Uhlaka lokulawula lokubusa kwamabhange

La ukubusa kwamabhange, okungukuthi izinqubo nezindikimba ezihlelelwe ukuqondiswa nokulawula kwazo, kuyinkinga ebalulekile ekuzinzeni yohlelo lwezezimali. Amahlazo ezamabhange emashumini eminyaka amuva nje agqamise ukubaluleka kohlaka oluqinile lokulawula kule ndawo.

Ngakho-ke iziphathimandla zokulawula ziye zaqinisa kancane kancane izidingo zokuthuthukisa izinqubo lokubusa. Izindinganiso ezintsha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezaseYurophu zengezelele umthetho kazwelonke ukuze unikeze uhlaka lokuphatha amabhange.

Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula i- izinguquko ezinkulu zokulawula elawula ukubuswa kwamabhange.

a into iqinisekile:abanikazi bamasheya, abaphathi, abaqondisi kanye nabaphathi bamabhange manje babhekene nezidingo ezengeziwe mayelana nokulawula kwangaphakathi, ukulawulwa kobungozi kanye nokuqapha. Lezi ntuthuko zokulawula zihlose ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kohlelo lwamabhange.

Asambe!!

🌿 Iyini imithetho yasebhange?

Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa ukulawulwa ngobuhlakani kokulawula noma ukugadwa okuyimithetho yasebhange.

Esokuqala siwukuchaza imithetho yokusebenza, kanti okwesibili kuwukuyisebenzisa futhi okungase kube nokugunyaza ukwephulwa kwemithetho. Ngakho-ke indlela yokuphatha.

Ngokwencazelo, imithetho yasebhange yokuqapha iyisethi yezinyathelo ezinciphisa noma ezithatha kangcono ubungozi obudalwa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zesistimu yamabhange.

Isihloko esizofundwa: Yiziphi izingozi zamabhange amaSulumane?

Ukukhuluma ngohlaka lokulawula lokubusa kwamabhange kusho ukulawulwa nokuqondisa. Lapho ukulawulwa nokugadwa kwamabhange ngakho-ke zibukeka njengezinto ezibalulekile okufanele zihlanganiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kwesikhungo.

Umthetho ufaka isandla ngokwengxenye ekuxazululeni izinkinga ze-asymmetry yolwazi phakathi kwababoleki nababolekisi okudala izinkinga zokukhetha okubi kanye nobungozi bokuziphatha.

Uhlaka lokulawula lokubusa kwamabhange ludinga ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho ephusile. Ukulawulwa kwe-Prudential kuvumela:

ukuvumelanisa izimo zokusebenzisa ukuncintisana kwamabhange, ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza nokuqina kohlelo;

Ukuqinisa ukuphepha kwebhange ngokusungula izindinganiso zezimali zabo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo;

ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ukusebenza kwamabhange ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe.

🌿 Abalawuli bamabhange

Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zobuhlakani kuqinisekiswa abadlali abathile abandima yabo ibalulekile. Ikona :

 ✔️ IKomidi laseBasel 

Umsebenzi wayo ukuqinisa ukuphepha nokwethembeka yohlelo lwezezimali. Ukusungula amazinga amancane ngokwemibandela yokuqondisa ngokucophelela; isabalalisa futhi ikhuthaze izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zamabhange nezokuqondisa futhi ikhuthaze ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekuqondiseni ngobuhlakani.

✔️ I-Financial Markets Authority 

Iqhaza layo wukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwabongi ngokwesimo sezinkampani ezicela ukongiwa komphakathi. Njengengxenye yokwethulwa kwamathuluzi ezezimali ezimakethe zezimali, iqinisekisa ukuvama kolwazi olunikezwa abadlali.

✔️ IKomidi Lokweluleka Ngemithetho Nemithetho Yezezimali 

Umgomo wayo uwukunikeza umbono ngayo yonke imibhalo ewuhlaka evamile yesicelo esijwayelekile ephathelene namabhange, imikhakha yezezimali kanye neyomshwalense, lapho uNgqongqoshe Wezomnotho edluliselwe kuye.

