Ziziphi ii-DApps okanye i-Decentralized Applications?

I-DApp (“iSicelo esiSetyenzisiweyo”) sisicelo sesoftware esisebenza ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo kuqinisekiswa liqela labadlali abahlukeneyo. Ukuze isebenze, ixhomekeke kwinto enye okanye ngaphezulu iikontraka ezihlakaniphile, oko kukuthi iiprothokholi zekhompyuter eziqinisekisa iikhontrakthi eziphunyezwa kwi-blockchain enye okanye ngaphezulu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, isicelo esinikezelweyo siza kunye nojongano lomsebenzisi olucacileyo, imodeli yokugcina idatha esasaziweyo, iprotocol yonxibelelwano lomyalezo. oontanga ukujonga, kunye nenkqubo yokusombulula amagama aphantsi kolawulo. Ngokwemali, iBitcoin inokuthathwa njengesicelo esinabileyo. Ukuchaswa nemibutho yekhredithi, uMenzi okanye uMdibaniselwano unokubonwa njengezicelo zokuboleka imali ezinatyisiweyo. Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngezi apps zintsha, funda kude kube sekupheleni. Makhe siye

Yintoni isicelo esinatyisiweyo?

Les izicelo ezinatyisiweyo (DApps) imele isizukulwana esitsha sezicelo ezisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwizicelo zemveli. Ngokungafaniyo nezicelo zemveli ezisebenza kumaseva aphakathi, ii-DApps zisebenza kuthungelwano olunikezelweyo, ngokuyintloko iibhloko zebhloko ezifana ne-Ethereum.

Intliziyo ye-DApp isekelwe kwiikontraka ezihlakaniphile, iinkqubo ezizimeleyo ezisebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-blockchain ngokwemiqathango echazwe kwangaphambili. Ezi zivumelwano ezihlakaniphile zenza i-backend yesicelo, ngelixa ujongano lomsebenzisi lunokuphuhliswa kunye nobuchwepheshe bewebhu bendabuko. Olu lwakhiwo luqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sisebenza ngokuchanekileyo njengoko bekucetywayo, ngaphandle kokwenzeka kokuguqulwa okanye ukuphazamiseka ngugunyaziwe ophakathi.

La elubala luphawu olusisiseko lwee-DApps, kuba ikhowudi yemvelaphi yazo ingumthombo ovulekileyo jikelele kwaye iqinisekiswa nguye nabani na. Yonke intsebenziswano kunye ne-DApp irekhodwa kwi-blockchain, idala imbali engenakuguquguquka kunye neselubala sokuthengiselana. Oku kungafihlwa kwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwabasebenzisi, abanokuqinisekisa ngokuthe ngqo indlela isicelo esisebenza ngayo kunye nendlela idatha yabo iqhutywe ngayo.

Ii-DApps zifumana izicelo kwiindawo ezininzi. Kwimali ebekwe phantsi kolawulo (DeFi), bavumela utshintshiselwano lwe-cryptocurrencies, mboleko kunye nokuboleka ngaphandle kwabameli. Emdlalweni, benza amava awodwa apho abadlali bangabanini bokwenene impahla yabo yedijithali. Kwishishini, banokulawula amakhonkco okubonelela ngokungafihlisiyo nangokufanelekileyo.

Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zabo, ii-DApps zijongene nemingeni ethile. I-scalability ihlala ingumba omkhulu, njengoko iinethiwekhi ze-blockchain zinokuxinana. Iindleko zentengiselwano, ezibizwa ngokuba "umrhumo wegesi" kwi-Ethereum, ngamanye amaxesha ingaba phezulu. Amava omsebenzisi anokuthi abe ngaphantsi kwamanzi kunezicelo zendabuko, kuba intsebenziswano nganye ifuna ukuqinisekiswa kwi-blockchain.

