Izimakethe zezimali for dummies

Ingabe umusha kwezezimali futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi izimakethe zezimali zisebenza kanjani? Awu, uze endaweni efanele. Izimakethe zezimali ziwuhlobo lwemakethe oluhlinzeka ngendlela yokuthengisa nokuthenga izimpahla ezifana namabhondi, izitoko, izimali, kanye nokuphuma kokunye.

Kungaba izimakethe ezibonakalayo noma ezingabonakali ezixhuma ama-ejenti ahlukene wezomnotho. Kalula nje, abatshalizimali bangaphendukela ezimakethe zezimali ukuze bathole izimali ezengeziwe zokukhulisa ibhizinisi labo ukuze bathole imali eyengeziwe.

Ukukubeka kucace kakhudlwana, izimakethe zezimali zifana nebhange eligcinele amakhasimende alo ama-akhawunti futhi lingasebenzisa amadiphozithi ukuze lixhase abanye abantu nezinhlangano futhi likhokhise izimali zenzalo.

Abafaka imali ngokwabo bayahola futhi babone imali yabo ikhula ngenxa yenzalo ekhokhwa kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ibhange lisebenza njengemakethe yezezimali ezuzisa bobabili abafaka imali kanye nabakweletayo.

Kulesi sihloko, ngethula kuwe iBA BA yezimakethe zezimali. Kulokhu sizokhuluma ngeqhaza lezimakethe zezimali, ukwakheka kwazo kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimakethe. Kodwa okokuqala, nansi ukuqeqeshwa okukuvumela ukuba wenze kanjalo zuza i-1000euros/Ngosuku ku-5euros.com. Chofoza lapha ukuze uyithenge

Iqhaza lezimakethe zezimali

Izimakethe zezimali ziyinkundla ebonakalayo noma ebonakalayo lapho abadlali bezomnotho beshintshana ngemikhiqizo yezezimali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuthengiselana kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxhasa izinkampani ngezimali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abatshalizimali bangatshala imali yabo yokonga nethemba lokuzuza ngokwezimali noma kwempahla.

Amasheya, amabhondi kanye nezinye izibambiso zezikweletu zikhishwa Izizwe, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kanye nezinkampani ngaphambi kokuba zitholwe abathengi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi imakethe yokuqala.

Laba bathengi bokuqala bangakwazi ukuphinda bathengise lezi zibambiso ukuze bathole ukheshi kulokho okubizwa imakethe yesibili. Isibonelo, uma inkampani iba sesidlangalaleni noma inyusa imali yayo, iba semakethe eyinhloko. Uma amasheya esetholakele, izingxoxo phakathi kwabatshalizimali zenziwa emakethe yesibili.

Izimakethe zezimali zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqedela ukuthengiselana ngezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zesekhondi. Yilokhu okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuvumelanisa izidingo zezimali kanye nezidingo zokutshalwa kwezimali zabadlali abahlukene. Kafushane, izimakethe zezimali zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhaseni ngezimali umnotho womhlaba. Nakhu okufanele ngokuvamile ukukhumbule:

• Izimakethe zezimali zihlinzeka ngendawo lapho ababambiqhaza abafana nabatshalizimali nabakweletayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangakanani, bezothola impatho efanele nefanelekile.
• Banikeza abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ithuba lokuthola imali.
• Izimakethe zezimali zisiza ukwehlisa izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngenxa yamathuba amaningi omsebenzi eziwanikezayo

Ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi izimakethe zezimali zisebenza kanjani?

Nazi izinto ezibalulekile zokuqonda ukuthi izimakethe zezimali zisebenza kanjani: ukwakheka kwemakethe, ababambiqhaza bemakethe, ukuthengwa kwezimali, intengo nokusabalala.

Isakhiwo semakethe yezezimali

Izimakethe zezimali ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwethuluzi elithengiswayo. Izimakethe ze-futures, ngokwesibonelo, zaqala njengendawo yokuhwebelana ngezinto ezifana nowoyela, izinsimbi nezolimo, kodwa manje zifaka phakathi izinkomba zesitoko njenge Dow Jones Isilinganiso sezimboni, i FTSE 100 futhi DAX.

Imakethe yokushintshiselana ngemali yangaphandle enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ewuketshezi kakhulu emhlabeni yilapho abatshalizimali behweba khona ngezimali zomhlaba wonke futhi ivulwa ngo-24/24. Okokugcina, ngezimakethe zokulingana nezikweletu, abatshalizimali bangahweba ngezimpahla ezihlanganisa amasheya ezinkampani ngazinye, izinketho, namabhondi kahulumeni.