✔️ Ikhomishana u-Bancaire waba yi-Prudential Supervisory Authority ngoJanuwari 2010

Le khomishana inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqapha ukuthotshelwa kwezimiso zomthetho neziqondiso ezisebenza kuyo kanye nokujezisa noma yikuphi ukwephulwa okuboniwe. Iphinde iqinisekise ukulandelwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha kahle komsebenzi.

🌿 Imithombo Yokwehluleka Ukubusa Kwebhange

Uhlaka lokulawula lokubusa kwamabhange lufuna nciphisa ukwehluleka. Eqinisweni, ukungapheleli kwemakethe kungenye yezinto ezichaza ukwehluleka kwebhange.

Imvelo yemakethe idala ukungapheleli okudala ukungasebenzi okungaholela enkingeni yezezimali. Lokhu kuyi-asymmetry yolwazi.

Iveza noma yisiphi isimo lapho abantu ababili (noma ngaphezulu) kufanele benze izinqumo ezibalulekile mayelana nomcimbi ofanayo. Kodwa ungabi nenani elifanayo nekhwalithi yolwazi ngalo mcimbi. Kungaba ngokuzithandela noma kungabi ngokokuzithandela.

I-asymmetry yolwazi iholela abathintekayo ekwenzeni ukukhetha okungalungile kanye nobungozi bokuziphatha.

✔️ Ukukhetha okungalungile

Ukukhetha okungalungile noma ukungakhethi kuyisimo sezibalo nezomnotho. Kuyi-a uhlobo lokungqubuzana kwe-ejensi. Ebudlelwaneni be-ejensi, le nkinga isekelwe ekungaqinisekini ngohlobo lwe-ejenti, ngokungafani nobungozi bokuziphatha.

Le nkinga yokukhethwa okungalungile igcizelelwa nakakhulu ezinkampanini zamabhange lapho ubudlelwano busezingeni elithile.

Ezweni elihle, à la Arrow-Debreu lapho ulwazi luphelele futhi lumahhala, ibhange lingabikezela izenzo zomboleki futhi libeke inani lenzalo ezingeni elihambisana nobungozi bephrojekthi.

Kulokhu, ithiyori yakudala ithatha ngokuthi ukwanda kwengcuphe kuzoholela ekwenyukeni kwezinga lenzalo njengoba ukungaqiniseki kubonakala ngolwazi olungaphelele nolwe-asymmetric phakathi kwabalingisi abahlukene.

✔️ Ingozi yokuziphatha noma ingozi yokuziphatha

Ngokwencazelo, ubungozi bokuziphatha buveza umphumela ohlanekezelwe ongavela ezimeni ezithile zobungozi, ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwama-ejenti amabili noma izinhlangothi ezimbili ezinkontileka.

Izingozi zokuziphatha zaqala ukuvela kumshwalense namabhange. Kwakungenzeka ukuthi i-insured ukwandisa ukuthatha kwakho ubungozi, uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo lapho ayeyothwala khona ngokugcwele imiphumela emibi yenhlekelele.

Emabhizinisini amabhange, ukwenyuka kwezinga lenzalo kungase kukhuthaze ababolekayo, ngemva kokuthola imali ebolekiwe, ukuba benze amaphrojekthi ayingozi kakhulu kunalokho okulindelekile ukuze bakhulise imali yabo.

Ngakho-ke, ubungozi bokuziphatha buhambisana nesimo lapho ukungapheleli kolwazi kuvela ezenzweni ezingabonakali kanye nokuziphatha. Kuyifomu ithuba langemva kwenkontileka okwenzeka lapho izenzo ezisetshenzisiwe zingenakubonwa.

isihloko okufanele sifundwee: Yiziphi izingxenye ze-Islamic Financial System?

Ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga zezingozi zokuziphatha kanye nokukhetha okubi, ukungenelela kwezezimali kuvela ukuthi esebenza kahle kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga izinzuzo ezithinta imakethe yezikweletu kumongo wolwazi olungalingani.

🌿 Ukungenelela kwezezimali njengesixazululo sezinkinga ze-asymmetry zolwazi

✔️ Izindleko zokwenziwe

Izindleko zokwenziwe yi izindleko ezixhumene nokuhwebelana kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wemakethe. Lezi zindleko azinakwa kumongo wokuncintisana okumsulwa nokuphelele. Kungaba okuqondile (ikhomishini yezimakethe zamasheya) noma ngokungaqondile.