Imbali yezicelo ezinatyisiweyo

Ii-DApps aziyonto intsha ukusukela kunyaka ophelileyo, inyaniso kukuba bebekunye nathi iminyaka engaphezu kwe-20. Izicelo zokuqala zenethiwekhi yeP2P zaziwa ngokuba yiNapster, eMule okanye iBitTorrent. Oku kungenxa yokuba ulwazi olu fikelelo lwezicelo zokukhuphela lufumaneka kuthungelwano lweendawo (iikhompyutha) eziyinxalenye yothungelwano lwabo.

Ukuba uqhagamshela ikhompyuter yakho kwinethiwekhi yeBitTorrent, uya kukwazi ukufikelela kwaye ukhuphele umxholo okwiikhompyuter zabanye abasebenzisi kwaye wenze umxholo wakho ufumaneke ukuze ube nokukhutshelwa ngabantu besithathu. Ingqikelelo yesicelo sokunatyiswa kwamagunya iye yaqhubela phambili ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye ngo-2009 yathatha umtsi ngaphandle kokujonga ngasemva. I-Bitcoin yazalwa, i-DApp yokuqala yehlabathi ukusebenzisa iBlockchain. Kakade ngo-2014, u-Ethereum kunye nezinye iiprojekthi zazalwa I-Blockchain 2.0 kunye ne-3.0 ilandelwe.

Kakade kwi-2014, wabona i-DApp yesibini usebenzisa i-blockchain, Ethereum. Ukusebenzisa ulwimi lweSolidity ukwakha iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile kuye kwanceda ukunyusa obu buchwepheshe. Imfihlelo yempumelelo ilele kwizicelo ezinatyisiweyo ezilawulwa ngabasebenzisi hayi iinkampani, umz. ifana neFortnite elawulwa yinkampani kodwa iDecentraland i I-DApp inatyisiweyo kwaye ivuleleke elawulwa kwaye iphuhliswe ngabasebenzisi.

Izinto ezilungileyo ze-DApps kwisicelo esisembindini

1# Ukhuseleko

Inzuzo ephambili kukuba ukhuseleko lwesicelo. Inyani yokuba esi sicelo sisebenza kuthungelwano olwenziwe ngamawaka eenodi lunika ukhuseleko lokuba nokuba enye okanye iindawo ezininzi kwinethiwekhi esebenza kuyo ziyehla, zinokuqhubeka nokusebenza.

Oku akwenzeki kwimeko yesicelo esiphakathi esisebenza kwiseva ephakathi, kuba ukuba ihlaselwe, iya kuchaphazela ukuqhubeka kwenkonzo kwaye isicelo siyakuyeka ukusebenza. Ngaba ukhe waziva ngathi uWhatsapp wakho wayeka ukusebenza iiyure ezimbalwa? Ewe, kwenzeka ngenxa iseva esembindini ayiphumelelanga.

2# Basasazwe kumagunya

Nangona sele sihlomle ngayo amatyeli amaninzi, ukunatyiswa korhulumente luncedo olukhulu kwii-DApps. Ngokukodwa kwizicelo ekufuneka zibe nenqanaba eliphezulu lokunyamezela iimpazamo.

Ukongeza, oku kuyinzuzo yokukhuphisana eyandisa ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuba inethiwekhi enkulu apho i-DApp ithe ixhaswa khona, iikhomputha ezininzi (okanye ii-nodes) ziya kubakho kwinkqubo kwaye iya kuba nzima ukuba iphazamise okanye ukuwa.

3# Zisekwe kwisoftware yasimahla

Okokugqibela, enye yeentsika ezinkulu okanye iingenelo ze-DApps kukuba ukwakhiwa kwazo kwaphuhliswa malunga nesoftware yasimahla. Oku kuvumela uluntu olukhulu lwabaphuhlisi ukuba lubekho emva kwalo ukubonelela ngenkonzo kunye nenkxaso kwinethiwekhi, ngaphezu kokuvumela umgangatho ophezulu wokungafihli kunye nokukhuseleka ukuba kuphunyezwe.

