Izingxenye ze-Islamic Financial System

Nakuba ibuswa izimiso ezithile zenkolo, Uhlelo lwezezimali lwamaSulumane lunezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezenza kube uhlelo oluphelele ngokwalo. amabhange Islamic, izimali zokutshala izimali zokuziphatha, umshwalense we-takaful ngisho nemakethe ye-Islamic interbank bonke abalingisi namathuluzi akha ezezimali zamaSulumane.

Lokhu kwakhiwe njengenye indlela yezimali ezivamile, kubhekwe ti-rop eqagelayo nenqanyuliwe amaqiniso ezomnotho. Inhloso yawo ukuvumelanisa imbuyiselo yezimali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezimiso zokuziphatha, kuyilapho kuhlonishwa izimiso zomthetho wamaSulumane (Sharia).

Kulesi sihloko, sizobuyekeza izingxenye ezahlukene ze-Ecosystem yezezimali yamaSulumane. Sizohlaziya indima kanye nokucaciswa kwawo ngamunye walaba badlali.

Asambe !!

🌿 I-Islamic Development Bank

I-Islamic Development Bank (IDB) yisikhungo sezimali samazwe ngamazwe esimaphakathi nohlelo lwezezimali lwamaSulumane. Yasungulwa ngomhlaka-21 Rajab 1394 (Agasti 12, 1974) eJeddah eMbusweni waseSaudi Arabia.

Iqale ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi yayo ku-Chaoual 15, 1395 (Okthoba 20, 1975). Iqembu le-BID lakhiwe izinhlaka ezinhlanu, okuyilezi:

• I-IDB ngokwayo,
• I-Islamic Institute for Research and Training (IIRF),
• I-Islamic Corporation for Private Sector Development (SIDSP),
• I-Islamic Insurance Company for Investments and Export Credits (SIAICE),
• I-International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (SIIFC).

Unyaka wezimali we-IDB ubuhambisana nonyaka wenyanga ka-Hijri, kodwa kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 2016. Washintshwa ukuze uhambisane nonyaka welanga we-Hijri oqala ngomhla ka-11 Capricorn (Januwari 1) futhi uphele ngo-10 Capricorn (Disemba 31 unyaka ngamunye).

Ulimi I-IDB esemthethweni isi-Arabhu. Kodwa isiNgisi nesiFulentshi nazo zisebenza njengezilimi ezisebenzayo. Iyunithi yayo ye-akhawunti yi-Islamic dinar elingana nelungelo elikhethekile lokudweba le-International Monetary Fund.

Ihhovisi elikhulu kanye nezikhungo zesifunda

I-IDB ikomkhulu layo e-Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, futhi inezikhungo zesifunda eziyishumi nanye e-Abuja (Nigeria), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Ankara (Turkey), Cairo (Egypt), Dakar (Senegal), Dhaka (Bangladesh ), Dubai ( United Arab Emirates), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kampala (Uganda), Paramaribo (Suriname) kanye Rabat (Morocco).

Mission

Umgomo we-IDB ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komuntu okuphelele. Igxilisa imizamo yayo emikhakheni ebekwe eqhulwini njengokunciphisa ubumpofu, ukwenza ngcono impilo, ukukhuthaza imfundo, ukwenza ngcono ukubusa kanye nokuchuma kwabantu.

Amalungu

I-IDB ibalulekile Amazwe angamalungu angama-57 emhlabeni wonke. Noma yiliphi izwe elifisa ukuba yilungu kumele libe ngaphansi kweNhlangano Yezokubambisana KwamaSulumane (OIC). Kumelwe bakhokhe ingxenye yokuqala yokubamba iqhaza kwabo kwezimali futhi bamukele imigomo nemibandela ebekwe uMkhandlu Wababusi.

Capital

Ngesikhathi sakhe 38^th Umhlangano waminyaka yonke, Ibhodi Labaphathi ligunyaze i-5^th ukwanda okuvamile kwezimali, okuholele ekutheni 100 billion dinar Izikhungo zamaSulumane inani lemali egunyaziwe kanye nezigidigidi ezingama-50 ezizobhaliswa.

Ngokuvumelana nesinqumo esifanayo, Ibhodi Labaphathi ligunyaze ukudluliswa kwesinqumo sengxenye okufanele ilandelwe ngaphansi kwe-4^th ukwanda okuvamile. Ekupheleni konyaka wezimali ka-2018, imali eyinhloko ebhalisiwe ye-IDB ifike ku-50,2 billion zama-dinar amaSulumane.

🌿 Inhlangano ye-Accounting and Auditing for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI)

Ingxenye yesibili yohlelo lwezezimali lwamaSulumane yi-AAOIFI. I-AAOIFI yinhlangano ezimele engenzi nzuzo eyasungulwa ngo-1991 ngamabhange amaphakathi amaSulumane.

