Inqubo yokuhlaziya izimali: indlela engokoqobo

Inhloso yokuhlaziywa kwezimali zenkampani ngu ukuphendula imibuzo ephathelene nokuthathwa kwezinqumo. Lezi zinqumo zingahlotshaniswa nokuphathwa kwenkampani, nenqubomgomo yokutshalwa kwezimali noma nemibuzo ehlobene nokuxhaswa ngezimali. Kulesi sihloko Finance de Demain ikwethulela inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwezimali ngendlela engokoqobo.

Kodwa ukuze uqale, nazi ezinye Izeluleko namasu okudala nokuthuthukisa okuzokuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise inkampani yakho noma ibhizinisi lakho kalula kakhulu.

🌽 Izigaba zokuhlaziywa kwezimalire

Umqondo we-FA awukona ukuphawula ngesilinganiso ngasinye kodwa ukugqamisa amaphuzu adingekayo ukuze kuqondwe ibhizinisi elifundwayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwezimali kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezinjongo ezibekiwe kanye nomsebenzisi.

Lena yindlela esivame ukuhlukanisa ngayo phakathi kokuhlaziywa kwezimali kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukuhlaziya kwangaphakathi kwenziwa isisebenzi senkampani kuyilapho ukuhlaziya kwangaphandle kwenziwa abahlaziyi abazimele. Noma ngabe yenziwa ngaphakathi noma ngumuntu ozimele, kumele ilandele izinyathelo ezinhlanu (05).

✔️ Isinyathelo sokuqala

Lesi sinyathelo senza kube nokwenzeka ukuqoqa kokubili ulwazi lokubalwa kwezimali kanye nelokungewona wokubalwa kwezimali ukuze lucutshungulwe kabusha. Empeleni kuwumbuzo wokuxhumana nabaphathi abehlukene benkampani abazokwazi ukukunikeza imibhalo eceliwe.

Ces amadokhumenti ezimali yilezi: ishidi lebhalansi, isitatimende semali engenayo, isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali kanye nezithasiselo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise namanye amadokhumenti okungenzeka angasiza ukuqonda isimo sezimali senkampani. Kulesi sigaba singaba nemibiko yabaphathi, amakomiti ahlukene, njll.

✔️ Isinyathelo sesibili 

Lesi sinyathelo sihlanganisa ukudweba inguquko ukusuka ku-balance sheet kuya ku-accounting balance sheet ibhalansi ephindwe kabusha. Lokhu kwakamuva kungaba ukusebenza noma ngokwezezimali kuye ngendlela esetshenziswayo. Okufanayo kusebenza ku-akhawunti yemali engenayo nezindleko (i-CPC) okufanele iphindwe.

Isitatimende sihlanganisa ukuhlela kabusha izici ezihlukahlukene ngokuya ngokuthi kufanele zibe yingxenye yomjikelezo wokusebenza, wokutshalwa kwezimali noma wokuxhasa ngezimali.

Isibonelo, uma ezimpahleni zamanje, sinesitoko esihlale unyaka, bese sisithumela ezimpahleni ezingashintshi. Lokhu kusebenza akunawo umthelela kuzo zonke izimpahla/izikweletu kodwa kumjikelezo wokusebenza. Ilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izilinganiso ezibaliwe. 

✔️ Isinyathelo sesithathu

Ngemva kokuphindwa kwe-balance sheet, lesi sinyathelo sivumela ukwethulwa kwe-balance sheet (izimpahla noma imali) noma isebenze kanjalo ngobuningi futhi izindleko ne-akhawunti yemali engenayo iphinde yaphindwa. Empeleni kuwukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi owenziwe esinyathelweni sangaphambilini.

✔️ Isigaba sesine

Lesi yisikhathi sokwethula isitatimende sokugeleza kwemali, silungise izibalo, uma zikhona, izilinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu eziphathelene nesakhiwo sezimali; umnotho; umsebenzi webhizinisi kanye nenzuzo.

