Imininingwane yamabhange amaSulumane

Les imininingwane yamabhange amaSulumane miningi. Nakuba uhlelo lwamabhange oluvamile lusekelwe ekubolekeni ngenzalo, amabhange amaSulumane asekelwe izimiso ezihluke kakhulu ezishiwo umthetho wamaSulumane (Sharia). Le migomo yethula izici eziningi ezithile ekusebenzeni nasezinsizeni ezihlinzekwa yilolu hlobo lwesikhungo samabhange.

Ngokukhula kwezimali zamaSulumane eminyakeni yamuva nje, amabhange ahlonipha izimiso zamaSulumane kuvuse isithakazelo esikhulayo, kokubili emazweni amaSulumane nasezikhungweni zezimali zaseNtshonalanga. Okuvelele kwabo namuhla idlula i-1500 billion dollars emhlabeni wonke!

Ngenxa yalesi sihloko, azisekho izimfihlo zakho mayelana nokuthi ayini amabhange amaSulumane nokuthi kanjani ahlukene nezikhungo zamabhange ezijwayelekile. Uzokwazi kahle ukuthi basebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinsizakalo ezithile abazinikezayo kumakhasimende abo.

Ingabe usukulungele ukwazi konke mayelana nokusebenza kwalolu hlelo lwamabhange? Kepha ngaphambi kokuthi uqale, nansi iphrothokholi ekuvumela ukuthi wakhe eyakho ibhizinisi lokuqala le-inthanethi.

🌽 Liyini ibhange lamaSulumane?

Ibhange lamaSulumane yinoma yiliphi ibhange elizibophezele ekusebenziseni izimiso zomthetho we-Sharia emisebenzini yalo yasebhange.

Ibuye ichazwe njengesikhungo sezimali umsebenzi waso oyinhloko uwukuheha izimali zezimali futhi zizisebenzise kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhuphuka kwazo ngokuhambisana Imithetho ye-Sharia.

Le ncazelo ikhuluma ngezinto ezibalulekile amabhange amaSulumane (IB) ayi okudingekayo ukuhlonipha. Imayelana nokuhambisana nezindinganiso ezaziwayo zomthetho we-Sharia, noma ngabe ekukhiqizeni, ekusabalaliseni, ekusetshenzisweni noma emisebenzini yokonga ngaphakathi kulo lonke uhlelo lwezomnotho.

Ngakho-ke, i-BI ingachazwa njengebhange elinezici ezithile zomthetho ezinikezela ngezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene ezithobela i-Sharia kumakhasimende alo. Le ncazelo igqamisa izici zebhange lamaSulumane.

Izici zebhange lamaSulumane

Ngokungafani namabhange avamile (BC), amabhange amaSulumane anjaloamabhange agunyazwe ukwenza umsebenzi wobungcweti. Bagunyazwe ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngendlela efanayo nezilinganiso zabo ezijwayelekile. Ngaphandle kwemithethonqubo esebenzayo ezweni ngalinye lapho isungulwe khona.

Banikeza izinsizakalo futhi bagcine ubudlelwano basebhange namakhasimende abo ngokuhambisana ne- Izindinganiso ze-Islamic Sharia. Ama-BI kumele agweme izinqubo ezithile ezifana nokulobola (riba), ukuqagela nokungaqiniseki.

Umehluko usekusetshenzisweni kwezimali okufanele zihambisane nomthetho we-Sharia futhi zisekelwe kumthetho wesimanje wamaSulumane.

Ama-IB asebenza njengabalamuli phakathi kwababolekisi nabantu abafuna ukuboleka imali. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi izinsiza ezihlinzekwa ama-BI ziyefana nalezo ezinikezwa ama-BC njengoba izinjongo ziyafana, ukwanelisa ikhasimende.

Uma ngokwezezimali zakudala umthetho olawula izinqumo ze-ejenti yezomnotho uwukukhuliswa kwenzuzo, inzuzo akuyona yodwa inhloso Opharetha Islamic. Isithombe esilandelayo sikukhombisa umehluko phakathi kwebhange lendabuko nebhange lamaSulumane.

I-BI ithanda ukutshalwa kwezimali ezimpahleni ezibambekayo, yabelana ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa ngendlela efanele nabalingani bayo futhi imela ukuqoqwa kwemali kwamaphrojekthi.

📜 Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezikhungo Zezezimali ZamaSulumane

Izikhungo zezimali zamaSulumane zingahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela embalwa. Ngokuya ngemisebenzi yabo, izindawo zabo noma ukuthi imisebenzi yabo yezezimali ingeyamaSulumane ngokuphelele.

