Ziyini izimali zomphakathi, yini okudingeka siyazi?

Les ezezimali zomphakathi ziwukuphatha imali engenayo yezwe. Ukubaluleka kwezimali zomphakathi ngeke kugcizelelwe ngokweqile. Ikakhulukazi, ihlaziya umthelela wemisebenzi yezezimali ethathwe uhulumeni kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezisemthethweni.

Igatsha lezomnotho elihlola imali engenayo kahulumeni kanye nezindleko zikahulumeni kanye nokulungiswa kokunye ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela efiselekayo futhi kugwenywe imiphumela engathandeki. Zingenye indawo ye ezezimali njengaye ezezimali zomuntu siqu.

Lesi sihloko sikunikeza isifinyezo sokuphathwa kwezimali zomphakathi, ukubaluleka, ububanzi bezimali zomphakathi, izinjongo kanye nezinhlobo zezezimali zomphakathi.

🥀 Iyini Izimali Zomphakathi?

Izimali zomphakathi zingachazwa njengocwaningo lwemisebenzi kahulumeni, engabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwemali, ukushoda, kanye nentela. Izinjongo zezimali zomphakathi wukubona ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele angenele nini, kanjani futhi kungani emnothweni wanamuhla.

Baphinde bafune ukuqonda imiphumela engaba khona yezinguquko emakethe. Izimali zomphakathi zingabandakanya izinto ezingaphandle kwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa ukubalwa kwezimali, umthetho, nokuphathwa kwezimali zomphakathi.

Ukuqonda indima kahulumeni nokuthi izinguquko zingawuthinta kanjani umnotho ngezinye zezinto ezibalulekile zochwepheshe bezezimali zomphakathi.

Uma uhulumeni engenelela futhi esebenza emnothweni, imiphumela iwela kwesinye sezigaba ezintathu: ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho, ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo ou ukuzinza komnotho omkhulu.

✔️ Ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho

Ukusebenza kahle komnotho yizinga elisetshenziswa osomnotho ukwazisa izinsiza ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kahle kunganqunywa ifomula evamile yezilinganiso kanye nemiphumela ekhiqizwayo.

Umehluko phakathi kokusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho ubudlelwano bamanani abantu abawabeka ezintweni. Amanani okusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe angaba ngaphansi komunye umuntu aye komunye. Ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kugxile ekuqedeni imfucuza ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngenani elikhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukusebenza kahle kobuchwepheshe kuzama ukukhulisa inani, kuyilapho kudela okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kusungulwe isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu.

✔️ Ukusatshalaliswa kwamaholo

Ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo kuyisibalo sengcebo neholo lesizwe uma seluhlukaniswe ngenani labantu eliphelele. Ukusatshalaliswa sekukonke kungahlolwa ngochungechunge lwezifundo zezibalo. Ingcebo nemali engenayo kuyizinto ezimbili ezihlukene.

Umcebo inani elihlanganisiwe lezinto ezibonakalayo zenani labantu kanye nezimpahla zezimali. Imali engenayo iyinani lemali eliqondile lomnikelo wengqikithi yenani labantu phakathi nenkathi ethile.

Ulwazi oluqoqwe engcebweni yezwe kanye nemali engenayo ingaba yinsiza ebalulekile ukusiza ukuphendula imibuzo ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe, yezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho.

✔️ Ukuzinzisa umnotho omkhulu

Ukuzinzisa umnotho omkhulu wuhlelo okulawulwa ngalo ukuzinzisa nokukhula komnotho ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo, imithetho kanye nemithethonqubo yezezimali nezezimali.

Kuyisisekelo sokukhula komnotho. Ngaphandle kokuzinza, umnotho uzowa.

Ukuze kuzuzwe isimo somnotho omkhulu esizinzile, kudingeka ukulingana phakathi kwesabelomali sikahulumeni, uhwebo lwasekhaya, amabhange, uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezikhungo ezilawulayo.

Ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza okuqhubekayo komnotho omkhulu kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kahle komnotho, imakethe kumele ilawulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazinga enzalo, imijikelezo yamabhizinisi kanye nesidingo ngaphakathi komnotho kuhlala kuzinzile.