Zonke izindleko ezidalwe yilezi zenzo zakha izindleko zokuthengiselana u-Carl J. Dahlman (1979) azihlanganisa zibe izigaba ezintathu:

Izindleko zocwaningo nolwazi : ukuhlola, ukuqhathaniswa kwekhwalithi/inani lesilinganiso samasevisi ahlukahlukene anikezwayo, ucwaningo lwemakethe, njll. Imayelana futhiizindleko zokuxoxisana nezinqumo : ukubhalwa nokuphothulwa kwenkontileka njll.

Ukuqapha kanye nezindleko zokuphoqelela : ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yesevisi, ukuqinisekiswa kokulethwa, njll.

Lo mqondo wenza kube nokwenzeka ukuchaza, ngokusho kukaCoase, ukuthi kungani konke ukuthengiselana kungekona ukuthengiselana kwemakethe, ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwezinkampani noma amafemu, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo lezi zindleko ngokubeka ukubambisana phakathi kwabasebenzi. .

Ngakho, siyaqonda ukuthi kungani izindleko zomsebenzi ziyisici sokuqala esichazayo ngokuba khona kwabalamuli bezezimali. Lezi zindleko zimelela isizathu sokuba »umsebenzi wabalamuli (Descamps and Soicot, 2002).

Uma usebenzisana nabalondolozi abancane nababolekayo, izindleko zocwaningo zinkulu kakhulu.

Ukuba khona kwamabhange kufakazelwa ikhono lawo lokuhlanganisa ukonga. Lokhu kongiwa kusensizakalweni yokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kulondolozwa i-liquidity yabagcini bezimali kanye nokusimama kokuxhasa ngezimali.

✔️ Ukuhlukahluka kwephothifoliyo

Umbono we ukuhlukahluka ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezibambiso ezakha iphothifoliyo. Iphothifoliyo equkethe isibambiso esisodwa kuphela ayihlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukahluka indlela yokulawula ubungozi bokulahlekelwa yimali.

Ukuhlukahluka kwephothifoliyo kufanele kwenze kube nokwenzeka ukuvikela ezingozini ezihlobene nokubamba inani elilinganiselwe lezibambiso.

Yilokho engikufunayo ukungenelela kwezezimali. Zonke izindlela zokulamula kwezezimali ziyavumelana ngesidingo sokunciphisa ubungozi bokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwababoleki nababolekisi.

Ikhono lokuhlukanisa izikhundla ngomunye umsebenzi obalulekile wokungenelela kwezezimali ochaza ukugqama kwawo ekuxhaseni umnotho ngezimali.

Ithiyori yezezimali ifundisa ukuthi ingxenye yengozi yephothifoliyo ingancishiswa yi ukuhlukahluka kwempahla ukuthi liqukethe.

Ukwenyanya ubungozi okuhlukene futhi kwenza ukuba khona kwabaxhumanisi bezezimali kubaluleke, labo ubungozi obuyingxenye yemvelo yebhizinisi labo, kuyilapho ama-ejenti okungewona awezezimali amukela kuphela ngokufuna amaphrimiyamu. inkulu kakhulu komboleki.

Ama-ejenti okungewona awezezimali azodlulisela izingozi kubaxhumanisi bezezimali ukuze bathole ukwehliswa kwemali abayitholayo.

✔️ Izindleko zolwazi

Ukunikeza isikweletu kuyisinqumo esingenakuhlehliswa futhi esiyingozi. Imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali incike esikhathini esizayo kanye nokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe noma okuncane kwesimo samanje.

Ikusasa aliqinisekile, ezimweni eziningi umbolekisi akanalo ulwazi olwanele ngababolekayo, ngezinye izikhathi okudala izindleko ezinkulu. Izindleko zolwazi.

Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukulawula izimali zakho ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ngincoma kakhulu lo mhlahlandlela.

YINDAWO YAKHO SHIYA OKUKHONA EKUPHAWENI KWAKHO