Konke malunga neShadow Banking

Emva kwezemali zemveli kukho inkqubo yezemali enkulu, engacacanga ebizwa ngokuba "ibhanki yethunzi". Olu thungelwano lwamaziko kunye nemisebenzi ngokuyinxenye ibaleka imimiselo yemveli. Impembelelo yayo ekhulayo ikhathaza abalawuli, ngakumbi kuba idlale indima ephambili ngexesha lentlekele ka-2008 🔻

Ibhanki yesithunzi, okanye "imali yesithunzi", idibanisa iimali zehedge eziqikelelwayo, iifemu zokurhweba ezixhaphakileyo kunye nezithuthi zotyalo-mali ezintsonkothileyo. Ukusebenza kwayo akwaziwa kancinci kuluntu jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, ijikeleza ukuhamba kwemali okukhulu kulo lonke iplanethi. Kweli nqaku, Fumana ukuba yintoni ibhanki yomthunzi ngokwenene. , ububanzi bayo, abadlali bayo abaphambili kunye nemingcipheko enokuthi ibangele uzinzo lwezezimali lwehlabathi Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba siqale, nazi Ungawuxhasa njani ngcono umhlala-phantsi wakho kwixesha elizayo?

📍 Yintoni i-shadow banking?

I-Shadow banking ibhekisa kwiseti yemisebenzi yezemali eyenzeka ngaphandle kwenkqubo yebhanki yesiqhelo. Ngokungafaniyo neebhanki zemveli, eziphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo, i-shadow banking ibandakanya amaqumrhu kunye neendlela ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zezemali ezifanayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokulawulwa okufanayo. Oku kuquka amaziko afana neengxowa-mali zotyalo-mali, iinkampani eziqeshisayo, kunye neengxowa-mali ezinokuthi ziboleke imali, zithenge izinto zexabiso, okanye zilawule utyalo-mali.

Enye yezona zinto zinomtsalane kwi-shadow banking kukukwazi ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali ngokulula nangokukhawuleza. umzekelo, Ngexesha leengxaki zemali, xa iibhanki zemveli ziqinisa imigangatho yazo yamatyala, abadlali bebhanki bethunzi banokuzalisa isithuba ngokunika imali mboleko kubaboleki abanokuthi bangabandakanyi kwimarike. Oku kungaluvuselela uqoqosho ngokwandisa ukufikelela kwityala, kodwa kukwathwele nemingcipheko ebalulekileyo.

Enyanisweni, ukungabikho kokungafihli kunye nokulawulwa kwicandelo lebhanki elinomthunzi kunokukhokelela kwizenzo ezinobungozi kunye nokuqokelela kwamatyala. Iingxaki zemali zexesha elidluleyo, njengaleyo yowama-2008, ziye zabonisa iingozi ezinxulumene nale misebenzi, nto leyo egxininisa imfuneko yokongamela okwandisiweyo. Abalawuli ke ngoko bafuna ukuqonda ngcono kunye nokulawula eli candelo ukunqanda ukuba libe ngumthombo wokuba sesichengeni kwinkqubo yezemali yehlabathi.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngelixa i-shadow banking inokudlala indima efanelekileyo ekuququzeleleni ukufikelela kwimali, ikwamele umceli mngeni wozinzo lwemali, efuna ulungelelwaniso oluthambileyo phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kunye nommiselo.

📍 Ixhaphake kangakanani ibhanki yethunzi?

I-Shadow banking imele inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ezemali zehlabathi. Ngokwe-FSB, ngo-2020 yayine-asethi emalunga ne-50 yeetriliyoni zeedola, phantse isiqingatha senkqubo yebhanki yemveli. EUnited States, ubunzima bayo bukhulu ngakumbi. I-Shadow banking apho ibamba ngaphezulu kwe-15 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwii-asethi. Ilawula kakhulu iibhanki zemveli.

EYurophu, i-UK likhaya lelona ziko lezemali likhulu, elinee-asethi ezingaphezulu kwe-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Okulandelayo kuza iSwitzerland, iLuxembourg kunye neIreland. Nangona kunzima ukuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo, impembelelo ekhulayo yebhanki yesithunzi ayifuni akukho mathandabuzo. Imingcipheko enokubakho iyabakhathaza abalawuli, ngakumbi njengoko intsebenziswano yayo nenkqubo yebhanki yesiqhelo isanda.

