Yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga nenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum

Iprojekthi ye-Ethereum yinxalenye yomzamo wokwenza intando yesininzi kwi-Intanethi ngokudala a ikhompyuter yehlabathi. Injongo yayo kukutshintsha imodeli yakudala yeeseva okanye idatha yokubamba idatha ngendlela entsha: iindawo zokuhlala ezibonelelwa ngamavolontiya. Abadali bayo bafuna ukwazisa esinye isakhiwo sedatha kunye izicelo ezinatyisiweyo ezingaxhomekeke kwiinkampani ezinkulu zeteknoloji.

Igama lomdali we-Ethereum ngu-Vitalik Buterin kwaye ungumRashiya-eCanada ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Kamva, abanye abantu bajoyina lo mfana ukucokisa iPhepha eliMhlophe lokuqala: umphuhlisi waseBritani uGavin Wood, uJeffrey Wilcke, umakhi ophambili weGo client, kunye noCharles Hoskinson. Lo mva ngumathematika waseMelika owaseka iprojekthi yemfundo kwi-blockchain. Ukwangumsunguli we-Cardano blockchain.

🥀 Yintoni i-Ethereum?

Ethereum liqonga elenziwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo esekwe kwinkqubo yebhloko okanye ibhloko. Liqonga lomthombo ovulekileyo lokusebenza kunye nokwenza ishishini kwi-Intanethi, elinendawo ebanzi yophuhliso. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lwesixhobo lusathatha amanyathelo okuqala phakathi kwabatyalo-mali abaphazamisayo.

Ngendlela efanayo ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwayo akukagqibi, kuba kusafuna ulwazi oluninzi kwicala labaphulaphuli abajoliswe kuyo, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ayo, ngokwemivuzo, asekhulu kakhulu. I-Ether, i-cryptocurrency enika amandla i-Ethereum, isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula ukuthengiselana okwenzeka kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum. Yena eyona njongo iphambili kukuvuza abasebenzi basezimayini abaqhuba utshintshiselwano lwedatha kwinethiwekhi ye-homonymous, nangona kunokwenzeka ukurhweba ngeli xabiso.

Uninzi lwabantu abangabandakanyekanga ngokusebenzayo kule nethiwekhi bayabhenela kwi-Ether njenge-Ethereum. Lo mlingani wedijithali wakhutshwa njengenxalenye yephulo lokuxhaswa kwabantu abaninzi elasungula eli nyathelo, kodwa izigidi zeengqekembe ezintsha zenziwa ngonyaka ngamnye. Ukuthenga le-cryptocurrency kufuna ukusetyenziswa kotshintshiselwano olukhethekileyo lwe-cryptocurrency, olunokuba yinto enzima kwaye idla ixesha elinokuthi libeke esichengeni amandla akho okusabela kutshintsho lwexeshana elifutshane.

Ukurhweba i-Ethereum nge-CFDs ikuvumela ukuba usabele ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu kunye nenzuzo ekuguquguqukayo kwindawo. Ngapha koko, awudingi ukuba ngumnikazi wale cryptocurrency ukuze ukwazi ukurhweba ngexabiso layo.

🥀 Isebenza njani iEthereum?

Le blockchain isebenza (okwangoku) kunye nethandwayo Ubungqina Bomsebenzi (PoW). I-algorithm yayo yezemigodi ibizwa ngokuba "ethash", ngaphandle kwe Bitcoin's SHA-256. Apha, i-block validators (oko kukuthi abavukuzi base-Ethereum) nabo bakhuphisana ukusombulula ingxaki yeemathematika, kunye nomntu ophumeleleyo ufumana umvuzo malunga ne-3,5 ETH.

Ngokumalunga nokumbiwa kwabo, sinokuthi abavukuzi babo kunye nabaphuhlisi abathandi oomatshini be-ASIC kuba, ngokutsho kwabo, banokubangela i-centralization ethile. Ngoko ke, i-algorithm ethash yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukugxotha ezi ntlobo zoomatshini; okanye kunoko, ubenze bangabi namsebenzi ngandlel’ ithile emigodini yakho. Enyanisweni, ngokungafaniyo ne-Bitcoin, i-ETH eninzi yachithwa ngamakhadi evidiyo (GPUs).

