Amathuluzi ezezimali angu-14 asetshenziswa kakhulu amaSulumane

Yiziphi amathuluzi ezezimali amaSulumane asetshenziswa kakhulu? Lo mbuzo uyisizathu salesi sihloko. Empeleni, ezezimali Islam njengenye indlela yezimali ezivamile inikeza inani lamathuluzi ezezimali.

Kodwa-ke, lawa mathuluzi kufanele ahambisane ne-Sharia. Lawa mathuluzi ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezintathu. Sinamathuluzi ezezimali, amathuluzi okubamba iqhaza namathuluzi ezezimali okungewona amabhange. Kulesi sihloko, ngethula kuwe amathuluzi ezezimali asetshenziswa kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukulawula izimali zakho emasontweni ayi-6 kuphela, Ngikunikeza lo mhlahlandlela osebenza kahle kakhulu.

Asihambe

🔰 AmaHawala

Un IHawala, ubuye abizwe ngokuthi amaHundi wona kusho "ukwethemba". Iwuhlelo lokukhokha olusatshalaliswa ngokwesiko nolungekho emthethweni. Imvelaphi yayo awaziwa kahle kakhulu. Engingakusho ukuthi isukela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Njengobufakazi, ingatholakala emibhalweni ye-Fiqh yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Iqhaza elikhulu leHawala ukuzungeza imali kunethiwekhi yabathengisi bamasheya.

Nokho, imibono iyahluka mayelana nencazelo yalo mbono. Kwabanye abacwaningi, lolu hlelo lusebenza ngesisekelo sokwethenjwa ngakho-ke aludingi ukukhishwa kwendlela yokukhokha. Njengoba kungancikile ukuphoqelelwa ngokomthetho kwezinkontileka, lolu hlelo lusebenza ngisho nalapho kungekho uhlaka oluvamile lwezomthetho nomthetho.

Nokho, kwabanye, iHawala ayilutho ngaphandle kwebhili yokuhwebelana, inothi lesithembiso, isheke noma okusalungiswa. Ngokobuchwepheshe, okweletayo udlulisela umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhokha isikweletu sakhe kumuntu wesithathu onguye ngokwakhe omkweletayo. Ngakho-ke umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhokha usemahlombe enkampani yangaphandle.

I-Hawala iwumshini ovumela ukukhokhwa kwama-akhawunti omhlaba ngokudluliswa kwezimali. Isusa ngezinga elikhulu isidingo sokudluliswa kwemalies. Ungaphawula ngalokhu kwehluka kumazwana.

🔰 I Mousawama

Kuyinkontileka yokuthengisa i-classic efana ne-Murabaha. Kulolu hlobo lwenkontileka, umthengi akalazi imajini yenzuzo esetshenziswa umdayisi.

Ngamanye amazwi, umthengisi akaphoqelekile ukuthi adalule inani elikhokhiwe ukuze adale noma athole okuhle noma isevisi. Lolu hlobo lwenkontileka lwenzeka lapho kunzima ukunquma izindleko zempahla noma isevisi.

Le Inkontileka kaMousawama iveza okufanayo izinzuzo kanye nemibi efanayo kune Murabaha. Ngokuvela kwemakethe, sesingakwazi kakade ukuzuza kumakhadi e-e-mousawama. Eqinisweni, ikhadi le-e-Mousawama umqondo omusha wamakhadi ediphozi kagesi ahambisana ne-Sharia.

Leli khadi lesikweletu yilona kuphela lohlobo lwalo eliphula incazelo yezimali zamaSulumane futhi lithuthukisa indlela yokukhokha. Ikhasimende lithola ukugunyazwa kwekhredithi futhi ukuthenga kungenziwa kubathengisi abachaziwe abakhava iningi lezidingo zakho.

🔰 I-Qard Hasan

Le Qard Hassan yinkontileka yemalimboleko phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ngesisekelo sokuvikelwa komphakathi. Ingase futhi ihlangabezane nesidingo sesikhathi esifushane somboleki. Kuyi-a imalimboleko ngaphandle kwenzalo noma inzuzo. Ifana kakhulu nosizo kunekhredithi yezohwebo.

Le nqubo ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa yizikhungo zezentengiselwano. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingasetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile (uma kwenzeka kuba nobunzima kumuntu noma inkampani, noma lapho umuntu efisa ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhakha ekhulayo).

Ngokwesimo samanje, abaningi baqhathanisa lokhu imalimboleko yosuku lokukhokha. Phakathi nenqubo yokubolekwa kwemali, inani lokubuyisela kufanele lifane nenani elibolekiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho nzalo noma i-riba kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela emalimboleko.

Nokho, ngokokholo oluhle, umboleki angase akhokhe imali ethe xaxa ngokuzayo. Kuphela ngeke kuxoxwe noma kuvunyelwane ngakho ngesikhathi senkontileka.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma benikeza umqashisi ibhonasi noma inkokhelo eyengeziwe, kuvunyelwe, kodwa ingxoxo yohlelo olunjalo ayivunyelwe. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa njengesilinganiso sokholo oluhle futhi njengendlela yokubonga umqashisi.

UQard Hasan ubizwa nangokuthi imali ebolekiwe enomusa. Nokho, nansi incwadi yami ekutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngamabhange amaSulumane.