Isicelo esinatyisiweyo VS c isiceloibekwe embindini

Uyilo kunye nolawulo

Usetyenziso lwemveli lwamkela ulwakhiwo olusembindini apho iiseva, ugcino-lwazi kunye nengqiqo yesicelo zibanjwa kumaziko athile edatha. Inkampani okanye umbutho unolawulo olupheleleyo lweziseko ezingundoqo kwaye unokuguqula, ukumisa okanye ukuthintela ukufikelela kwisicelo ngokubona kwayo. Oku kusembindini kuvumela ulawulo olusebenzayo kodwa kudala inqaku elinye lokungaphumeleli kunye nolawulo.

I-DApps isekelwe kwi-architecture esasazwayo esekelwe kwi-blockchain. Ikhowudi yesicelo, ngendlela yeekontraki ezihlakaniphile, iqhuba ngaxeshanye kumawaka eendawo ezizimeleyo. I-node nganye igcina ikopi epheleleyo ye-blockchain, eqinisekisa ukuba isicelo siyaqhubeka sisebenza nokuba ezinye iindawo ziphantsi. Oku kusasazwa kwamagunya kuphelisa imfuneko yokuthemba iziko elingundoqo.

Idatha kunye neentengiselwano ziqinisekiswa ngemvumelwano kwinethiwekhi yonke kunokuba igunya elilodwa. Ngenxa yokuba ikhowudi isesidlangalaleni kwaye ayinakuguqulwa, abasebenzisi banokuqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sisebenza njani. Oku kungafihlwa kunye nokomelela ziinzuzo ezinkulu, nokuba ziza kunye nobunzima obuninzi kwi uphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa.

Ukusetyenzwa kwedatha

Kwisicelo semveli, idatha igcinwa kwi-database ephakathi, iguqulelwe ngokulula ngabalawuli benkqubo. Olu bhetyebhetye luvumela ukulungiswa kweempazamo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwedatha yomsebenzisi, kodwa kubuza imibuzo yokuthembeka kunye nokhuseleko. Abasebenzisi bahlala bengenayo indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba idatha yabo icutshungulwa okanye ilungiswa njani.

Ii-DApps zithatha indlela eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Yonke idatha igcinwe kwi-blockchain cryptographically kwaye ingaguquki. Intengiselwano nganye, ukuguqulwa okanye intsebenziswano irekhodwa kwibhloko ethi, xa sele iqinisekisiwe, ibe ngokusisigxina kwaye ayinakuguqulwa. Oku kungaguquki kuqinisekisa imfezeko yedatha kwaye kudala imbali engafihliyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa.

Abasebenzisi banokuphicotha zonke iintengiselwano kwaye bajonge imeko echanekileyo yezinto zabo okanye idatha nangaliphi na ixesha. Oku kungafihlwa kuphelisa imfuneko yokuthemba umntu wesithathu wolawulo lwedatha. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungaguquki kunokuba yinto engalunganga: iimpazamo azinakulungiswa kwaye idatha ebuthathaka, xa ishicilelwe, ayinakususwa.

Ukugcinwa kunye nohlaziyo

Izicelo zemveli zizuza ngokuguquguquka okukhulu malunga nokugcinwa. Abaphuhlisi banokukhupha uhlaziyo, balungise iimpazamo, okanye bongeze iimpawu nangaliphi na ixesha. Le nkqubo ikhawuleza kwaye iyabonakala kubasebenzisi. Iinkampani ziyakwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza isicelo sabo ekuphenduleni ingxelo yomsebenzisi okanye utshintsho lwemarike.

Kwi-DApps, inkqubo inzima ngakumbi. Njengoko iikontraki ezihlakaniphile zingenakuguqulwa xa zifakwe kwi-blockchain, naluphi na ukuguqulwa kufuna ukuthunyelwa kwekhontrakthi entsha. Olu tshintsho luhlala lufuna ukuvunywa luluntu ngendlela yolawulo olunatyisiweyo. Oku kuqina kuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko, kodwa kunokucothisa ukuvela kwesicelo.