🥀 Izingxenye zezimali zomphakathi

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zezimali zomphakathi zihlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene nokuqoqwa kwemali engenayo yentela, ukwenziwa kwezindleko zokweseka umphakathi, kanye nokuqaliswa kwesu lokuxhasa ngezimali (njengokukhishwa kwezikweletu zomphakathi).

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

✔️ Ukuqoqwa kwentela

Ukuqoqwa kwentela kuwumthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo yohulumeni. Izibonelo zezintela ezikhokhiswa ohulumeni zifaka intela yevalue added, intela yebhizinisi, intela yemali engenayo yomuntu siqu, intela yefa, intela yendawo, njll.

Ezinye izinhlobo zemali engenayo kulesi sigaba zifaka imisebenzi kanye nezintela ezithengwayo kanye nemali engenayo evela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenkonzo yomphakathi olungamahhala.

✔️ Isabelomali

Isabelomali siwuhlelo lwalokho uhulumeni ahlose ukukusebenzisa onyakeni wezimali. Nali umhlahlandlela okuvumelayo sungula kalula ibhajethi yomndeni wakho emizuzwini embalwa.

✔️ Izindleko

Ukusebenzisa imali yinoma yini uhulumeni achitha kuyo imali, njengezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, imfundo, nengqalasizinda. Imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni iwuhlobo lwemali engenayo noma yokwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo, okuhloswe ngayo ukuzuzisa umphakathi wonkana.

Izindleko zangempela zingase zibe phezulu noma zibe ngaphansi kunesabelomali.

✔️ Ukushoda/Izinsalela

Uma uhulumeni esebenzisa imali engaphezu kwaleyo ayiqoqayo, kuba khona ukushoda ngalowo nyaka. Kungenjalo, kukhona insalela. Ngezansi kunohlu lwemali engenayo nezindleko ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni wezezimali zomphakathi.

🥀Eminye imithombo yemali engenayo/Izintela

Umbuso ungenisa imali futhi uqoqa izintela emithonjeni ehlukene ukuze uxhase ngemisebenzi yawo yomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo. Nansi eminye yemithombo eyinhloko yemali engenayo yombuso nezintela

Izintela zeholo

Abantu ngabanye bangaphansi kwentela engenayo ngokusekelwe kubakaki bemali engenayo. Izilinganiso zentela ngokuvamile ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezinga lemali engenayo, namazinga aphezulu kubakaki abahola kakhulu.

Izintela zomphakathi

Izinkampani kudingeka ukuthi zikhokhe intela enzuzweni eyenziwe. Izinga lentela yebhizinisi lingahluka kuye ngendawo kanye nohlobo lwebhizinisi.

I-VAT (I-Value Added Tax)

I-VAT intela engaqondile ekhokhiswa inani elengeziwe esigabeni ngasinye sokukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwempahla noma isevisi. Izilinganiso ze-VAT zingahluka ngezwe nomkhiqizo.

Izindleko

Intela yempahla ethengiswayo izintela ezifakwa ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe noma ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Angase asekelwe kumaphesenti yenani lesakhiwo noma kumanani athile.

Izintela zezakhiwo

Abanikazi bezakhiwo kumele bakhokhe intela yezakhiwo endaweni yabo. Inani lentela yendawo ngokuvamile linqunywa ngokusekelwe enanini lesakhiwo kanye nezilinganiso zentela yendawo.

Izintela zamafutha

Izintela zikaphethiloli zikhokhiswa uphethiloli, udizili, namanye amafutha asetshenziswa ezimotweni. Lezi zintela ngokuvamile ziqoqwa ukuze kuxhaswe ingqalasizinda yemigwaqo kanye namaphrojekthi ahlobene nezokuthutha.

Iminikelo yomphakathi

Abaqashi nabasebenzi banikela ezinhlelweni zokuphepha komphakathi ngeminikelo yomphakathi. Lezi zinzuzo zezezimali ezifana nomshwalense wezempilo, impesheni yomhlalaphansi kanye nezibonelelo zomndeni.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imithombo yemali engenayo nezintela ingase ihluke kuye ngamazwe, kuye ngemithetho yentela esebenza ezweni ngalinye.