🔰 I I-Mokayada

Kuyinkontileka yokushintshisana ngenani x lempahla eluhlaza ngokumelene nenani y lenye impahla eluhlaza okungabandakanyi ukushintshana kwemali. Amanani anqunyelwe ngokwesisekelo senani lemakethe lempahla edayisiwe

🔰 I kafalah

Emthethweni wamaSulumane, kafala kuyinqubo ethile yokutholwa ehambisana nokugada ngaphandle kwe-filiation. Iphinde iveze uxhaso ngaphambi kokuqashwa kwabasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe emazweni asePersian Gulf.

Kwezezimali zamaSulumane iKafala iyi- isivumelwano sewaranti lapho umuntu wesithathu eqinisekisa isikweletu se-ejenti enezikweletu. Isibopho sesikweletu sibhekene nombolekisi ngaleyo ndlela sisemaceleni amabili enkontileka.

Iphinde isetshenziswe njengenye yezinkontileka ukuhambisana nemikhiqizo eyisisekelo yezimali yamaSulumane. Ikakhulukazi ngezinjongo zokunciphisa ubungozi, njengezinkontileka Musyarakah, Mudarabah, Murabahah, Istisna′, Ijarah and Tawarruq. Njengenkontileka ye-Hawala, i-Kafala ayikhiqizi izindleko ezingaphezu kwezindleko zokuphatha.

🔰 I-Rahn

Le Rahn yinkontileka lapho umenzeli evikela isikweletu ngesibambiso (isibambiso). Lolu hlobo lwenkontileka luhlose ukunciphisa ubungozi obuvela kwelinye iqembu elithwalwa umbolekisi.

Inzuzo yale nkontileka ukuthi ivumela umenzeli ukuthi ethule impahla ayiphethe njengesibambiso kuyilapho egcina ukusetshenziswa nobunikazi bayo. Ngokuvamile, isiqinisekiso sicelwa umbolekisi kumkweleti ekuqaleni kwenkontileka ukugwema ukwehluleka umkweleti ukuthi angasikhokhi isikweletu.

Ukuba semthethweni komqondo kaRahn kukhulunywe ngawo encwadini Quran in al Baqarah ivesi 283 “Futhi uma nisohambweni ningamtholi umbhali, kufanele kuthathwe idiphozithi. Leli vesi liqinisekisa imvume yokuthola imali ebolekiwe noma uxhaso lwezimali ngesibambiso e-Islam.  

Lokhu futhi kwasekelwa umkhuba womProfethi ovela kuhadith elandiswa u-Aishah (RA): “URasulullah wathenga ukudla ngesikweletu kumJuda futhi wanikeza izikhali zakhe zensimbi njengesibambiso kumthengisi. » (Sahih al-Bukhari).

Ezenzweni zamanje zamabhange amaSulumane, umqondo kaRahn ungasetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbili ezihlukene.

✔️ Icala lokuqala elokusebenzisa impahla yesibambiso noma i-Marhun njengesibambiso esimsulwa.

Isibonelo, kwezezimali zezindlu, ibhange livamise ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yezezimali ukuze ikhasimende lithenge indlu okwenza ibhange libe ngumbolekisi kanye nekhasimende njengesikweletu, ngoba imali iwukudayiswa ngesikweletu okudala isikweletu.

Kulesi simo, umbolekisi uzokwenza indlu enezimali i-Marhun (isibambiso) ukuze ivikele izibopho zayo zokukhokha ebhange. Ngesikhathi sesiqinisekiso, okweletayo (iklayenti) alikwazi ukudayisela elinye iqembu indlu ngaphandle uma ibhange limgunyaza njengombolekisi.

Uma ikhasimende lihluleka ukukhokha isikweletu salo nebhange, ibhange linamandla okuthengisa indlu ukuze likhokhe inani elingakhokhiwe lokudayiswa.

Ibhange lingathatha kuphela okukweletwa yibhange futhi imali enqwabelene ekuthengisweni (uma ikhona) izobuyiselwa ekhasimendeni. Lesi sibonelo sidweba isithombe sohlelo lokuqala luka-Rahn, okungukuthi, njengokuvikeleka okumsulwa.

✔️ Esimeni sesibili, i-al-rahn izoba ithuluzi lokusiza i-microfinance.

 Lapha, inani lezimali elinikeziwe lizoncika enanini le-Marhun (isibambiso sempahla). Kwi-microfinance ye-al-rahn evamile, iklayenti lithembisa izimpahla zalo ezibalulekile njengegolide kumthengisi wemali noma owaziwa ngokuthi “ sebenzisa i-Islam njengoMarhun.

I-Marhun izolinganiswa futhi ikhasimende lizonikezwa imali ebolekiwe ngokusekelwe kumaphesenti athile, ake sithi 70% yenani lika-Marhun.

Ngesikhathi sokuboleka, umthengisi wempahla, njengomnikazi wempahla, ukhokhisa imali esekelwe ekubalweni kwansuku zonke noma kwanyanga zonke ukuze agcine isevisi yento eyisibambiso ize ibuyiswe futhi isikweletu siqedwe.