Uhlaziyo kwii-DApps lufuna ukucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye nophicotho olucokisekileyo lokhuseleko kuba iimpazamo azinakuguqulwa. Abaphuhlisi bahlala befuna ukubonelela ngeendlela zokuphucula kwikhowudi yokuqala. Oku kwanda kobunzima kulondolozo bubuyekezwa ngokucaca okukhulu kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba okusebenzayo koluntu ekuveleni kwesicelo.

Ukufumaneka kunye nokomelela

Usetyenziso lwemveli luxhomekeke kubukho beeseva zabo ezisembindini. Ngaphandle kwamanyathelo okunciphisa kunye nokugcinwa kwe-backups, bahlala besengozini yokungaphumeleli kwe-hardware, ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS, okanye ukusilela kweziseko. Ukucinywa kweseva esembindini kunokwenza usetyenziso lungafikeleleki ngokupheleleyo kubo bonke abasebenzisi.

Ii-DApps zigqwesa ekomeleleni ngenxa yendalo yazo yokwabela amagunya. Ngokusebenza kwinethiwekhi esasazwayo yee-node ezizimeleyo, ziphelisa nayiphi na indawo yokungaphumeleli. Okoko nje enye i-node kwinethiwekhi ihlala isebenza, isicelo siyaqhubeka nokusebenza. Olu lwakhiwo lusasazwayo lwenza ukuba i-DApps imelane ngokwemvelo nokuhlaselwa kunye nokuphuma.

I-node nganye kwinethiwekhi igcina ikopi epheleleyo ye-blockchain, iqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwedatha yendalo. Iinzame zokuhluza okanye ukuvala usetyenziso ziba nzima kakhulu, njengoko uninzi lweendawo zothungelwano kufuneka zithotyelwe ngaxeshanye. Oku kufumaneka kuphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo zobuthunywa ezifuna umsebenzi oqhubekayo, othembekileyo.

Iindleko kunye nokusebenza

Usetyenziso lwemveli lufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lokuqala kwiziseko ezingundoqo: iiseva, oovimba beenkcukacha, ukhuseleko, kunye nokugcinwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi babonelela ngokusebenza okugqwesileyo ngamaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nomthamo ophezulu wokusetyenzwa. Iindleko zilungiswa kwaye ziqikelelwa, ezinxulumene nokubamba kunye nokugcinwa.

Ii-DApps zibonelela ngesakhiwo se iindleko ezahlukeneyo. Intengiselwano nganye ifuna ukuba imirhumo yegesi iqinisekiswe yinethiwekhi, yenza iindleko ziguquguquke kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zingalindelekanga, ngakumbi ngexesha lokuxinana okuphezulu. Nangona kungekho endleko zeziseko ezingundoqo ezibekwe kwindawo enye, imirhumo eyongezelekayo inokubaluleka kwizicelo zenani eliphezulu lentengiselwano.

Ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni, ii-DApps zihlala zicotha kunezabo zemveli. Ixesha elifunekayo ukufikelela kwimvumelwano kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana kwi-blockchain kudala i-latency engokwemvelo. Lo mda lixabiso lokuhlawulela ukunatyiswa kwamagunya kunye nokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, izisombululo ezitsha ze-scalability ezifana ne-Layer 2 kunye ne-sidechains ziphucula ngokuthe ngcembe le ntsebenzo ngelixa zigcina izibonelelo zokusasazwa kolawulo.

Iindidi zezicelo ezinatyisiweyo

Ehlabathini le-DApps sifumana amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okanye iindidi ezi:

Inqanaba I dapps. Kweli nqanaba okanye ulwahlulo sibandakanya izicelo ezinikezelweyo ezisebenza kwiBlockchain yazo.

Inqanaba II dapps. Kule nqanaba le-DApps sifumana zonke ezo DApps ezibanjwe kwi-Blockchain engaveli kwi-DApp ngokwayo kwaye esebenza ngokusekelwe kwiiTokens zabo okanye iiTokens zebhloko ezisebenza kuyo.

Inqanaba III DApps. I-DApps yeNqanaba le-III isebenzisa iNqanaba II DApps ukuze isebenze ngokufanelekileyo.