🥀 Eminye Imithombo Yokusebenzisa Imali Kahulumeni

Izimali zomphakathi zihlanganisa zonke izindleko kanye nemali engenayo yoMbuso kanye neziphathimandla zendawo. Bafeza imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekile.

Okokuqala, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ezifanele. Sibonga ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi emikhakheni ebalulekile efana nezemfundo, ezempilo noma ezokuthutha, izimali zomphakathi kufanele zivumele ukwabiwa okuphumelelayo kwezinsiza zikazwelonke ekubekeni eqhulwini kwezomnotho nezenhlalo.

Inhloso yesibili: ukwabiwa kabusha ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani kweholo. Ikakhulukazi ngentela yeholo kanye nokudluliswa kwemali komphakathi njengezibonelelo zezindlu noma zomndeni, izimali zomphakathi zihlose ukusabalalisa kabusha ingxenye yomcebo okhiqizwayo ubheke ezigabeni ezintula kakhulu amathuba.

Umsebenzi wesithathu ekugcineni : ukuzinza kwezomnotho. Ngokusebenzisa i-countercyclical budgetary kanye ne-fiscal levers (ezishodayo, izikweletu zomphakathi, ukuncishiswa kwentela), izimali zomphakathi kufanele zenze kube nokwenzeka ukulawula umnotho, ngokuvuselela umsebenzi ngezikhathi zobunzima futhi ziwubambezele ngesikhathi sokukhula.

Ekugcineni, ngamandla abo ezezimali kanye nenani elikhulu lezinyathelo zabo, izimali zomphakathi ziyithuluzi elibalulekile ezandleni zoMbuso ukuze liqondise ngamasu intuthuko yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle yezwe.

✔️ Isikweletu sikazwelonke

Uma uhulumeni eshoda (ukusebenzisa imali kudlula imali engenayo), uzokhokhela umehluko ngokuboleka imali nokukhipha isikweletu sikazwelonke.

Abakweletwayo bangaba ngaphakathi (isikweletu esibolekwe kubabolekisi basekhaya njenge amabhange noma izikhungo zezimali) nezangaphandle (isikweletu esibolekwe ezikhungweni zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe nakohulumeni).

✔️ Ukuphathwa kwezimali

Ukuphathwa kwezimali kuyingxenye yezimali zomphakathi. Igxile kumasu okulawula okuphatha kanye nezindaba eziphathelene nokulungiswa kwesabelomali. Kuyithuluzi okwenziwa ngalo imisebenzi yezezimali yamazwe.

Isihloko sokuphathwa kwezimali sithi: Isabelomali silungiselelwa, samukelwe futhi senziwe kanjani? Yiziphi izici ezibhekwayo lapho kulungiselelwa isabelomali?

Ziqoqwa kanjani izintela iziphathimandla ezihlukene? Yimiphi iminyango enesibopho sokuhlola nokubika ama-akhawunti omphakathi?

🥀 Izinjongo zezimali zomphakathi

Izimali zomphakathi zihlanganisa zonke izindleko kanye nemali engenayo yoMbuso kanye neziphathimandla zendawo. Bafeza izinjongo ezintathu ezibalulekile:

Inhloso yokuqala ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ezifanele. Sibonga ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi emikhakheni ebalulekile (ezemfundo, ezempilo, ezokuthutha, njll.), izimali zomphakathi zihlose ukwaba kahle izinsiza zikazwelonke ekutshalweni kwezimali esikhathini esizayo kanye nezidingo ezibalulekile.

Inhloso yesibili: ukwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo. Ngezintela nokudluliswa komphakathi, ingxenye yezinsiza eziqoqiwe ihloselwe amalungu omphakathi ancishwe amathuba kakhulu. Umqondo uwukulungisa ukungalingani ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubumbana komphakathi.

Umsebenzi wesithathu: ukuzinza kwezomnotho. Ngokushoda komphakathi, izikweletu ezinkulu kanye nokwehluka kwentela, izimali zomphakathi zinendima yokulawula umnotho. Inhloso wukusheshisa umjikelezo wezomnotho.