Ngalokhu, umkhuba we-Rahn njengethuluzi lokusiza ngezimali ungabonakala ikakhulukazi ekutholeni uxhaso lwezimali oluncane.

🔰 I UTakaful

Le UTakaful yavela ezizweni zasendulo zama-Arab njengesibopho esivamile esasidinga labo abenze amacala kumalungu esinye isizwe ukuba bakhokhe isinxephezelo kwabahlukunyeziwe noma izindlalifa zabo.

Lesi simiso kamuva sasakazekela ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nezohwebo zasolwandle, lapho abahlanganyeli banikela khona esikhwameni esasihloselwe ukubhekelela wonke amalungu eqembu abhekana nezingozi lapho ehamba olwandle.

Namuhla isiphenduke umqondo osetshenziswa kabanzi kwezezimali zamaSulumane. I-Takaful ijwayelekile ebizwa ngokuthi umshwalense wamaSulumane. Lokhu kungenxa yokufana okubonakalayo phakathi kwenkontileka ye-Kafalah (isiqinisekiso) kanye nesomshuwalense.

Kusekelwe ezimisweni zokusebenzisana nokubambisana, okuhlanganisa izici zomthwalo wemfanelo okwabelwana ngazo, inkokhelo ehlanganyelwe, ezinentshisekelo efanayo kanye nobumbano. 

Umshwalense wamaSulumane udinga ukuthi umhlanganyeli ngamunye afake isandla esikhwameni esisetshenziselwa ukweseka omunye nomunye. Umhlanganyeli ngamunye unikela ngamanani anele ukumboza izimangalo ezilindelekile.

🌲 Amajamo ahlukene ofUmshwalense wamaSulumane

NjengoSukuks, kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-Takaful. Umshuwalense Halal inikeza ukufakwa kwezimali kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu oyedwa noma ibhizinisi.

✔️ I-Takaful engenzi nzuzo

Basho ukuthi umsebenzi uphethwe a isisekelo sokusebenzisana noma sokubambisana. Lokhu kungakhathaliseki amafomu abo omthetho. Kulolu hlobo lwe-Takaful, ikomidi labaphathi livamise ukusethwa abahlanganyeli bohlelo.

Ibhodi liphethe umsebenzi egameni labo bonke abanikazi bepholisi. Ngakho-ke alikho ibhizinisi elihlukile eliphethe ukuphatha umsebenzi njengakulokhu okulandelayo.

✔️ I-Takaful yenzuzo

Kuthiwa zenzelwe inzuzo uma abaphathi besikhwama bephathiswe inkampani yezentengiselwano (opharetha). UTakaful). Akulona ikomiti njengoba kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule.

Ngokuya ngemithetho eqondene nendawo ngayinye, isikhwama singase sihlanganiswe nomsebenzisi. Kuphela, kufanele kube nokuhlukaniswa okucacile phakathi kwezimali zabanikazi bamasheya kanye nalezo zabahlanganyeli ohlelweni lomshwalense.

Kwamanye amazwe, uhlelo UTakaful inganikezwa "ifasitela" lomshwalense wendabuko. Lokhu kunjalo emazweni amaningana ase-Afrika afana neCameroon, Senegal, Morocco namanye amaningi.

🌲I amamodeli ahlukahlukene UTakaful

Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokusungula izinkontileka zomshwalense we-Takaful. Kodwa ngethula kuwe kuphela amamodeli asetshenziswa kakhulu.

Amamodeli agqugquzelwe ngu Mudaraba, amamodeli aphefumulelwe ngu walala, amamodeli ahlanganisiwe namamodeli agqugquzelwe iminikelo (Waqf).

✔️ Imodeli Mudaraba pur

Kumodeli kaTakaful Mudaraba, sinoMudarib (usomabhizinisi) odlala indima kaTakaful kanye rab mal (abahlinzeki abakhulu) ababambiqhaza.

Inkontileka icacisa ukuthi izinzuzo ezikhiqizwa kanjani yi-investimenti kanye/noma imali enqwabelene evela emsebenzini UTakaful izosatshalaliswa phakathi komsebenzisi UTakaful nabakhona.

Ukulahlekelwa kuwumthwalo wemfanelo kuphela wabahlanganyeli njengabanikeli bemali. Ngaphandle kwalapho osebenza khona etholakala enze ukungaziphathi kahle emsebenzini noma ubudedengu. Kulokhu i I-Mudarib noma usomabhizinisi akanxeshezelwa ngemizamo yakhe.

✔️ Imodeli walala pur

Le modeli ihlotshaniswa nobudlelwano be-ejensi (uthishanhloko–i-ejenti). Isetshenziselwa ukubhalisa nokubekwa. Ekuthengeni, u-opharetha UTakaful isebenza njenge-ejenti yabahlanganyeli ukuphatha isikhwama UTakaful.

Bonke ubungozi buthwalwa yisikhwama futhi noma iyiphi insalela yokusebenza ingeyababambiqhaza. Umsebenzisi UTakaful ayibambi iqhaza ngokuqondile ebungozini obulethwa yisikhwama noma kunoma iyiphi imali enqwabelene/esilele isikhwama.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umshwalense uTakaful uthola a ikhomishini walala okungaguquki ngokuvamile elimele iphesenti leminikelo ekhokhiwe. Lezi zimali zinxephezela umsebenzi wakhe njengomphathi.