Abahlanganyeli bemakethe

Izimakethe Zezezimali zihlanganisa ababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene. Kuhlanganisa ohulumeni, amabhange amakhulu, amabhange amakhulu omhlaba, ama-hedge funds kanye nabadayisi bezitolo. Ngamunye walaba ababambiqhaza unenhloso kanye nentshisekelo ehlukile kunabanye. Lezi zisusa zingasukela ekuqageleni kwemakethe kuye ekuvikeleni ubungozi bezentengiselwano.

Isibonelo, umthengisi angakwazi ukukhawulela ingcuphe yokushintshisana emisebenzini yangaphandle, efana nokutholwa kwezinto zokusebenza noma ukuthengiswa ngemali yangaphandle. Ibhange elikhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lingathenga uhlobo lwemali ukuze lwengeze imali egciniwe yalo.

Isihloko okufanele sifundwe : Qonda ibhange ukuze litshale imali kangcono

Abadlali bemakethe abaqeqeshiwe bavame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi "uhlangothi lokuthenga" kanye "nohlangothi lokuthengisa". Uhlangothi lokuthenga lwakhiwe ama-hedge funds kanye nezikhwama zempesheni. Umgomo wabo ukukhiqiza imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kubatshalizimali babo kanye nozakwethu ngokutshala izimali emakethe.

Ukunikezwa kuphethwe amabhange amakhulu omhlaba, umsebenzi wawo uwukwenza lula ukuhwebelana kubatshalizimali.

Abathengisi bezitolo ngokuvamile abangezona ochwepheshe abahweba ngemali yabo ukuze bathole imbuyiselo ekutshaleni kwabo. Bafinyelela emakethe ngokusebenzisa ama-broker aku-inthanethi futhi bangahweba isikhathi esigcwele noma isikhathi esithile ukuze bangezelele imali yabo eyinhloko.

I-Liquidity kanye nentengo

Imali yemakethe ihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nenani lemisebenzi eyenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. I-liquidity ephezulu isho ukuthi umtshali-zimali angakwazi ukubeka ukuhweba kwakhe kalula ngentengo ayifunayo futhi kubonisa ukuthi kunenani eliphezulu lezohwebo ezifanayo ukuze lifaniswe.

I-liquidity ephansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isho ukuthi umthamo wokuhweba uphansi futhi kuzoba nzima ukufanisa ukuhweba komtshalizimali oyedwa nomunye.

Ukusabalala

Ukusabalala kungumehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga nokuthengisa, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi inani lebhidi kanye nenani lokubuza. Lapho umtshali-zimali ethenga isibambiso, bazokhokha inani elibuzwayo, kodwa lapho bethengisa, bazokhokha inani lebhidi. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lokutshala izimali, umtshali-zimali ulahlekelwa ukusabalala.

Kusentshisakalweni yomtshali-zimali ukugcina ukusabalala kuphansi ngangokunokwenzeka lapho uhweba igolide ngokwesibonelo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokutshala imali ngomthengisi ohloniphekile noma ibhange, kanye nokutshala izimali ezimakethe ezithengisa kakhulu.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimakethe zezimali

Ziningi kakhulu izimakethe zezimali, izwe ngalinye elithuthukile linekhaya okungenani elilodwa, nakuba zihluka ngobukhulu. Ezinye zincane kuyilapho ezinye zaziwa emhlabeni wonke, njengeNew York Stock Exchange (NYSE) ehweba ngezigidigidi zamaRandi nsuku zonke. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo zezimakethe zezimali umuntu angaba nazo.

1. Imakethe yamasheya

Imakethe yamasheya ihweba ngamasheya obunikazi bezinkampani zomphakathi. Sonke isitoko sinenani, futhi abatshalizimali benza imali ngamasheya lapho benza kahle emakethe. Kulula ukuthenga amasheya. Inselele yangempela ukukhetha amasheya alungile azokwenza imali kumtshali-zimali.

Kunezinkomba ezehlukene abatshalizimali abangazisebenzisa ukuqapha imakethe yamasheya. Uma ungumtshalizimali yazi ukuthi ungasebenzisa izinkomba ezifana neDow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) kanye I-S&P 500. Uma izitoko zithengwa ngenani eliphansi futhi zidayiswa ngentengo ephezulu, umtshali-zimali uyazuza ekuthengisweni.