Ekugcineni, izimali zomphakathi zenza ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqondisa umnotho kazwelonke kanye nokuba nomthelela enhlalakahleni yonke. Ukulawula kwabo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni.

🥀 Isidingo sokuphathwa ngempumelelo kwezimali zomphakathi

Ohulumeni bezifunda babone ukungalingani kwezimali okuhlala njalo nokuqhubekayo, ukwehluleka kwezezimali ngenxa yezinhlelo nemikhiqizo yezezimali eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izikhungo zezimali zomphakathi ezifana nohulumeni wombuso nomaphakathi, izimali zomphakathi, iziphathimandla zentela, amabhange amakhulu, abalawuli, abacwaningi mabhuku bakahulumeni kanye nezikhungo zokulinganisa bahlela ukukhohlisa okuningi, izichibiyelo kanye nezinguquko zokuphatha izimali zomphakathi ukuze kube nenhlalakahle yamanje neyesikhathi esizayo yomphakathi.

Ukuze kulungiswe ngokushesha isenzakalo esingathandeki ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka, inhlalakahle yomphakathi njengamanje kanye neyamalungu akhona ngezinye izikhathi iholela emiphumeleni ebulalayo.

Ukungaphathwa kahle kwezimali zomphakathi kuholela ekumbeni imigodi ejulile kuma-akhawunti ezimali zomphakathi, njengalezi:

• Linganisa ama-akhawunti nezilungiso zesikhashana ezilandela inqubomgomo yemali engenayo enolaka kanye nenqubomgomo yokusebenzisa imali ehlakaniphile.
• Ziba izindleko zesikhathi eside nemiphumela ehambisana nezenzo zamanje.
• Gcina izimpahla ezeqile kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali njengoba kudingeka ezingeni eliqhubekayo.
• Yeqa inani eliningis kuma-akhawunti ezezimali zomphakathi, kunokulandelela imali egciniwe yokushoda kwesikhathi esizayo noma izidingo zokutshalwa kwezimali.
• Khipha noma khohlisa isimo soxhaso izimpesheni noma izibopho zokutshala izimali zesikhathi esizayo.
• Izimbuyiselo ezilinganiselayo kanye nokwaba izimali ezithe xaxa kumaphrojekthi okuzikhethela ngaphandle kokuba nokuvumelana okufanele nokuhlaziya izinzuzo zephrojekthi kanye nezindleko zamathuba.
• Yeqa ukuqapha nokulawula okuqhubekayo ama-akhawunti ezezimali zomphakathi ngokuzimele kanye nesisekelo esihlanganisiwe.

🥀 Ukuthambekela okubalulekile kwezimali zomphakathi

Ngezindlela ezibusayo nezamukelwa kabanzi zokuthengiselana ngedijithali kanye nokugcinwa kolwazi emazingeni omuntu ngamunye kanye neqoqo, ukufakwa kwedijithali kubalulekile ukuze kubunjwe kabusha izimali zomphakathi ngokwenza ngcono izindlela zikahulumeni zokuqoqa, ukucubungula, ukwabelana nokusebenzisa ulwazi. .

Uhlelo lolwazi olusezingeni eliphezulu noluphethwe kahle luyasiza ukuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo ukusebenza kahle kwezimali zomphakathi. Iphinde ibe nesandla ekulawuleni okuqhubekayo, ukuphatha kanye nokuthotshelwa kwezinqubomgomo eziyisisekelo zezimali zomphakathi.

Uhulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi kudingeka bakhe iziteshi ezisebenzayo zokuvuselela nokugcina ulwazi lwedijithali nokuqukethwe ukuze kukhishwe izinzuzo ezingaba khona ekugcinweni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekuhlaziyeni ulwazi lwedijithali emkhakheni wezezimali zomphakathi.

Izingozi eziyinhloko nezinselele ezifana nokuphepha kwedatha, ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo, ukukhwabanisa nokubalekela imuphi umthamo womkhawulo okufanele ucatshangelwe lapho kungena idijithali emalini yomphakathi.

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