📍 Ngoobani abadlali abaphambili kugcino lwebhanki?

Abadlali abaphambili kwiibhanki zomthunzi babandakanya amaziko ahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ezisebenza ngaphandle kwenkqubo yebhanki yendabuko. Naba abadlali abaphambili:

1. Iimali zotyalo-mali : Ezi nkxaso-mali zinyusa inkunzi kubatyali-mali ukuze batyale kwii-asethi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iimali-mboleko kunye nezibambiso. Banokubonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu, kodwa bathwale nemingcipheko eyongeziweyo.
2. Iinkampani zokuthengisa ezinkulu : Batyala imali kwiinkampani zokuqala kunye neenkampani ezikhulayo, zibonelela ngenkxaso-mali engahambi kwiibhanki zemveli.
3. Iimali zeHedge : Ezi nkxaso-mali zisebenzisa iindlela zotyalo-mali ezohlukeneyo nezintsonkothileyo ukuvelisa imbuyekezo. Basenokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokubolekisa kunye nokuboleka.
4. IiNkampani zokuQesha : Babonelela ngenkxaso-mali yokufunyanwa kwempahla, njengezixhobo okanye izithuthi, ngaphandle kokungena kwinkqubo yebhanki yesiqhelo.
5. Iinkampani zezemali ezikhethekileyo : La maqumrhu anikezela ngeemali-mboleko kumacandelo athile, afana nenkxaso-mali yezindlu nomhlaba okanye inkxaso-mali yabathengi, ehlala inemigaqo engqongqo yokuboleka imali kuneebhanki.
6. Peer to peer (P2P) amaqonga okubolekisa ngemali : La maqonga adibanisa ababoleki kunye nababolekisi ngokuthe ngqo, ngokudlula iibhanki eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuququzelela ukufikelela kwikhredithi.
7. Abaqinisekisi : Badibanisa ii-asethi, ezinje nge-mortgages, kwaye baziguqule zibe zizibambiso ezinokuthengiseka, ezivumela ukuba ezi mveliso zithengiswe kwimarike.
8. Ii-inshorensi : Nangona zilawulwa, ezinye ii-inshurensi zithatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yebhanki ye-shadow ngokutyala imali kwii-asethi ezinobungozi okanye ngokunikezela ngeemveliso zemali.

Aba badlali, ngelixa benikezela ngeendlela ezinomdla kwinkxaso-mali yemveli, baphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga nokungafihli kunye nomngcipheko wenkqubo, okwenza ukuba ummiselo wabo ubaluleke kakhulu kuzinzo lwemali ngokubanzi.

📍 Yintoni imingcipheko yebhanki yethunzi?

Nangona yenza ukuba kwenzeke ukwahluka kwemithombo yenkxaso-mali, ibhanki yesithunzi ayikho ngaphandle kwengozi. Iingozi zayo eziphambili zezi:

• Un amandla agqithisileyo, njengamaqumrhu omthunzi akaxhomekeke kwiimfuno zenkunzi efanayo njengeebhanki.
• Un ukungabikho elubala, imisebenzi emininzi ebaleka iimbopheleleko zokupapashwa kolwazi.
• Ukunqunyanyiswa kwentlawulo kwityathanga xa kukho ingxaki ⛓, kungekho mboleki-mali wokugqibela unikezelwayo, ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yebhanki eqhelekileyo.
• Une ukusasazeka komngciphekos ukuya kwicandelo lebhanki elilawulwayo, ngenxa yokukhula kwamakhonkco phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini.
• des ukwanda kwamathuba ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni, ngenxa yokungabikho kokubekwa esweni kweesekethe ezithile zezemali ezifihlakeleyo.
• des imingcipheko enkulu yenkqubo xa kwenzeka ukuwa ngokukhawuleza kwale nkqubo ye-opaque, njengoko kuboniswe yintlekele ye-2008.