Ngoku, kwixesha elizayo, u-Ethereum ulindeleke ukuba ashiye ubungqina boMsebenzi (i-PoW) kwaye amkele ngokupheleleyo ubungqina be-Stake (PoS). Ngale nkqubo, akusayi kuphinda kubekho abasebenzi basezimayini, kodwa abathunywa okanye abaqinisekisi bentengiselwano "uya kuthenga"ilungelo labo ngesixa esithile se-ETH kwisipaji sabo.

Ngaloo ndlela, abo baneengqekembe ezininzi baya kuba nethuba eliphezulu lokukhethwa yinkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana ngaphandle kwenkcitho eyongezelelweyo yamandla okanye i-hardware. Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba i-ETH nganye yahlulwa ukuya kuthi ga kwiindawo ezili-18 (0,000000000000000001 ETH). Kanye njengokuba kukho isenti kwiimali ze-fiat, wabiza awona maqhezu amancinci. Apha kufuneka sikhankanye ukuba i-Gwei yeyona yunithi ixhaphakileyo yokubonisa amanani amancinci, njengaye i-satoshi kwi-bitcoin. Ke endaweni yokuchaza ukuba iindleko zakho zerhasi yi-0,000000001 ether, unokuthi ixabisa 1 qwayi.

🥀 Ngaba ndingabhatala nge-ether kwenye indawo?

Ngaba unayo i-ETH kwaye ufuna ukwazi ukuba wenze ntoni ngayo? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuthenga into okanye ukuhlawula inkonzo ngale cryptocurrency? Ewe, nangona kubonakala kungakholeleki kwabaninzi, ngaphezulu kwe-1 yeenkampani ezahlukeneyo yamkela i-ETH njengendlela yokuhlawula kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokwedatha enikezwe nguCryptwerk. Oku kubandakanya iivenkile ezinkulu, amashishini okhenketho, icandelo lomdlalo wevidiyo, iinkonzo ze-intanethi kunye neenkonzo ezinxulumene ne-cryptocurrency, phakathi kwezinye.

Xa uphonononga iinkcukacha-manani zesiza, ukonyuka kancinci kodwa okubalulekileyo kulwamkelo lwe-cryptocurrency ngabarhwebi ijongwe ukusuka kowama-2018 ukuya kowama-2020. Kwaye asinakusilela ukukhankanya ukuba iUnited States ithatha indawo yokuqala phakathi kwamazwe anelona nani likhulu leenkampani.

🥀 Yintoni i-Ethereum "umatshini obonakalayo" (EVM)?

Sinokuthi i-EVM (i-Ethereum Virtual Machine) yinto efana ne-Ethereum CPU. Kwaye yiloo nto kanye evakala ngathi: umatshini wedijithali othi, ngokwethiyori, okwaziyo ukusombulula phantse nayiphi na ingxaki yezibalo kwaye, ke ngoko, uphumeza phantse nawuphi na umyalelo okanye inkqubo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo.Ukujija kugqityiwe", kwaye ibhekisela kumthamo weekhompyutha esiwaziyo sonke. Kwaye kungenxa yoko u-Ethereum uyaziwa nangokuthi "ikhompyutha jikelele".

Zonke iintlobo zeenkqubo zekhompyuter zakhiwe kwi-EVM kwiSolidity kunye neelwimi zeVyper. Zizi nkqubo esizaziyo ngokuthi "izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile", ngoko, njengoko unokucinga, i-EVM yintliziyo ye-Ethereum, apho umlingo uzalwa khona. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuyivula, njengoko sele sichazile, kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngegesi. Ukongeza, i-EVM inolwimi lwayo: 'bytecode EVM'. Nje ukuba iikhontrakthi zibhalwe kwiSolidity, Vyper okanye enye, "ziguqulelwe" zibe Ikhowudi ukuze i-EVM ifunde kwaye izenze ngokuchanekileyo.

🥀 Yintoni "igesi" kwaye isetyenziselwa ntoni?

Ukuba usebenzise i-Bitcoin ubuncinane kanye, uya kwazi ukuba intengiselwano nganye inexabiso elincinci elongezelelweyo. Yikhomishini ejoliswe kubavukuzi abagcina inethiwekhi. Ewe, ukulingana ngaphakathi kwe-Ethereum yinto ebizwa ngokuba "gesi". Nantsi indawo yemigodi ye-cryptocurrency kwi-teknoloji yeBlockchain.