Iholo lomsebenzisi lingaphinda lifake imali yokusebenza, edonswa kunoma iyiphi imali enqwabelene. Kuyisinyathelo esikhuthazayo sokuphatha kahle izimali.

✔️Imodeli ye-hybrid: inhlanganisela walala et mudaraba

Kulo modeli, kwenziwa izinkontileka ezincane ezimbili. Okokuqala inkontileka ye-Wakala yamukelwe ukubhalisa, bese kuba yinkontileka Mudaraba esetshenziselwa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhwama.

Le modeli iyona enconywe kakhulu izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Empeleni, yamukelwa kabanzi ngabashwalense UTakaful.

✔️ Imodeli ye-Waqf

Ngomqondo wenkolo yamaSulumane, i-waqf iwuhlobo lomnikelo owenziwa umuntu phakade. Ngale modeli, umshwalense kuqala wenza umnikelo. Kamuva, abanikazi bamapholisi benza iminikelo eyengeziwe ezosetshenziselwa ukukhokhela izimangalo.

Umsebenzisi uthola imali emisiwe yokubhalisa. Abanikazi bamapholisi bona, bathola ibhalansi yezimali ngemva kokuqedwa kwezicelo. Le modeli itholakala ikakhulukazi ePakistan.

Kuwo wonke amamodeli angenhla, umshwalense uzohlinzeka ngemalimboleko engenayo inzalo ukumboza noma yikuphi ukwehluleka esikhwameni. takaful. the imali ebolekiwe ibuyiselwa kusetshenziswa imali eningi ikusasa lesikhwama takaful. Ithebula elilandelayo libonisa umehluko phakathi komshwalense wakudala kanye nomshwalense wamaSulumane, i takaful.

🔰 The Mudharaba

Le Mudharaba ireferensi yenkontileka yezohwebo lapho enye inhlangano inikela ngemali enkulu futhi enye umzamo womuntu siqu. Isabelo esilinganiselwe senzuzo sinqunywa isivumelwano sobabili.

Kodwa ukulahlekelwa, uma kukhona, kuthwala kuphela umnikazi wenhloko-dolobha, lapho usomabhizinisi engatholi lutho ngomsebenzi wakhe. Usozimali waziwa ngokuthi " rabal maal » kanye nosomabhizinisi ngaphansi kwegama elithi « mudarib ".

Njengendlela yokuxhasa ngezimali eyamukelwa amabhange ama-Islamic, kuyinkontileka lapho yonke imali eyinhloko ihlinzekwa yibhange lamaSulumane kuyilapho ibhizinisi liphethwe enye inhlangano.

Inzuzo yabiwa ngokwezilinganiso nokulahlekelwa okwakuvunyelwene ngakho ngaphambili, uma ikhona, ngaphandle uma kubangelwe ubudedengu noma ukwephulwa kwemibandela yenkontileka “ mudarib » isekelwa ibhange lamaSulumane.

🔰 Musharakah noma Musharakah

Umsuka wegama I-Musharakah ivela ku-Arabic Sharikah okusho ukubambisana. Kuzazi zezomthetho zamaSulumane, ukuba semthethweni nokuvunyelwa kweMusharakah kusekelwe ezinhlinzekweni zeQuran, Sunnah kanye ne-Ijmah (ukuvumelana) kwezazi.

Kwezezimali zamaSulumane, i-Musharaka i indlela yokuxhasa ngezimali esesimweni sokubambisana. Kuyinkontileka esayinwe phakathi ibhange kanye nekhasimende lalo lapho iqembu ngalinye linikela ngemali enkulu ngamazinga alinganayo noma ahlukahlukene ukuze kusungulwe iphrojekthi entsha noma ukubamba iqhaza kuphrojekthi ekhona.

Inzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa okukhiqizwayo kwabiwa ngokuhambisana nemibandela yenkontileka. Zabiwa ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano se-Musharakah. Ukulahlekelwa kuvame ukwabiwa ngokulingana nenhloko-dolobha enikelwe yi-Musharik ngayinye.

Izinkontileka zikaMusharakah zingathatha amafomu alandelayo: i-Musharakah eqhubekayo futhi enciphayo. Isivumelwano se-Musharakah singangenwa kuso isikhathi esifushane noma eside. Ikhephithali enikelwe yibhange ku-Musharaka ingahlala injalo kuso sonke isikhathi senkontileka.

 🌲 Izinhlobo zezinkontileka musharakah

Njengemikhiqizo eminingi yezezimali yamaSulumane, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-le musharakah : the musharakah okokugcina kanye ne musharakah degressive.

✔️ I-musharakah eqondile

Le nguqulo yenkontileka musharakah ivumela ibhange ukuthi libambe iqhaza ekuxhaseni ngezimali iphrojekthi ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi lihlomule enzuzweni ngokwesikhundla salo njengozakwethu abambisene nabo. Kulokhu, ibhange libhekene nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esimaphakathi noma eside kwalezi zinsiza ezinzile.

Umnikelo webhange ungathatha uhlobo lokubamba iqhaza ngokulingana ezinkampanini ezikhona. Lo mnikelo ungathatha uhlobo lomnikelo ekwandiseni imali yamasheya ezinkampanini ezintsha.