I-Shadow banking inika imingcipheko emininzi enokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kuzinzo lwemali. Enye yeengozi eziphambili ukungabikho elubala. Imisebenzi yala maqumrhu ayisoloko iphantsi kweemfuneko zokubhengezwa njengaleyo yeebhanki eziqhelekileyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima kubalawuli kunye nabatyali-mali ukuba bahlole impilo yezemali yaba badlali, ukwandisa umngcipheko wokuwa xa kukho ingxaki.

Omnye umngcipheko omkhulu ubugqwetha. Amaziko ebhanki angamathunzi asenokuchanabeka kwii-asethi ezingenakuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza zibe yimali. Ngamaxesha oxinzelelo lwezemali, xa imfuno yemali yokuhlawula amatyala inyuka, la maqumrhu asenokuzifumana ekwimeko apho angakwaziyo ukuhlonipha izibophelelo zawo, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekungaphumeleliyo kokusilela kunye nokutshona kwemali ngamatyathanga.

La sulela ikwayinkxalabo ebalulekileyo. Amakhonkco phakathi kwabadlali bebhanki bomthunzi kunye nenkqubo yebhanki yemveli inokudala iziphumo ze-domino. umzekelo, ukuba ingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali ihlangabezana nobunzima bezemali, oku kunokuchaphazela iibhanki ezityale imali kule ngxowa-mali okanye ezinobudlelwane borhwebo kunye nayo. Le nto inokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwamanye amaziko emali, ikhulise ukuxhatshazwa kuyo yonke inkqubo.

Ukongeza, i-shadow banking inokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni ukuthatha imingcipheko egqithisileyo. Ngenxa yolawulo olungqongqo, abanye abadlali banokusebenzisa iindlela zokuboleka imali ezinobundlobongela, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwamatyala anobungozi. Oku kuguquguqukayo kunokudala iqamza lezemali, elinokuthi ligqabhuke libangele ubunzima bezoqoqosho.

Okokugqibela, ukungabikho kolongamelo ngokwaneleyo kuthetha ukuba iindlela zokulawula umngcipheko zinokungonelanga. Abadlali bebhanki be-Shadow bangenazo izixhobo zokuqikelela okanye ukulawula iingxaki, ukwandisa amathuba okuba neziganeko ezingalindelekanga kunye nemiphumo emibi. Ngaloo ndlela, ngelixa i-shadow banking inokubonelela ngamathuba enkxaso-mali, ukuqaphela nokulawula le mingcipheko kubalulekile ukukhusela ukuzinza kwezemali ngokubanzi.

📍 Luluphi uphuhliso lwamva nje lolawulo?

Ukulandela ingxaki yezemali, abalawuli baye bafuna ukulawula ngcono i-shadow banking, kunye neziphumo ezilinganiselweyo. I-FSB iphuhlise izindululo ngo-2011 zokubeka iliso kwisixokelelwano sogcino-mali kunye nokunciphisa ukugqithisa kwayo. Ezinye ziye zaphunyezwa, ezifana nesibophelelo sokunika ingxelo ngentengiselwano.

Inqaku eliza kufundwa: Neobanks kunye nokucuthwa kwemirhumo yebhanki

Kodwa iindawo ezininzi ezingaboniyo ezilawulayo zihlala. Ulungelelwaniso oluyimfuneko lwamazwe ngamazwe luza ngokuchasene ne umdla wamazwe ahlukeneyo. Isekho indlela ende ekufuneka ihanjwe kulawulo olusebenzayo lwebhanki yethunzi!

📍 Yayiyintoni indima ye-shadow banking kwintlekele ka-2008?

Inkqubo yebhanki yesithunzi idlale indima ephambili ekuqaliseni nasekusasazeni ingxaki yezemali ka-2007-2008. Amaqumrhu amaninzi anethunzi afana nezakhiwo ze-ad hoc (ii-SIVs, iiconduits, njl.njl.) aye adityaniswa ne-US subprime mortgage market eyabangela ingxaki. Bathenga i amatyala amabi ngeebhanki.

Xa ifayile ye- kwimarike subprime zawa, ezi zithuthi azizange zikwazi ukuhlawulela izikhundla zazo zaza zatshona. Usulelo emva koko lwanwenwela kwicandelo leebhanki eziqhelekileyo. 💥💥 Iimali zeHedge nazo zinayo Yandisa ingxaki ngentelekelelo yeCDS. Iingxowa-mali zemarike yezemali zifumene ukunqunyanyiswa okukhulu kokuhlawulelwa, kufuna ungenelelo loluntu. La mava abonisa indlela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwebhanki ye-shadow phazamisa yonke inkqubo ezemali kunye noqoqosho lokwenyani.