Khumbula xa bephawula ngasentla ukuba uhlawula imali encinci kwi-ETH ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi? Ewe, loo xabiso yigesi. Asikuko ukuba yenye imali, ingaphezulu komlinganiselo wento omele uyihlawule ngento oyenzayo. Nangona a Inkqubo yeDapp okanye uphawu lwesiko lubonakala luzimeleyo kwi-Ethereum ekuqaleni, inyaniso kukuba kufuneka ube nayo "gesi"Ngohlobo lwe-ETH ukukwazi ukuzisebenzisa, kuba yonke intengiselwano kunye nabo iya kubandakanya le ndleko encinci kwii-ethers.

Ngaphambi kokuba udlulele kwiindleko zegesi ezinokwenzeka, kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba kukho "iintlobo" zabasebenzisi ezimbini: umda wegesi kunye nexabiso legesi. Umda ubhekisa kwinani leeyunithi "zerhasi" ozimisele ukuyichitha kuloo ntengiselwano kwaye ayihlukanga ngokubanzi. Ngelixa ixabiso liyimali ye-ETH ehlawulwa kwiyunithi nganye "gesi". Ngoko ixabiso lilonke libalwa ngokuphinda-phinda umda ngexabiso.

🥀 Ukwembiwa kweetere

Le imigodi ngumba osisiseko wendlela i-Ethereum esebenza ngayo, njengoko yenzayo kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin. Ngaphandle kwemigodi, ukuthengiselana akunakuze kwenzeke kwaye inethiwekhi iya kuba sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa. THE Imigodi ye-Ethereum ibandakanya ukudalwa kweebhloko zentengiselwano, ukugcinwa kwenethiwekhi, kunye nokujikeleza kwe-ether entsha. Abavukuzi banikezela ngamandla ekhompyuter yeekhompyuter zabo ukuze baqinisekise iibhloko kwaye bavuzwe kwi-ether esanda kwenziwa ngebhloko nganye.

Ngokungafaniyo neBitcoin, imigodi ye-Ethereum ayisekelwanga kumandla we-hashing kodwa kwimemori. Indlela esetyenziswayo ibizwa ngokuba yiProgPoW (Programmatic Proof-of-Work). Ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa okunzulu kofikelelo kwimemori kwii-GPU ezixhobisa iikhompyuter zabasebenzi basezimayini.

Abasebenzi basezimayini kufuneka basombulule iingxaki zezibalo ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna i-RAM eninzi. Umgcini-mgodini wokuqala ukufumana isisombululo kwibhloko nganye entsha uvuzwa nge-ether e-2 esanda kwenziwa, kunye nentlawulo yetengiselwano yebhloko. Ibhloko entsha ifunyanwa malunga nemizuzwana eli-13. Qaphela ukuba umsebenzi wasezimayini usebenzisa izixa ezibalulekileyo zombane. Oku kusetyenziswa kuqikelelwa ukuba kuthelekiswe nelizwe elincinci. Kungenxa yoko le nto u-Ethereum efuna ukufudukela kubungqina be-stake kunye ne-Eth2, indlela encinci kakhulu yamandla.

Ukumbiwa kwemigodi kuya kuhlala kuyimfuneko iminyaka embalwa ngakumbi ngexesha lokutshintshela kwi-Eth2. Abavukuzi baze badale i-consortium (iBhunga leMigodi yase-Ethereum) ukuxhasa olu tshintsho olukhulu lwezobuchwepheshe lwe-Ethereum.

🥀 iifolokhwe ze-Ethereum

Ifolokhwe yintlukwano yobugcisa ebangela ukwahlukana phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwi-blockchain. Kwi-Ethereum, iifolokhwe ezininzi sele zenzeke.

Eyona folokhwe ye-iconic yi-DAO ifoloki elandela i-ether ye-50 yezigidi ze-ether exploit kwi-2016. Ukubuyisela imali, u-Vitalik Buterin wagqiba ekubeni enze i-fork enzima ngokuguqula ukuthengiselana. Oku kwakhokelela kwiindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: Ethereum (ETH) ikhonkco eliphambili kunye Ethereum Classic (ETC) umjelo ochasayo. Kwakukho nefolokhwe yaseByzantium kwi-2017 eyazisa utshintsho ukulungiselela ukulinganisa kwe-Ethereum. Emva koko ifolokhwe yaseConstantinople ngo-2019 eyatshintsha uqoqosho lwemigodi kunye neefizi kwinethiwekhi.