Lolu hlobo musharakah with izibambiso ze-equity zihlangana kwezezimali zendabuko ukuvikela ukulawula okubalulekile ebhizinisini elikhona. Kule nkontileka akukho ukukhokhwa kwemali enkulu.

✔️ Le musharakah kuncipha

Nge musharakah kuncipha ibhange kancane kancane liyahoxa enhlokodolobha yenkampani. Ikhasimende lizokhokha, ngezikhathi ezithile ebhange, ingxenye yenzuzo okufanele liyikhokhe njengoba lingakwazi ukugodla ingxenye noma yonke ingxenye yalo ukuze libuyisele umnikelo wemali yebhange.

Ngemva kokubuyisela yonke imali yalo kanye nenzuzo enqwabelene, ibhange liyahoxa kuphrojekthi noma ekusebenzeni. Le fomula ifana nezibambiso zokutshalwa kwezimali kwezezimali ezijwayelekile.

 🌲 Izinzuzo zokuxhasa ngezimali musharakah

Uxhaso ngu musharakah inezinzuzo ezimbalwa zebhange kanye nozakwethu(abalingane). Ebhange, le fomula inikezela ngamathuba okutshala imali esikhathi eside kanye/noma esikhathi esimaphakathi ezinsizeni zawo.

Kwakha umthombo wemali engenayo evamile futhi engaguquki okungenzeka ivumele ibhange ukuthi linikeze abadiphozi balo kanye nabanikazi bamasheya ngezinga elihehayo lembuyiselo.

Kumakhasimende noma ozakwethu, i musharakah yethulwa njengohlobo lwekhredithi yesikhathi eside nephakathi. Ngakho-ke, kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuxhasa ngezimali ijwayelane kakhulu nezidingo zemijikelezo yokudala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi, ngokomthethosisekelo kanye/noma ukukhushulwa kwezimali kanye nokutholwa kanye/noma nokuvuselelwa kwezinto zokusebenza.

Le musharakah kuyinto okufunwa kakhulu ngabaphromotha ukuze kusungulwe Amabhizinisi Amancane Naphakathi (ama-SME). Umnikelo weqembu ngalinye kufanele utholakale ngesikhathi sokwenza umsebenzi, isihloko sokuxhaswa ngezimali.

Nokho, umthetho wamaSulumane uvumela muhlaka emisebenzini ezuzayo enkokhelweni ehlehlisiwe, inqobo nje uma iqembu ngalinye lithatha ingxenye yesibopho ngokubuka um(abahlinzeki) (i-charikat awu).

Kulokhu, indima yebhange ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukukhipha iziqinisekiso zasebhange (ukuqinisekisa, isikweletu sedokhumenti, incwadi yesiqinisekiso, isiqinisekiso semakethe, njll.). Noma isiphi isivumelwano okuhloswe ngaso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi enye yezinhlangano ithole usizo lwaso kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphi imiphumela yomsebenzi siyize futhi ayisebenzi.

Mayelana nalokhu, ibhange alinalo ilungelo ukufuna imbuyiselo yomnikelo wabo. Ngaphandle kwalapho kuphulwa imibandela yenkontileka, ubudedengu obukhulu ekuphathweni kodaba noma ukwephulwa kokwethenjwa.

Ibhange lingase lidinge uzakwethu ukuthi anikeze iziqinisekiso, kodwa lingase liziphoqelele kuphela kwesinye sezimo ezishiwo ngenhla.

  🌲Izinkinga ezihlobene nokwenza musharakah

Empeleni, ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela yokuxhasa ngezimali kuhlala kuphansi ngenxa yengozi enkulu yezikweletu. Ingozi yekhredithi ehlobene nokuxhaswa ngezimali musharakah amathuba okungelulama izimali zithuthukisiwe ngevolumu nangesikhathi esifanele. Izinga eliphezulu lale ngozi lingachazwa ngokuthi:

• Lukungabi khona kweziqinisekiso ;
• Izinga eliphezulu lezingozi zokuziphatha kanye nokukhetha okubi;
• Ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ezingeni lamabhange mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwamaphrojekthi;

Ngokuhambisana nale ngozi yekhredithi, izinkontileka zohlobo musharakah nazo zingaphansi kwengcuphe yezokulingana, izimpahla eziphethwe ngokulinganayo ngumtshalizimali zingase zehle. Kunkontileka musharakah wonke amaqembu abamba iqhaza enhlokodolobha ngakho-ke kunoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa.

ngoba le musharakah kuncipha, enye yezinhlangano ithembisa ukuthenga kabusha yonke imali eyinhloko ngamasheya ngentengo enqunywe kusengaphambili.

Lokhu kuvezwa engcupheni eyengeziwe kuyilapho ezinye izinhlangano zingalahlekelwa (ukuthengiselwa phambili). Okokugcina, ingozi yemali nayo ihambisana nalolu hlobo lwenkontileka uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa yizimali.

🔰 I-Ijara noma i-Ijarah

Igama elithi Ijara livela olimini lwesi-Arabhu " ajr okusho umvuzo noma iholo ngomsebenzi owenziwe noma izinkonzo ezenziwe. Emhlabeni wezezimali, kuyinkontileka yamazwe amabili ehilela ukudluliswa kokusetshenziswa kwempahla ngesikhathi okuvunyelwene ngaso ukuze kucatshangelwe.