✔️ Ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlobo lwemisebenzi

Ngokuya ngemisebenzi yabo, kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwezinkampani zomshwalense, Mudharaba, izikhungo zama-Islamic microfinance kanye namabhange amaSulumane.

Ama-BI angaba amabhange okuhweba noma okudayisa, noma amabhange okutshalwa kwezimali noma amabhizinisi. Amabhange ediphozithi yilawo umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko uwukwenza ukuthengiselana ngezikweletu kanye nokuthola amadiphozithi abonakalayo nesikhathi avela emphakathini.

Abizwa ngokuthi amabhange okutshalwa kwezimali, lawo imisebenzi yawo ehlanganisa ukunikeza imali mboleko isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emibili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhange omthengisi yilawo umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko, ngaphezu kokunikezwa kwemali mboleko, ukutholwa nokuphathwa kwempahla.

✔️ Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwendawo

Ngokuya ngezindawo zabo, sihlukanisa amabhange asebenza emazweni ngokuphelele “ I-Islamized »nalezo ezisebenza emazweni angewona amaMuslim.

Esimweni sokuqala, amabhange alawulwa umthethonqubo owodwa. Esimweni sesibili, zingaphansi kwemithethonqubo yezimali ezimbili (yamaSulumane nevamile) ehambisanayo noma engaphansi.

✔️ Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi imisebenzi yabo yezezimali ingeyamaSulumane noma cha

Ngokwalo mbandela, kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwamabhange amaSulumane ngokugcwele nalawo anekhawunta noma amafasitela amaSulumane kuphela. Nokho, ukuba semthethweni kwala mafasitela amaSulumane akubona ngazwi linye. Kukhona ingozi yangempela yokuxuba ukugeleza okusemthethweni nokungekho emthethweni (hhayi ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamaSulumane).

🌿 Izingozi ezikhona emsebenzini wamabhange amaSulumane

Ngaphezu kwalezi zingozi ezibalwe ngenhla, kunezingozi ezitholakala kumabhange amaSulumane. Zihlobene ne ubunjalo bemisebenzi kanye nesiko leamabhange Islamic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgomo we-3P yakha ubungozi obungeziwe obufana nezingozi zezentengiselwano ezisusiwe, ingcuphe yokwethembeka, ingcuphe yesithunzi, ingcuphe yokubambeka, ingcuphe yezomthetho kanye nobungozi bezenkolo.

🔰 Ingcuphe yezohwebo egudluziwe noma eshintshile

Le ingozi yezentengiselwano ebekwe endaweni engafanele, okubaluleke kakhulu, kuvela kuma-akhawunti okutshalwa kwezimali okubambiqhaza adinga ukwabelana ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa phakathi kwebhange nabanikazi bala ma-akhawunti.

Le ngozi ibangelwa ukudluliswa kobungozi obuhambisana namadiphozithi kubanikazi bamasheya bebhange. Kwesinye isikhathi, abanikazi bamasheya bazithola bephoqeleka ukuthi banikele ngengxenye yenzuzo yabo ukuze bakhokhele abafaka imali. Lokhu ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukuhoxiswa kwemali okukhulu okubangelwa amanani aphansi embuyiselo.

Uma ngokombono inzuzo yabelwa ngesilinganiso sesivumelwano sangaphambi kwesivumelwano futhi ukulahlekelwa ezimpahleni kuku- isibopho sabanikazi bama-akhawunti, empeleni isimiso sokwabelana ngenzuzo yangempela nabanikazi bama-akhawunti okutshalwa kwezimali akuwona neze umkhuba ovamile wamabhange amaSulumane.

Kwesinye isikhathi ibhange lizithola lingakwazi ukukhokha inani lembuyiselo elilingana nenzuzo esatshalaliswa ngamanye amabhange. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kuphoqa abafaka imali ukuthi bakhiphe imali yabo futhi bayifake kwelinye ibhange elingabanika imbuyiselo engcono kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke, i-BI kufanele ilawule izinga lembuyiselo noma yehlise isabelo senzuzo esiya kubanikazi bamasheya.

🔰 Ukubanjwa kwengozi yesikweletu kanye nobungozi bemakethe

Inani lezinkampani ezibandakanyekayo ekuhwebeni ngesikhathi esisodwa lidalula ibhange engcupheni yesikweletu kanye nengcuphe yemakethe. THE ingozi "yokubanjwa" ihlobene neqiniso lokuthi ukuthengiselana okuningi kwamaSulumane kunezindlela ezintathu.