Ngo-2020, ifolokhwe ye-Istanbul yenza ukuba kube lula ukudibanisa ukusebenzisana phakathi Ethereum kunye neZcash. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ekuqaleni kuka-2022, ifolokhwe ye-Arrow Glacier yabuyisela umva umhla we-The Merge kunye nokufudukela kubungqina bokubambisa ukuzinzisa inethiwekhi. Qaphela ukuba nge-Eth2, ukufudukela kubungqina be-stake kuya kuphelisa iifolokhwe eziqhelekileyo eziye zafumana inethiwekhi ye-Ethereum ukususela ekudalweni kwayo, kunye ne-blockchain ibe yomelele ngakumbi.

🥀 Ethereum kunye neDeFi

Enye yezona zinto zisetyenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwe-Ethereum kuphuhliso oluqhumayo lwe Ulawulo lwezezimali (DeFi) ukususela ngo-2020. I-Cryptocurrencies kunye ne-blockchain yenza ukuba kube lula ukwakha isiseko semali esivulekileyo, ngaphandle kwabameli kunye nokufikeleleka kubo bonke. Izicelo zezemali ezinikezelweyo zakhiwe kwi-Ethereum kusetyenziswa iikontraki ezihlakaniphile. Ezi nkqubo zekhompyuter zizenzekela zilawula urhwebo, iimali-mboleko okanye inzala ngokungafihlisiyo nangokukhuselekileyo.

Uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo zeDeFi ziye zavela ngolu hlobo ezizinzileyo, amaqonga okuboleka kunye nokuboleka (Aave, Compound), ii-inshurensi ezinikezelweyo (i-Nexus Mutual, i-Etherisc) okanye utshintshiselwano olusemthethweni oluvumela ukutshintshiselana kwamathokheni kunye ne-cryptocurrensets ngaphandle komlamli (Uniswap, Curve). Ixabiso elipheleleyo elivaliweyo kwizicelo ze-DeFi liye laqhuma kwiminyaka eyi-2 ukudlula i-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Esi sisiqalo nje kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba i-10% yeenkonzo zezemali zemveli zinokugqithiswa ngo-2025 ngenxa ye-Ethereum.

🥀 izicelo ezinatyisiweyo

Enye yezinto ezintsha ezintsha ze-Ethereum yithuba lokudala izicelo ezibekwe phantsi (i-DApps) usebenzisa iteknoloji yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Le migca ezenzekelayo yekhowudi yenza kube lula ukwakha zonke iintlobo zezicelo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-blockchain.

Sele kukho ngaphezulu 3000 DApps esebenzayo kwi-Ethereum kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwezicelo zeflegi, sinokucaphula amaqonga emali anikezelweyo afana ne-Uniswap okanye iCompound. Kodwa kunye nemidlalo ye-blockchain efana ne-CryptoKitties okanye i-Axie Infinity. Okanye iindawo zentengiso ezinatyisiweyo ezifana ne-OpenSea. Ezi zicelo azinandawo enye yokujonga okanye ukusilela. Idatha kunye nekhowudi ye-DApps isasazwa kwii-nodes zenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum. Akukho mncedisi we-centralized kwaye ayakwazi ukunyamezela ukucinywa okanye ukuvalwa.

Ii-DApps zenziwe ngeekontraki ezihlakaniphile ezichaza imigaqo yenkqubo. Baziphumeza ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwemigaqo yekhontrakthi xa iimeko ezithile zihlangatyezwana nazo. Bangakwazi ukulawula ii-cryptocurrencies, iimpawu ezingenakufungiswa (NFTs) kunye nokunye okuninzi ukwakha iinkonzo ezivelisa izinto ezintsha.

Ekugqibeleni, sinokucinga ukuba izicelo ezinatyisiweyo ziya kuthatha indawo yeenkonzo ezininzi zangoku zedijithali, zibonelela ngokucace ngakumbi, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokomelela ngelixa zisekwe kukwabelana ngexabiso. Enkosi ku-Ethereum, ii-DApps zisanda kuqala inguqu yazo kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ziguqule ngokunzulu uqoqosho lwedijithali ngexesha leshumi leminyaka le-2020.

🥀 I-Ethereum kunye nendawo yokulawula

Sele sisazi ukuba ii-cryptocurrencies ayisiyonto ithandwayo koorhulumente kunye neebhanki ezingoovimba kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yeengcamango zabo ezingundoqo: ukuzimela nokwabela amagunya. Kwamanye amazwe ehlabathini lonke, ziye zavalwa ngokupheleleyo. Kwezinye, baye baba luncedo ekuhlangabezaneni neengxaki zemali. Kwaye umfana uyenzile! Ukanti abanye, kanye phakathi kwezikali, baye bagqiba kwelokuba balawule imisebenzi ethile.