2. Imakethe yebhondi

Imakethe yamabhondi inikeza amabhizinisi kanye namathuba kahulumeni okuthola imali yokuxhasa iphrojekthi noma ukutshalwa kwezimali. Emakethe yamabhondi, abatshalizimali bathenga amabhondi enkampanini, futhi inkampani ibuyisela inani lamabhondi ngesikhathi okuvunyelwene ngaso, kanye nenzalo.

Lapho izinhlangano zidinga ukuthola imali ebolekiwe enkulu kakhulu, ziphendukela emakethe yamabhondi. Uma izintengo zesitoko zikhuphuka, amanani ebhondi ayehla.

Isihloko okufanele sifundwe : Amasheke ebhange anomehluko, amasheke omuntu siqu namasheke aqinisekisiwe

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhondi, okuhlanganisa amabhondi e-treasury, amabhondi ezinkampani, namabhondi kamasipala. Amabhondi nawo ahlinzeka ngemali ethile egcina umnotho usebenza kahle.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwamabhondi kaMgcinimafa kanye nesivuno sebhondi ye-Treasury. Lapho amanani ebhondi yesikhwama ehla, isivuno siyakhuphuka ukuze sinxephezele.

Lapho isivuno sikaMgcinimafa sikhuphuka, izinga lenzalo yezindlu ezibolekwayo nalo liyakhuphuka. Okubi nakakhulu, lapho amanani e-Treasury ehla, inani ledola nalo liyehla. Lokhu kukhuphula amanani avela kwamanye amazwe, okungase kubangele ukwehla kwamandla emali.

3. Imakethe yezimpahla

Imakethe yezimpahla kulapho izinkampani zehlisa khona ubungozi bazo lapho zithenga noma zithengisa izinsiza zemvelo. Njengoba amanani entengo yezinto ezinjengowoyela, ummbila, negolide eguquguquka, izinkampani zingakhiya inani elaziwayo namuhla.

Njengoba lokhu kuhwebelana kusesidlangalaleni, abatshalizimali abaningi nabo bahweba ngempahla ukuze bathole inzuzo kuphela. Isibonelo, abatshalizimali abaningi abananhloso yokwamukela ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kwesisu sengulube.

Isihloko okufanele sifundwe : Konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana namasheke asebhange

Uwoyela uyimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho eziningi. Isetshenziselwa ezokuthutha, imikhiqizo yezimboni, amapulasitiki, ukufudumeza kanye nokukhiqiza amandla. Uma amanani kawoyela enyuka, uzobona umthelela wezintengo zegesi cishe ngemva kwesonto.

Uma amanani kawoyela negesi ehlala ephezulu, uzobona umthelela emananini okudla emasontweni ezayo.Imakethe yezimpahla zesikhathi esizayo inquma intengo kawoyela.

Izinkontileka ze-futures ziyindlela yokukhokhela okuthile namuhla okulethwe kusasa. Bakhulisa amandla omthengisi ngokumvumela ukuthi aboleke imali yokuthenga impahla.

4. Imakethe ye-derivatives

Imakethe enjalo ibandakanya okuphuma kokunye noma izivumelwano ezinenani elisekelwe enanini lemakethe lempahla edayiswayo. Izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo ezibalulwe ngenhla emakethe yezimpahla ziyisibonelo somkhiqizo ophuma kokunye.

Okuphuma kokunye kuyimikhiqizo yezezimali eyinkimbinkimbi esekela inani layo ezimpahleni eziyisisekelo. Abatshalizimali abasezingeni eliphezulu kanye i-hedge funds bawasebenzise ukukhulisa amathuba abo okuhola. Ngo-2007, i-hedge funds yathola ukuthandwa ngenxa yezinzuzo zabo ezithi ziphakeme kubatshalizimali abasezingeni eliphezulu.

Njengoba i-hedge funds itshala kakhulu esikhathini esizayo, abanye baye baphikisana ngokuthi banciphisa ukuguquguquka emakethe yamasheya futhi, ngakho-ke, emnothweni wase-US. I-Hedge fund investments in imali mboleko yezindlu ubungozi kanye neminye imikhiqizo ephuma kokunye kubangele ubunzima bezezimali emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008.

Isiphetho

Izimakethe zezimali zakha uhlelo oluvulekile nolulawulwayo ukuze amabhizinisi athole imali enkulu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezimakethe zesitoko kanye namabhondi. Izimakethe nazo zivumela lezi zinkampani ukuthi zinciphise ubungozi. Lokhu bakwenza ngempahla, ikusasa lemali nokunye okuphuma kuyo.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uhambe, nakhu ukuqeqeshwa okukufundisayo indlela yokuthengisa izeluleko ku-inthanethi. Chofoza lapha ukuze uyithenge.