✔️ Isinyathelo sesihlanu

Lokhu ukuhlaziya okulungile kwezezimali. Ngemva kokubala izilinganiso ezihlukene esinyathelweni sangaphambilini, kuyadingeka ukuphawula ngokuvela kwazo. Funa ukuchaza ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwezilinganiso. Isho ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zivuna noma zingafaneleki enkampanini? Uma zingathandeki, yenza iziphakamiso zokuzithuthukisa.  

Futhi lokhu, isilinganiso ngesilinganiso noma nge-block of ratios. Lesi sinyathelo kufanele siholele ngokuphelele ekwahlulelweni kwenani noma ekuhlolweni kwesimo sezimali (amandla nobuthakathaka bayo) yenkampani. Ukusondela kangcono kulesi sinyathelo sesihlanu, umhlaziyi wezezimali kufanele afune ukuphendula le mibuzo elandelayo:

•  Iyini imiphumela yenkampani mayelana nenzuzo kanye nesilinganiso?
• Ukuze kuzuzwe le miphumela, ithini inqubomgomo yokutshala izimali yenkampani?
• Iluxhasa kanjani ngezimali lezi zimali?
• Isebenza kanjani inkampani uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinkampani ezisembonini efanayo?

🌽 Yini ngempela okufanele ihlaziywe?

Ukuze uthole indlela ephumelelayo yokuhlaziywa kwezimali, umhlaziyi wezezimali kumele ahlole ukwakheka kwenzuzo namamajini. Hlaziya ukutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwe, izindlela zokuxhasa lezi zimali futhi ekugcineni uhlole inzuzo yalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali.

✔️ Imali engenayo kanye namamajini

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo senzuzo kanye namamajini kuthatha indawo ebalulekile ekuhlaziyeni imali. Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwenzuzo ekuqaleni kanye nenzuzo yokusebenza okwesibili kwenza kube nokwenzeka phendula ezinkingeni zemakethe namasu ebhizinisi.

Ngakho, ungathola imiphumela yesikelo ekhona njengoba inkampani ingathola kahle kakhulu ukwanda kwenzuzo yayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlangabezane nokuqhuma kwezindleko zayo zokusebenza.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemali engenayo kuyithuba lokufunda kabanzi mayelana nemigqa yemali engenayo yemisebenzi yenkampani nokwazi isikhundla sayo sokuncintisana emakethe. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwenzuzo nakho kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokuvela kwe " ukungathathi hlangothi ngokuhlukanisa izindleko ezingashintshi ezindlekweni eziguquguqukayo.

✔️Ukuhlaziywa kokutshalwa kwezimali

Enkampanini, kunenqwaba enkulu yokutshalwa kwezimali. Isamba sokuqala sokutshalwa kwezimali yileso esihambisana nezimpahla ezingashintshi ohlangothini lwezimpahla zeshidi lebhalansi.

Ulwazi oluqoqwe kule nqwaba lubalulekile ekuqondeni isu lenkampani, ikakhulukazi ngokuqhathanisa inani lemali entsha etshaliwe naleyo yezindleko zokwehla kwenani. Isamba sesibili sokutshalwa kwezimali sihambisana namasheya. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali kufanele kuhlaziye imfuneko yemali yokusebenza yenkampani. 

✔️Ukuhlaziywa kwezimali

Ukuhlaziywa kokuxhaswa ngezimali kwenkampani kufanele kwenziwe ngokuguquguqukayo eminyakeni embalwa. Kungenziwa futhi ngokwezibalo emsebenzini wokugcina otholakalayo. Ngendlela eguquguqukayo, ithuluzi elibalulekile lokusebenza itafula lokugeleza kwemali. Ukugeleza okuvela ekusebenzeni kuyitshe legumbi.

🌽 Ungawuhlaziya kanjani umjikelezo woxhaso?

Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze uma uhlaziya uxhaso ukubala Ikhono ukuzixhasa ngezimali (i-CAF) yenkampani. I-CAF iqoka zonke izinsiza zangaphakathi ezikhiqizwa inkampani njengengxenye yomsebenzi wayo ovumela ukuthi iqinisekise ukuxhaswa kwayo ngezimali.