Kwi-2018, iqonga lalilawulwa ngabalawuli base-US njenge iKhomishini yoKhuseleko kunye noTshintshiselwano (SEC) et la IKomishini yoTshintshiselwano lweLikamva leMveliso (CFEC); ngenxa presale umqondiso walo 2014. Nangona ibali lalidala ngelo xesha, babenexhala lokuba i-presale eyaphakamisa i-31 BTC (elingana ne-000 yezigidi zeedola ngelo xesha) ayiwi phantsi kokuhlelwa kweentengiso ze-securities. i Securities Act of 18,3. Ukuba kunjalo, abaphuhlisi kufuneka babhalise i-cryptocurrency njengokhuseleko phambi kokuthengisa.

Nangona kunjalo, uLubin uthe lonke ixesha abalichitha ngokubonisana namagqwetha e-United States nakwamanye amazwe ngaphambi kokuba ukuthengiswa kophawu kwakungelolize. I-Ethers ifunyenwe ukuba ingabalwa njengexabiso lemali ngokwe-Honey test. Ke le ngxelo evela kwabasemagunyeni ayisebenzi, kwaye okwangoku izinto zihlala zinje ngobusuku bokungeniswa kwePoS.

🥀 Ethereum: enye inkqubo ngaphandle cryptocurrencies

Nangona i-ether iyi-cryptocurrency yeqonga elisikhathazayo kulo mbhalo, akusiyo ingundoqo kule nkqubo yokusebenza. Isiseko sokusebenza kwayo yinto ebizwa ngokobuchwephesha isivumelwano esihlakaniphile, ebandakanya ulwakhiwo lwenkxaso yothungelwano olusebenzayo nolulula. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo ziyazenzekela, ngokuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokupheliswa kwendima yabalamli. Ngenxa yoko, le nethiwekhi ivela njengenye indlela enika amandla kubadlali abancinci ngokuchasene neenkampani ezinkulu ezityala imali kwizinga lamazwe ngamazwe.

Unokurekhoda izivumelwano smart ngokulandelanayo ngokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye notyalo-mali olufanelekileyo. Oku kusasazwa kwamagunya, ngaphezu koko, kuthintela ukuphazamiseka okucaphukisayo okuvela kwiibhanki kunye nezinye ii-arhente zekhomishini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, usebenza kunye neekhontrakthi eziphumayo ezidityaniswe kwisixa sakho se-ether, kodwa ezi aziyi kuba yipropathi yakho.

🥀 Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Ethereum kunye neBitcoin

Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ukususela ekuzalweni kwama-ethers kwi-2015, ubudlelwane kunye nokuthelekiswa kunye ne-bitcoins kuye kwaphawula umzila wayo. Ngokunjalo, kube nefuthe kuphuhliso lwezinye iiplatifomu zebhloko okanye i-cryptocurrency. Kufuneka ugcine engqondweni ukuba i-bitcoins yayiyi-cryptocurrencies yokuqala eyavela. Ubuvulindlela bayo buvule indlela kwezinye izindululo ezingaphazamisi kangako. Iqonga likaButerin lalandela ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lafuna ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Kodwa ngaphandle kokugxininisa isiseko senkqubo kwi-cryptocurrencies. Kuqhelekile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba abatyali-mali bajonge isibini esenza phakathi kwe-bitcoins kunye neqonga le-ethers. Ngokuqhelekileyo, sigxininisa ukuhambelana kokuqaliswa kwee-bitcoins kwinethiwekhi yokusebenza yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Ngaloo ndlela, ukunyuka kwexabiso le nkqubo kwabonwa ukuba kuqhutywe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-influx ye-bitcoins.

Oku kuye kwafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba inethiwekhi esiyihlalutya igqithise i-bitcoins kwi-2020 kwiirekhodi ezifana nezo zihambelana nabaphuhlisi kunye nokuthengiselana ngomzuzwana. Ngokubanzi, ii-bitcoins ezinophawu ziba yi-cryptocurrencies eqhelekileyo kwiqonga le-ethers. Ubudlelwane obulungileyo kulabo abathanda ukusebenza kwi-blockchain, kodwa apho, kancinci kancinci, inkqubo ezalwe ngo-2015 ikhula ngokulimaza i-bitcoins.