Kubandakanya izingxenye ezimbili: umqashisi noma u-Muajir kanye nesiqashi noma u-Mustajir impahla. Umnikazi wento udlulisela i-sufruct yakhe kumqashi ngesikhathi okuvunyelwene ngaso futhi umqashi kufanele akwazi ukuzuza kuyo ngaphandle kokuyidla.

Ubunikazi bendawo eqashiwe bobomqashisi, kanye nazo zonke izingozi ezihlobene nobunikazi. Ukutholakala kwendawo kugcinwa ngokwethenjwa ngumqashi. Akanacala nganoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa, ukucekelwa phansi noma ukuncipha kwenani lempahla.

Imithetho ye-ijara, ngomqondo wokuqashisa, zifana kakhulu nemithetho yokuthengisa. Umehluko kuphela phakathi kwe-ijarah nokudayiswa ukuthi lapho kuthengiswa, ikhophasi yendawo idluliselwa kumthengi. Ku-ijarah, ikhophasi yendawo ihlala iyimpahla yomdluliseli, kodwa kuphela usufruct yayo idluliselwa kumqashi.

🌲 Izinhlobo zezinkontileka zezezimali ze-Ijara

Ukuhlinzwa Ijara ingathatha eyodwa kwezimbili izinhlobo:

• I-Ijara Montahia bitamlik. Ubunikazi bendawo eqashisiwe budluliselwa ekhasimendeni ngaphansi kwenkontileka ehlukile kuleso ye Ijara ekupheleni kwenkontileka;
• Ijara Tachghilia noma i-Ijara wa Iktina. Lolu hlobo lwenkontileka lubhekisela ekuqashisweni okulula.

Nokho, singakwazi futhi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zokusebenza I-Ijara Montahia bi-tamlik :

 Lokwenziwayo okubandakanya izimpahla ezigudlukayo. Lena imisebenzi ehlobene nezimpahla ezinkulu ukutholwa kwazo kungenzeka ekupheleni kwenkontileka ngumqashi;

Lukuthengiselana kwezindlu. Lezi yizintengiselwano isikhungo esinikeza ngazo Ijara Izindlu ezithengiswayo, ezithengwe nguye noma ezakhiwe egameni lakhe, lapho le misebenzi ivumela umqashi ukuthi abe umnikazi wayo yonke indawo noma ingxenye yendawo eqashisiwe ekupheleni kwenkontileka. ijara

🔰 I-Istisna'a noma i-Istisna

I-Istisna'a iwuhlobo lwentengiselwano yokuthengisa lapho umthengi ebeka khona i-oda kumthengisi ukuthi enze izimpahla ezithile futhi ukuthengisa kuqedwa lapho kulethwa impahla kumthengi. I-Istisna isetshenziselwa nikeza usizo lwezimali ngokwenziwayo lapho ikhasimende libandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni noma ekwakheni.

Ngokwengqikithi yokuthengiselana ngezimali kwe-Istisna, iklayenti lenzela iBhange izimpahla futhi lapho liletha izimpahla eBhange, ikhasimende liqokwa njengoMmeli WeBhange ukuze adayise lezi zimpahla emakethe.

Njengenzuzo, i-Istisna ingasetshenziswa amabhizinisi amancane, aphakathi nendawo kanye nabantu abasemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyindlela ekahle yokuxhasa ngezimali yesikhashana ngoba yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonipha ukulingana kwezezimali. Ikhasimende lingalisebenzisa futhi ukuze lihlangabezane nezidingo zalo zemali yokusebenza.

🔰 Salam

I-Salam iyinkontileka yendali lapho umthengisi evuma ukuhlinzeka ngezimpahla ezithile kumthengi ngedethi ekamuva ukuze ashintshisane ngenani elingaphambi kwesikhathi elikhokhelwe ngokugcwele ngemali.

Iwuhlobo lokuthengiswa kwekhredithi okuhlanekezelwe. Le nkontileka idala isibopho sokuziphatha kumthengisi weSalam ukuletha izimpahla. Inkontileka ye-Salam ayikwazi ukunqanyulwa uma isisayiniwe. Ngokuya nge-Sharia impahla (okuhloswe ukuthi idayiswe) kufanele ibe kumthengisi ngokoqobo noma ngokusobala.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona okubili okuhlukile kulo mgomo ojwayelekile ku-Sharia. Omunye nguSalam kanti omunye u-Istisna'a. Kokubili kungukuthengiswa kwemvelo ethile. I-Salam isetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ngezimali imikhiqizo yezolimo efanayo. I-Istisna'a isetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ngezimali imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo efanayo.

🔰 I-Murabaha

Le UMurabaha iyisakhiwo sezimali samaSulumane esisebenza njengenkontileka yokuthengisa. I-Murabaha, futhi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-cost plus financing, ikhasimende licela ibhange ukuthi lithenge into egameni lalo. Kule nkontileka, umdayisi nomthengi bayavumelana ngezindleko kanye nesilinganiso senzuzo yempahla.