Ukuzalwa kwale nhlangano kwaba yimpendulo esidingweni sokuqhathaniswa kwezitatimende zezimali zamabhange amaSulumane. Umgomo wayo ukuthuthukisa imithetho nezindinganiso zamaSulumane ku-accounting, ukucwaninga amabhuku kanye nokubusa kwebhizinisi.

Indima yeI-AAOIFI

Ngokuqondile, i-AAOIFI ihlose:

• ukuthuthukisa imodeli yezimali ethobela i-Sharia, yokucwaningwa kwamabhuku, ukubusa kanye nendlela yokucabanga yezimiso zokuziphatha;
• isabalalisa lawa mamodeli ngamasemina, ukushicilelwa, imibiko, ucwaningo, njll.;
• ukudala izindinganiso zokubalwa kwezimali kanye nokucwaninga ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zezezimali zamaSulumane, ukuze zivumelanise futhi zitolike.

Sekukonke, umgomo wokugcina we-AAOIFI wukumisa nokuvumelana kwezinqubo zezimali zamaSulumane. Izindinganiso ezakhayo zibizwa ngokuthi Amazinga Okugcinwa Kwezimali (FAS).

Izindinganiso zama-Islamic accounting

Ukuze kukhiqizwe izindinganiso zokubalwa kwezimali eziqondene nama-BI, amalungu e-AAOIFI anokukhetha phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili eziphikisana nediametrically:

Okokuqala, bangakwazi ukushanela kahle izindinganiso zokubalwa kwezimali zaseNtshonalanga (amazinga e-IFRS). Ngokwenza kanjalo, bathembele ezisekelweni nasezimpokophelweni zamaSulumane ukuthuthukisa amazinga afanele wokubala. Bese bengakwazi hlaziya izindinganiso izindinganiso zokubala zamazwe ngamazwe maqondana nohlaka lwamaSulumane. Yamukela lezo ezifanele ezezimali zamaSulumane.

Bathuthukisa kuphela izindinganiso zokubala uma izindinganiso zokubala zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zathula ekuphathweni kwezimali zamaphuzu athile athile noma zamukele imibono engqubuzana nezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-IF.

🌿 Ibhodi le-Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB)

Ingxenye yesithathu ebalulekile yesistimu yezezimali yamaSulumane yi Islamic Financial Services iBhodi (IFSB). Yasungulwa ngo-2002 ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuchuma nokuzinza kwezezimali zamaSulumane.

Ngakho-ke, umgomo wayo ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuvuselela imithethonqubo yamazwe ngamazwe kanye namazinga ahambisana ne sharia. Lokhu okokuthuthukisa ukucaca ezinsizeni ezihlinzekwa yizezimali zamaSulumane. Inhloso enkulu yamazinga ashicilelwe yi-IFSB ukuvimbela nokuphathwa kwezingozi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo evela ezezimali zamaSulumane.

🌿 I-International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA)

Ingxenye yesine yohlelo lwezezimali lwamaSulumane yi I-International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA). Kungumkhandlu weSharia ohlanganisa izazi zezomthetho ezingamaMuslim ezingamalungu eNhlangano Yenkomfa YamaSulumane.

Indima yayo ukufunda nokwenza imibono yezomthetho (amafata) ehlose ukusebenza njengesikhundla esifanayo kwezomnotho, ezezimali kanye namabhange.

I-IIFA ihlanganisa ndawonye osomthetho abangamaSulumane abanolwazi olunzulu emkhakheni wezokuthengiselana futhi ababambe iqhaza kakhulu ezindabeni zezomnotho noma zezezimali zesimanje.

Izikhungo eziningi zezezimali zamaSulumane ngokuvamile zicela i-IIFA ngebhodi labo le-Shariah ukuthi iqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yazo yokusebenza iyahambisana naleyo ekhishwe yi-IIFA.

🌿 I-International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM)

I-International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM) yinhlangano eyasungulwa ngo-2002 futhi izinze eManama, eBahrain. Inhloso yayo ukwenza kube sezingeni futhi kuvumelanise izinqubo ezimakethe ezinkulu zamaSulumane emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngokukhethekile, i-IIFM ihlose ukusungula izindinganiso ezihlanganisiwe kumadokhumenti omthetho nezinqubo zokukhishwa ukuze kuqondiswe ukuthengiselana okuwela imingcele kwemikhiqizo yezezimali ye-Islamic. Inhlangano igxile kumathuluzi amaningana abalulekile afana ne-sukuk (amabhondi e-Islamic) kanye nemisebenzi yokushintshisana ngemali yangaphandle ethobela i-Sharia.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe la mazinga, i-IIFM incike ekubambisaneni phakathi kwabadlali abakhulu embonini yezezimali yamaSulumane emhlabeni jikelele. Amabhange amakhulu, abakhiphi be-sukuk, ukuhwebelana ngamasheya, amafemu asemthethweni ngisho nabalawuli babambiqhaza ebhodini lenhlangano.