Isibonelo senkontileka UMurabaha lubonisa kahle isici sokuguqulwa kwengozi. Ngempela, ukuxhasa ikhasimende ngezimali UMurabaha, i-BI kufanele iqale ithole impahla bese iphinde iyithengisele iklayenti. Ngokwenza kanjalo, yena idlulisa ubunikazi bempahla kusukela ebhange kuya kumthengi wempahla.

Ingcuphe ibhange elichayeke kuyo iyaguqulwa isuke ekubeni engcupheni yemakethe kulandela ukuba nempahla ephathekayo ngosuku lokutholwa ibe engcupheni yekhredithi ngesikhathi sokuthengiswa kabusha kwempahla kukhasimende. Sibe sesikhuluma ngokugingqika kwengozi yezikweletu nobungozi bemakethe.

🔰 Ingozi yesithunzi

Ngomqondo wokuncintisana nama-CB, ama-BI avame ukuthanda imikhiqizo efana naleyo ye-CB. Kuyaqashelwa ukuthi ama-BI avame ukusebenzisa izinkontileka zokuthengisa hhayi izivumelwano zokubamba iqhaza. THE ubungozi begama ngakho-ke kufanele kuthathwe ngokungathi sína.

Ingadlulela ngale kwebhange uqobo futhi iphazamise imboni yezezimali yamaSulumane. Okubi nakakhulu, isithombe sebhange kungaba nzima kakhulu ukusibuyisela, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingana.

Ngakho-ke ukuzethemba kwezimakethe kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwale mali, okuhloswe ngayo ukubamba iqhaza futhi " Juste ".

🔰 Ingozi ye-Fiduciary

Uma isithunzi sayo sesilahlekile, ama-BI azobhekana nenye ingozi ebizwa nge-fiduciary risk. Lena ingozi yokuthi amakhasimende azolahlekelwa ukuzethemba kubalandeli bawo basebhange ukungalandelwa kwemisebenzi yasebhange. Yilokhu okulimaza isithunzi sebhange nokuholela ekulahlekelweni ukuzethemba.

🔰 Ingozi engokomthetho

Lena ingozi yokumangalela nosebenzisana naye ngenxa yokungalungi ezigatshaneni zenkontileka. Le ngozi ingabuye ixhunywe nezintuba zomthetho, ukungaqondakali noma ukungafaneleki kwemibhalo yomthetho neyokulawula.

Le ngozi ingase ihlotshaniswe nokwehluleka kwezinsizakalo zomthetho. Ukwenzeka kwazo kungase kubangele ukulahlekelwa kwezimali okuqondile noma okungaqondile kwe-BI.

🌿Ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele zamabhange amaSulumane

Indlela yokusebenza yama-akhawunti wokutshalwa kwezimali abambe iqhaza yenza ama-BI abe sengozini enkulu yokukhula. Athuthukise amakhono okuhweba ngezimali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okubavumela ukuthi bakhulise ukuvuthwa kwempahla yabo.

Noma ngabe ihlala isikhathi esifushane. Le nqubo inyusa igebe lokuvuthwa futhi ibeka ingozi izinkinga zokuphathwa kwesibopho sempahla. Njengengcuphe yasebhange yamaSulumane, sishiye ingcuphe, ingcuphe ye-fiduciary, ingcuphe yesithunzi, ingcuphe yezenkolo, njll.

🔰 Lubungozi bokuhweba obugudluziwe noma obushintshile

Njengoba sethule ngenhla, ubungozi bezohwebo obususiwe bu okubi kakhulu ku-BI. Kubangelwa ukuntengantenga kwembuyiselo ezimpahleni ezixhaswe ngemali efakwe kuma-akhawunti otshalo-zimali abamba iqhaza.

Le ngozi izibonakalisa uma izinga langempela lembuyiselo liphansi kunembuyiselo elindelwe abanikazi bama-akhawunti. Ukubhekana nalolu hlobo lobungozi, amabhange avame ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuphatha ezifanele.

Ngenxa yalokho, bangakwazi ukuzibandakanya eqoqweni lezinqubo ezilula izilinganiso zembuyiselo kuma-akhawunti okutshalwa kwezimali ukuze banikeze abanikazi bala ma-akhawunti isilinganiso sembuyiselo esiqhathaniswa nezinga lembuyiselo kwamanye amabhange. .

Lezi zindlela zokulungisa izilinganiso zembuyiselo zisekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekudlulisweni kwemali engenayo okuvuna abanikazi bama-akhawunti otshalomali kanye nokumiswa kwezigodlo.