Kungase futhi kwenze kube nokwenzeka ukukhokha imali ebolekiwe ekhishiwe, ukuxhasa ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukukhulisa ukulingana noma ngisho nokusabalalisa izinzuzo. Ukuze ubale i-CAF, zikhona izindlela ezimbili: indlela yokukhipha (kusukela emalini eyinsalela yokusebenza) kanye nendlela yokwengeza (kusukela kumphumela wonyaka wezimali).

 ✔️ Indlela yokususa

Le ndlela yokubala ilandela ngqo encazelweni ye-CAF. Lesi yisibalo seCAF ngokwemvelaphi yayo. Ngakho-ke, i-CAF ibalwa ngokwenza umehluko phakathi kwemali engenayo etholakalayo kanye nezindleko ezikhokhwayo ezihlobene nomsebenzi ojwayelekile wenkampani, okungukuthi ungaweli ngaphansi kokusebenza ngezimali noma ukutshalwa kwezimali.

Umkhiqizo ongakheshi (ngokulandelana inkokhiso ephathekayo) ungenisa imali engenayo (izindleko ngokulandelana). Ngokuphambene, umkhiqizo obaliwe (ngokulandelana izindleko) awukhiqizi ukugeleza kwemali.

Empeleni, ku-gross operating surplus (EBITDA) kwengezwa ukudluliswa kwezindleko zokusebenza kanye nenye imali engenayo etholakalayo evela kumsebenzi ojwayelekile kanye nezinye izindleko ezibanjwayo ezivela kumsebenzi ojwayelekile ziyasuswa.

AMAKHONO OKWAKHETHA IZIMALI = Isamba esisalayo sokusebenza + Ukudluliselwa kwezindleko zokusebenza + Eminye imikhiqizo yokuxhashazwa - Ezinye izindleko zokusebenza + Amasheya enzuzo ekusebenzeni ngokuhlanganyela - Amasheya enzuzo ekusebenzeni ngokuhlanganyela + Imikhiqizo yezezimali - Izindleko zezezimali + Imikhiqizo eyingqayizivele - Izindleko eziphumayo ezehlukile - Ukubamba iqhaza kwabasebenzi emiphumeleni - Izintela zeholo

Nansi eminye imibuzo okufanele uyibuze lapho uhlaziya imijikelezo eyahlukene.

 ✔️ Indlela yokwengeza

Le ndlela yokubala yesibili ishesha kuneyokuqala ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi. Lokhuukubalwa kwe-CAF ngokwesabelo sayo. Ividiyo elandelayo iveza inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwezimali.

I-CAF ingase ibalwe kusukela kumphumela wensalela lapho izindleko ezibaliwe zengezwa khona (izibonelelo zokwehla kwenani nezinhlinzeko) nalapho kukhishwa khona imikhiqizo ebaliwe yokuhlehliswa kwemibandela nokwehla kwenani.

Kuthatha kanye nokususa iphuzu elibalulekile, umthelela wemisebenzi yezezimali nokutshalwa kwezimali evela esitatimendeni semali engenayo.

Okokuqala, uxhaso lokutshalwa kwezimali oludluliselwe esitatimendeni semali engenayo, okuyimikhiqizo ebaliwe, kufanele lukhishwe.

Okwesibili, engeza inani lesamba sencwadi yezimpahla ezithengisiwe futhi ukhiphe inzuzo ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla.

Into yesibili okufanele uyenze uma uhlaziya uxhaso ukuhlaziya izilinganiso. Lezi yizilinganiso zokungabi namali okuvamile, ukuzimela ngokwezimali, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukuzimela ngokwezimali kanye nokuzimela ngokwezimali.

Lokhu okokuhlola ibhalansi yesakhiwo sayo sezimali kanye namandla ayo okukhokha. Izilinganiso zezimali izinkomba ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya izimali zezinkampani.

Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukulawula izimali zakho ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ngincoma kakhulu lo mhlahlandlela.

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