Ngokushicilelwa kwemihlahlandlela nezinkontileka ezijwayelekile eziguqulelwe kumininingwane yezimali zamaSulumane, i-IIFM ihlose ukuqinisa ukuhlanganiswa nokuvumelanisa kwezimakethe zezimali zamaSulumane. Isenzo sawo sibalulekile ukukhuthaza ukugeleza kwemali enqamula imingcele kanye nokuxhumana kwalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo esikhulayo.

🌿 La I-Liquidity Management Center (LMC)

Le I-Liquidity Management Center (LMC) yisikhungo esakhiwe ngo-2002 ngaphansi kobuholi be-Islamic Development Bank. Inhloso yayo ukwenza lula ukuphathwa kwezimali kanye nokwabiwa kwezimali okuphelele kwamabhange amaSulumane nezikhungo zezezimali.

Ngokuqondile, i-LMC inikezela ngezixazululo ezahlukahlukene zokwenza abadlali bezezimali bamaSulumane bakwazi ukuphatha kangcono imali enqwabelene yabo kanye nokushodayo. Ibahlinzeka ngensizakalo yokukhokha imali phakathi kwamabhange amaSulumane, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa izidingo.

ISikhungo siphinde sasungula indlela yokuphatha imali ngokuhlanganyela. Izimali zifakwa ezimakethe zezimali zamaSulumane, inzuzo nokulahlekelwa okwabelwana ngazo phakathi kwezikhungo ezingamalungu. Amathuluzi okutshalwa kwezimali esikhathi esifushane nawo anikezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe inzuzo yemali eningi eyeqile.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-LMC inikeza izindlela zokubuyisela imali zesikhashana ezikhungweni zezimali zamaSulumane ezibhekene nobunzima bezezimali. izidingo zemali engazelelwe. Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zindlela, Isikhungo sidlala indima ekhulayo ekuhleleni nasekuthuthukiseni ukuphathwa kwezimali ngaphakathi kwezimali zamaSulumane.

🌿 I-International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA)

I-International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA) iyisikhungo sokulinganisa isilinganiso sezimali esikhethekileekuhlaziyeni izikhungo zezezimali zamaSulumane.

Idalwe ngo-2005 futhi izinze e-Bahrain, umgomo we-IIRA ukuhlinzeka ngezilinganiso zezikweletu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezezimali kwabadlali bezezimali bamaSulumane. Igxile kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwamabhange amaSulumane, izinkampani zomshwalense we-takaful, izimali zokutshala izimali zamaSulumane kanye ne-sukuk (ibhondi yamaSulumane).

Le nhlangano ihlaziya ukuqina kwezezimali kwalezi zikhungo kanye nokuhambisana kwazo nemithetho ye-Sharia (umthetho wamaSulumane). Izilinganiso zayo zekhredithi zisukela ku-AAA kubadlali abasengozini encane ukuya ku-D kulabo abazenzakalelayo.

Izilinganiso nokuhlaziya okukhiqizwa yi-IIRA kusetshenziswa abadlali abahlukene emhlabeni wezezimali wamaSulumane. Abalawuli bayisebenzisela ukuqapha ubungozi. Abatshalizimali bayawacabangela lapho behlola amathuba okutshala izimali. Futhi amanye ama-ejensi ajwayelekile okulinganisa ancike kukho ukuze aqonde kangcono imininingwane yemikhiqizo yezezimali yamaSulumane.

Inani elengeziwe le-IIRA lisemandleni ayo ulwazi olujulile imininingwane yezezimali yamaSulumane. Indlela yayo yokulinganisa ihlanganisa izici ezithile ezifana nokuhlonipha isimiso sokwabelana ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa noma ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi engahambelani nezimiso zokuziphatha zamaSulumane.

Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwezezimali ze-Islamic emhlabeni wonke, indima yama-ejensi wokulinganisa angochwepheshe njenge-IIRA izokhula ngokubaluleka. Benza kube nokwenzeka ukwanda obala nokwethembana kulolu hlelo lwezezimali oluhlukile.

🌿 I-International Islamic Center for Reconciliation and Arbitration (IICRA)

I-International Islamic Center for Reconciliation and Arbitration (IICRA) yinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ezinze eDubai. Idalwe ngo-2005 ngaphansi kwe-egis ye-Islamic Development Bank, igxile ekuxazululeni nasekuxazululeni izingxabano zezezimali zamaSulumane.