Empeleni, ibhange liyathenga bese lenza isivumelwano nomdayisi wekhasimende ozikhethele lona bese lenza ukuthengisa nekhasimende ngesisekelo sase-Murabaha. Kamuva, ikhasimende libuyisela ibhange ngokwemibandela yezitolimende ezichazwe ngaphambilini noma isinxephezelo.

🌲 Izimiso zokusebenza ze- murabaha

Le murabahah njengoba kwenziwa amabhange Islamic kuyinto ukuthengiselana phambili ukuthengisa. Intengo yezindleko, umkhawulo wenzuzo kanye nesikhathi sokukhokha kufanele kwaziwe kusengaphambili futhi kwamukelwe abathintekayo.

Uma kwenzeka ukubambezeleka kokukhokhwa kwezitolimende, ibhange lingafaka isicelo ekhasimendeni elingakhokhi izinhlawulo zokukhokha sekwephuzile ezofakwa kwi-akhawunti ekhethekile. Kodwa asikho isikhathi lapho ibhange lingakwazi ukukhuphula umkhawulo wenzuzo yalo ngokulahlekelwa umnqamulajuqu.

Uma kwenzeka ikhasimende lithembeka kabi, ibhange linelungelo lokufaka isicelo, ngaphezu kwezinhlawulo, isinxephezelo sezinsuku eziwumnqamulajuqu ezingahlonishwa. Uma kunjalo, umonakalo kufanele uhlolwe ngokuhambisana nemigomo eqondene nebhange. Lokhu kuhlola akufanele kubandakanye izithakazelo.

Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwenkontileka murabahah, okuthengiswayo kuba impahla ekhethekile futhi eqinisekile yomthengi wokugcina. Kuzosala, noma ngabe yiziphi izigameko ezingase zenzeke ngemuva kwalokho. Kodwa-ke, ibhange lingathatha isibambiso empahleni ethengiswe njengesibambiso sokukhokhwa kwenani lentengo.

🌲 Izinkinga ezihlobene ne murabaha

Amaphuzu okubuka ahlukile kulesi sithembiso sokuthenga uma kuyisibopho noma cha. Isithembiso sokuthenga siyisibopho ngokubuka ikhasimende. Abaphathi bezomthetho bakholelwa ukuthi isibopho akufanele sisebenze kuklayenti.

Ikhasimende kufanele likwazi ukucela ukukhanselwa kwenkontileka ngisho nangemva kokuba selinikeze i-oda futhi selikhokhe. Ingozi ebaluleke kakhulu ehlobene ne- murabaha kusuka kulokhu kwehlukahlukana kokwesaba isimo esisemthethweni senkontileka.

Dinkinga yesibili ye murabaha ilele ezingeni lapho elinye iqembu lihluleka ukuhlangabezana nezinsuku zokugcina. Le nkokhelo sekwephuzile ingadala ukulahlekelwa ebhange. Emakethe, izinga lengozi yokubuyisela livela uma izinga lokubuya komsebenzi lihlukile kunesilinganiso samanje sereferensi; bese kuba khona ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali.

Ukuphatha ubungozi obuhlobene nenkontileka ye murabaha, ukukhokhelwa kusengaphambili kwekhomishini enkulu sekuyinto evamile.

🔰 I-sukuk

Baziwa kakhulu ngegama labo lesi-Arabhu, sukuk, futhi okuvame ukubizwa ngephutha ngokuthi “izibopho zamaSulumane“, Amathuluzi emakethe yemali engenayo eqinile ethobela i-Shariah aye andise kancane kancane isabelo sawo sezimakethe zomhlaba kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.

Ekuqaleni yathuthukiswa ezindaweni ezinamaningi amaSulumane, imakethe yomhlaba wonke yeSukuk ibone intuthuko enkulu phezu kwemakethe. iminyaka engu-10 edlule, ngenani lezinkinga zebhizinisi ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nenani lababusi abathepha imakethe.

AmaSukuks yimikhiqizo yezezimali imigomo nezakhiwo zayo ezithobelana ne-Sharia, ngenhloso yokudala imbuyiselo efana naleyo yamathuluzi emali engenayo engaguquki evamile njengamabhondi.

🌿 Yiziphi izinhlobo zamaSukuks?

Njengemikhiqizo eminingi yezezimali yamaSulumane, amaSukuks angathatha izinhlobo eziningi. Ngakho, kukhona cishe eziyishumi izinhlobo USukuk.

✔️ Zero-Ikhuphoni Sukuks

Uhlobo lokuqala lweSukuk i-zero-coupon Sukuk. Empeleni, kuwukusakazwa kwe sukuk lapho izimpahla ezizoqoqwa zingakabi khona.

Lolu daba lungase futhi luthinte izimpahla ezingadaliwe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwazo. Izimali ziqoqwe nge-Sumthetho izosetshenziselwa ukudala izimpahla ezengeziwe eshidini lebhalansi lenkampani.

Okokugcina, singasho ukuthi i-zero-coupon Sukuks ifana "nezitifiketi UMurabaha et Istisna'a ". Ngakho-ke ababona abathengisi emakethe yesibili.

✔️ I-Sukuk Al-Ijara (Isivumelwano Sokuqasha)

Uhlobo lwesibili lweSukuk uhlobo lwe-Ijara. Njengesikhumbuzo, i-Ijara iwuhlobo lokuqashisa esibhekana nalo kwezezimali zendabuko. Bheka isihloko sethu ku-Ijara.

Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Lesi sicelo singachazwa ngobulula besakhiwo salezi zinsuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abacwaningi bayichaza njengesakhiwo se sukuk zakudala okuvela kuzo zonke ezinye izakhiwo ze sukuk zakhiwe.

✔️ USukuk Al-Istisna

Uhlobo lwesithathu lweSukuk yiSukuk al-Istisna'a. Kuwuhlobo lwe sukuk isuselwe kwiokuhlukile qui yisivumelwano sokuqashisa. Leli fomu lilungele ukuxhasa ngezimali imiklamo emisha yentuthuko.

Kodwa-ke, ezinye izithiyo zesakhiwo kubonakale kunzima ukuzinqoba. Kulokhu, azivezi njengomthombo ohlukile woxhaso lwezimali lwamaphrojekthi wemithombo eminingi yamaSulumane ngendlela eyake yabikezelwa.

✔️ Sukuk Al Murabaha

Ifomu lesine leSukuk nguSukuk Al-Murabaha. Ngokungafani namanye amafomu, leli fomu lisetshenziswa kancane.

Igama elithi " UMurabaha kuqondwe kabanzi ngokuthi kubhekiselwa esivumelwaneni senkontileka phakathi kosozimali (umthengisi) kanye nekhasimende (umthengi) lapho umxhasi wezimali ezodayisela ikhasimende izimpahla ezithile noma imikhiqizo ukuze lilethelwe ukheshi kusalindwe ukuthi ikhasimende lizokwazi ukuhlangabezana nenkokhelo yalo ehlehlisiwe. izibopho ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano " UMurabaha ". Ngakho-ke, yilo mqondo oshukumisa iSukuk Al-Murabaha.

✔️ I-Hybrid Sukuk

Uhlobo lwesihlanu lweSukuk yilokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi i-hybrid Sukuks. Lawa Sukuk ngenani elixubile elisuselwa ku inhlangano yezimpahla.

Iwuhlobo lwe-Sukuk lapho iqoqo lezimpahla eliyisisekelo liqukethe izinkontileka zezimali zama-Islamic ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, lolu hlobo lweSukuk ludinga izinkontileka ezimbalwa.

✔️ Sukuk Al-Musharaka

Ifomu lesithupha le-sukuk lithi Sukuk Al-Musharaka. Ukuthandwa kwalesi sakhiwo kwehlile ezikhathini zakamuva, kusukela isimemezelo se-AAOIFI ngo-2008.

I-AAIOIFI yayikugxekile ukusetshenziswa kwezibopho zokuthenga ezihlelekile sukuk al-musharaka. Eqinisweni, igama elithi musharakah lisuselwa egameni elithi " Shirkah » okusho ukuthi “ubudlelwano”.

Ngendlela yayo elula, ilungiselelo musharakah yisivumelwano sokusebenzisana lapho uzakwethu ngamunye enikela ngengxenye yemali ukuze enze iphrojekthi. Lo mnikelo ungaba ngowohlobo noma ngemali.

✔️ Sukuk Al Salam

Ifomu lesikhombisa likaSukuk yiSukuk Al-Salam. Eqinisweni, i-Salam iyinkontileka yokuthengiswa kwekhredithi ehlehlayo lapho umthengi ekhokha khona namuhla futhi athole impahla kamuva. Ngakho-ke i-Sukuks al-Salam izohlotshaniswa nempahla ohlelweni lokukhiqiza noma lokukhiqiza.

Ngokombono we-Shariah, ukuze ukuthengisa kuvumeleke, into yokuthengisa kufanele ibe khona. Umdayisi kufanele abe umnikazi wayo, impahla kufanele ibe ngokoqobo. Okuhlukile kule ndawo evamile ukuthengiswa okwenziwe ngaphansi "S" izinkontilekaalamu "Futhi" Okungajwayelekile ".

✔️ Sukuk Al-Wakala (inkontileka ye-ejensi)

Ifomu lesishiyagalombili yiSukuk Al-Wakala. Umqondo " walala » ngokwezwi nezwi isho ilungiselelo lapho elinye iqembu lidlulisela ingxenye yezibopho zalo kwelinye iqembu ukuze liyenzele lona.

Un walala Ngakho-ke luhlobo lobudlelwano be-ejensi kwezezimali zakudala. Isakhiwo se sukuk wonke walala ugqugquzelwa ubudlelwano.

✔️ Sukuk Al Mudaraba

Ifomu lesishiyagalolunye nguSukuk Al-Mudaraba. Ngokuhlela uhlelo sukuk, isinyathelo sokuqala ngokuvamile siwukuhlaziya kahle ukuthi ibhizinisi lomsunguli lihilelani nokuthi yiziphi izimpahla (uma zikhona) ezitholakalayo ukuze zisekele ukukhishwa sukuk.

✔️ Sukuk Al Mudaraba

Ifomu lokugcina yiSukuk Al-Mudaraba. Ibizwa ngokwezwi nezwi " sukuk utshalomali”. Lezi izitifiketi " sukuk » ngenani elilinganayo elikhishwa futhi lithengiselwe abatshalizimali

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