📍 Lithini ikamva lebhanki yesithunzi?

Ikamva lebhanki ye-shadow sisihloko sengxoxo phakathi kwezoqoqosho kunye nabalawuli, kunye neendlela ezininzi ezivelayo ezinokubumba uphuhliso lwayo. Okokuqala, iteknoloji entsha idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokunyuka kwe-fintechs kunye neeplatifti zedijithali, ibhanki ye-shadow ingaqhubeka ikhula, inikezela ngezisombululo ezifikelelekayo kunye nezikhawulezayo zenkxaso-mali. Ezi teknoloji zinceda ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweentengiselwano, ngaloo ndlela kutsala abatyali-mali abatsha kunye nababoleki.

Nangona kunjalo, oku kukhula kuza kunye neenkxalabo ezikhulayo zolawulo. Abalawuli kumazwe amaninzi baye baqaphela ingozi ehambelana ne-shadow banking kwaye bafuna ukubeka izikhokelo zokulawula ezomeleleyo. Oku kunokubandakanya iimfuno zokwenziwa kwezinto elubala okwandisiweyo kunye nemithetho eyinkunzi kubadlali abathile, enokuthi itshintshe uhlobo lwale misebenzi. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lunokunceda ukuzinzisa icandelo lo gama ligcina izibonelelo zalo zokuqalisa izinto ezintsha.

Ngaphaya koko, uguqulo lwemalike lunokuba nefuthe kwikamva logcino-mali lwesithunzi. Ngamaxesha emfuno ephezulu yetyala, abadlali bebhanki bomthunzi banokuphumelela, ngakumbi ukuba iibhanki zemveli zisebenzisa iindlela zolondolozo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokudodobala koqoqosho, la maziko anokujongana nemingeni emandla, kubandakanywa ukonyuka kokusilela kunye noxinzelelo kumalinge okuhlawula amatyala.

Intsebenziswano phakathi kwecandelo leebhanki zesiqhelo kunye nabadlali beebhanki abasisithunzi nayo inokuba namandla. Iibhanki zisenokufuna ukusebenzisana namaqumrhu ebhanki anethunzi ukohlula imithombo yawo yengeniso kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi. Le synergy inokudala inkqubo yezemali ehlangeneyo, kodwa ikwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nolawulo lomngcipheko kunye noxanduva.

Okokugqibela, imbono ye-shadow banking luluntu kunye nabatyali-mali nayo iya kuguquka. Ngolwazi olwandisiweyo malunga nemingcipheko enxulumeneyo, abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike banokulumka ngakumbi kutyalo-mali lwabo kwi-shadow banking. Oku kunokukhokelela kwimfuno yezenzo ezithembekileyo nezizinzileyo, ukukhuthaza abachaphazelekayo ukuba bamkele imigangatho ephezulu.

isiphelo

Ubungakanani bebhanki yethunzi bubonisa i imfuneko yolawulo olungcono imisebenzi yemali enobungozi kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Iziphene kwinkqubo kufuneka zilungiswe ukunqanda iintlekele ezintsha ezifana nezango-2008. ayilungele ukunyamalala, kodwa kufuneka idityaniswe ngcono kuthungelwano lolawulo jikelele. Kufuneka kuqiniswe ukwenziwa kwezinto elubala nokubekwa esweni kwayo. Abalawuli basenomsebenzi wabo omiselwe bona!

Inqaku eliza kufundwa: Vula i-akhawunti yebhanki ye-intanethi ye-100%.

Ihlabathi lezemali ihlala iguquka. Umdlalo wekati kunye nempuku phakathi kwabadlali abanomthunzi kunye nabasemagunyeni bamiselwe ukuqhubeka, phakathi kweendawo ezingwevu kunye neenzame zokulawula. Inye into eqinisekileyo: i-shadow banking inekamva eliqaqambileyo phambi kwayo kwiminyaka ezayo! Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uhambe, nantsi Ulenza njani iSibonelelo soShishino esingenakuthintelwa