Umgomo we-IICRA ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuxazulula izingxabano ezihambisana nezimiso namagugu ezezimali zamaSulumane. Imikhakha yakhe yobungcweti ihlanganisa ukulamula ezingxabanweni zamabhange ezibandakanya izikhungo zezimali zamaSulumane, ukulamula ezingxabanweni eziphathelene nokuthengiselana kwezezimali kwamaSulumane, kodwa nokuqeqeshwa kwamajaji nabalamuli kwezezimali zamaSulumane.

Inhlangano futhi yaziwa ngobungcweti bayo bokuqinisekisa izinkontileka zezimali zamaSulumane ngokuya ngokuhambisana ne-Sharia. Iphinde ithuthukise izigaba zomshwana zokuxazulula izingxabano ezijwayelekile, ezihlanganiswe nezinkontileka zezimali zamabhange nezikhungo zezezimali zamaSulumane.

Intshisekelo ye-IICRA ukunikeza izixazululo zobulungiswa obuzimele (ukulamula, ukulamula) ezivumelaniswe ngokuphelele nemininingwane yezezimali yamaSulumane. Izinsizakalo zayo zisekelwe kumagugu okulunga, izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nokuhambisana nenkolo okusenhliziyweni yalesi simiso sezimali esihlukile.

Ngenxa yobungcweti bayo obujulile ekuxazululeni izingxabano zezezimali zamaSulumane, i-IICRA eminyakeni embalwa nje isibe isibonakaliso samazwe ngamazwe kule ndawo. Isekelwe e-Dubai, ibekwe kahle enhliziyweni yenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili emhlabeni kwezezimali zamaSulumane.

🌿 UMkhandlu Wamabhange AmaSulumane Nezikhungo Zezezimali (CIBAFI)

I-Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI) yinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe eyasungulwa ngo-2001 futhi ezinze e-Bahrain. Umgomo wayo ukukhuthaza nokuthuthukisa imboni yezinsizakalo zezezimali zamaSulumane emhlabeni wonke.

Ngokuqondile, i-CIBAFI ivikela izintshisekelo zamabhange amaSulumane nezikhungo zezezimali. Iphinde ihlose ukuqinisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwababambe iqhaza nokwenza kube lula ukucobelelana ngolwazi kanye nezinqubo ezinhle kulo mkhakha.

Inhlangano iphinde ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo yomphakathi ehlobene nezezimali zamaSulumane. Ikhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwamazinga aqinile okubusa nokulawulwa kobungozi yizikhungo zezezimali zamaSulumane.

Ukufeza umsebenzi wayo, I-CIBAFI isebenzisa izenzo eziningi : inhlangano yezingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe, ukushicilelwa kwezifundo nemibiko yocwaningo, enikeza ukuqeqeshwa nezitifiketi kochwepheshe bezezimali bamaSulumane.

Njengoba inamalungu angaphezu kwe-130 avela emazweni angama-34, i-CIBAFI isizisungule namuhla njengommeleli oyinhloko kanye nenhlangano ekhuthaza imboni yezezimali yamaSulumane emhlabeni wonke. Isekelwe e-Bahrain, isenkabeni yesinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zezezimali zamaSulumane.

Isiphetho

Ekupheleni kwalokhu kuhlaziya, siyaqaphela ukuthi ezezimali zamaSulumane kancane kancane ziye zathola i-ecosystem ephelele futhi ehlelekile, nabalingisi abahlukahlukene abasebenzisana ukuze banikeze izinsiza ngokuhambisana imithetho yokuziphatha yamaSulumane.

Amabhange ezentengiselwano, izimakethe zezimali, umshwalense we-takaful kanye nezimali zokutshalwa kwezimali zezimiso zokuziphatha zakha izingxenye eziyinhloko zalesi sakhiwo sezimali esihlukile.

Isekelwa yizindikimba zokumisa, izimiso nemithetho yokuthobela i-Sharia, zakha uhlelo oludidiyelwe olusebenza ngokuvumelana nezimiso zokwabelana ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa, ukuvinjelwa kwe-ribâ kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuphela.

Iqhutshwa yisidingo esikhulayo sabantu abangamaSulumane kodwa futhi a ukukhangwa ezezimali zesimilo Ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, ezezimali zamaSulumane kulindeleke ukuthi ziqhubeke nokukhula eminyakeni ezayo. Singabheja ukuthi uhlelo lwayo luzoqhubeka nokuqiniswa ukuze lunikeze enye indlela ethembekile kunezimali ezivamile.