Imizekelo yee-DApps ezilungileyo

Ukugqiba esi sikhokelo malunga nokuba zeziphi izicelo ezinatyisiweyo, sivavanya ezona marike zinkulu. Isicelo esinatyisiweyo: CryptoKitties. Le yeyona DApp idumileyo okhe wayiva kumajelo eendaba. I-Cryptokitties ngumdlalo wokuqokelela iikati zedijithali ezihonjiswe kwimixholo eyahlukeneyo.

Le yi-DApp isingathwa iEthereum Blockchain (inqanaba le-DApp II). Yenye yezona zindala ezikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo baqhuma ekuthandeni kwi-2017 kunye ne-2018, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba baye baba yimarike enkulu yabathengi ababone imarike yokurhweba enembuyekezo enkulu. Nganye kwezi kittens zedijithali i-100% yodwa kwaye yeyomntu oyithengayo. Azinakuphinda zenziwe, zitshatyalaliswe okanye zibiwe.

Imarike yeCAD. Imarike ye-stablecoin sele igqithise kwi-100 leebhiliyoni dollar. Ke ngoko inani elikhulu lee-DApps ziphuhlisiwe kule marike. Omnye weyona mizekelo iphumeleleyo yiMarket DAO.

I-MarketDAO liqonga elikuvumela ukuba uthenge ezizinzileyo. Emva kwexesha unokuzidlulisela eqongeni kwaye ngokutshintshiselana bakunika imbuyekezo yonyaka esisigxina edla ngokujikeleza ngama-6%. Ukuba uyaqaphela, umsebenzi ufana nebhanki. Ndifaka imali yam kwaye ngokutshintshiselana bandinika imbuyekezo. Ibhanki inokusebenzisa imali endiyinike yona ukukhupha imali-mboleko kubantu besithathu ababuyisela inzuzo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Umahluko lowo MarketDAO (kunye namaqonga afanayo) azisa kwi-ecosystem kukuba aququzelele ukufikeleleka kweemveliso zemali. Umfaki-sicelo wemali-mboleko akufuneki adlule kwiinkqubo ezinde nezifuna imvume yeziko lemveli elibolekisayo.

IPSE. IPSE sisicelo esisodwa kwindawo yayo. Linqanaba le-II DApp kunye ne-injini yokukhangela, njengaye Google, Yahoo!, Bing okanye Ecosia. Isekelwe kwi-EOS Blockchain. IPSE yahlukile kwiibhrawuza zewebhu eziqhelekileyo esizisebenzisayo. Okokuqala, isebenzisa iprotocol ngaphandle kweHTTP, IPFS (Interplanetary File System).

Ngaphandle komehluko weprotocol, i-IPSE ayibonisi ntengiso. Imodeli yayo yoshishino ayixhomekeke kwiintengiso. Oku kutsha kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zokukhangela ezifana noGoogle nabanye. Okokugqibela, umahluko wokugqibela kukuba i-IPSE izama ukuphucula kakhulu ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi.

Ngale ndlela, i-injini yokukhangela ayiqokeleli idatha yomsebenzisi kuhlobo lokukhangela olwenziwayo okanye kwiyiphi imeko eyenziwayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba umsebenzisi ufuna ukufaka isandla ngokuzithandela kwidatha, baya kuvuzwa ngeethokheni ze-IPSE ezinokuthi zithengiswe kwimarike yesibini. Jonga eyona nto ingcono izicelo ezinatyisiweyo.

isiphelo

Imarike ye-DApps, njengemakethi ye-blockchain, inomdla kwaye ukukhula kwayo kuninzi. Beza kusizisa ixesha elitsha lamathuba anokuthi avelise izinto ezintsha kuwo onke amacandelo ajongana nomthamo omkhulu wedatha kunye nolwazi. Kodwa, njengakuyo nayiphi na itekhnoloji entsha okanye umkhwa, kufuneka ulungele kwaye uqeqeshwe kakuhle.

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