlelwe bubudlelwane.

✔ Sukuk Al Mudaraba

Ifom yesithoba nguSukuk Al-Mudaraba. Ngokuseka inkqubo sukuk, inyathelo lokuqala lidla ngokuhlalutya ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ishishini lomqalisi libandakanya ntoni kwaye zeziphi ii-asethi (ukuba zikhona) ezifumanekayo ukuxhasa ukukhutshwa sukuk.

✔ Sukuk Al Mudaraba

Ifom yokugqibela yiSukuk Al-Mudaraba. Ibizwa ngokoqobo ngokuthi " sukuk utyalo-mali ”. Ezi ziqinisekiso sukuk » ngexabiso elilinganayo elikhutshiweyo kwaye lithengiselwe abatyali-mali

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