I-BI ingashintsha isilinganiso sokwabelana ngenzuzo kanye neholo layo njenge I-Mudarib. Ngempela, isabelo senzuzo yebhange sinqunyiwe ekuqaleni isabelo esiphezulu. Nakuba isabelo esisabalalisiwe siyahlukahluka enkathini eyodwa kuya kwesinye kuye ngezinga langempela lembuyiselo.

I-BI inganciphisa noma yehlise ikhomishini yayo I-Mudarib ngaphansi kwengxenye yenkontileka. Ngalokhu, izokwabela inzuzo okwesikhashana noma ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kubanikazi bamasheya. Futhi lokhu ukuze kuzuze abanikazi bama-akhawunti otshalomali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhange angaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa izimali ezivela kubanikazi bamasheya ngokubeka lezi zimali ezingeni elikhulu. Lokhu ngokuhambisana Izidingo ze-Basel II kanye ne-III.

🔰 Ukulawulwa kwengozi yesithunzi

Izingozi zesithunzi kunzima ukuzibona, ukuphina, linganisa ngakho-ke unciphise. Ces izingozi zingokwemvelo ukuziphatha kanye nomsebenzi womuntu. Ngendlela efanayo, izingozi ngezinye izikhathi zokuba umuntu oyedwa, ngezinye izikhathi ukuxega kwezenkolo zitholakala ekukhetheni komuntu.

Ama-BI azokwazi ukuzivikela kulokhu kuphela ngokuthuthukisa iziqu ubuqotho obuphezulu nokuziphatha, yenqatshiwe yafika ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye. Eqinisweni, amabhange amaSulumane ahlushwa ukuntula ochwepheshe abanolwazi olwanele kwezezimali zamaSulumane.

Ukuze kuncishiswe lolu hlobo lobungozi, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi noma ukuqeqeshwa kabusha kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuyizixhumanisi ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-IBs kufanele yenze izifundo zokuqonda ukuze kulinganiswe lolu hlobo lobungozi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-BI ingakwazi kanyekanye nciphisa ubungozi bokusebenza kanye nobuthembekile nazo ezixhumene nomsebenzi womuntu.

Ukubusa kwamabhange amaSulumane

Ukubusa Ibhange lamaSulumane linesici esithile. Abaphathi bamabhange amaSulumane bazimele futhi banenkululeko ephelele ekwenzeni izinqumo zokutshala izimali. Kulokhu, abanikazi be-CIP bayangena izingozi ezibalulekile futhi babe nezindlela ezilinganiselwe zokucindezela.

Nokho, kunzima ukubona ngokuqondile ukuziphatha kwebhange noma ukuthola ulwazi oluthile. Ukubhekana nale nkinga, kubonakala sengathi indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu ukuholelwa kwebhange njengomphathi.

Le nkokhelo incike ngokuqondile embuyekeni yezimpahla ezixhaswe ama-akhawunti otshalomali abambe iqhaza. Izingxabano zikhona futhi phakathi kwabaholi nabaholi ikomiti labaluleki cngizokwenza. Ngoba amandla aleli komiti anomkhawulo.

Ukunemba okunjalo emibikweni yonyaka kunikeza umbono ocacile webhalansi yamandla ekhona phakathi kwekomidi labaluleki nenhloko yesikhungo.

🌿 Izindlela zokubusa zamabhange amaSulumane

Ngokwencazelo, umshini uhlanganisa izingxenye zemishini, ezinye zazo ezinganyakaza ngokuhlobene nezinye.

Ngakho-ke, lo mhlangano awuyona into eqinile. Indlela yokuphatha iyindikimba ezimele indima yayo iwukunciphisa imithelela ehlanekezelwe yobudlelwano be-ejensi. Ukuphathwa kwamabhange kuhlukaniswa ngokubaluleka kwezindlela, ngaphandle nangaphakathi.

Emabhange amaSulumane, enye ingxenye, ingxenye yezenkolo (ikomidi leSharia ngokwesibonelo), yengezwa kulezi zindlela.

✔️ Umthethonqubo wamabhange wenkolo

Okunye okubalulekile ekubusweni kwamabhange amaSulumane kusezingeni lokulawula. Lapho umthetho webhange iyindlela yokuqala yokubusa kwamabhange amaSulumane.

Kuyiqiniso lokwengamela nokulawula umsebenzi wasebhange, ngokuwubeka ekuthotshelweni kwamazinga ahlukahlukene. Inhloso yawo ukulawula ubungozi kanye nokugcina ukuphepha kwabafaka imali kanye nokuzinza kohlelo lwezezimali.

Emabhange amaSulumane, umthethonqubo uvela kumazinga abekwe yi-AAIOIFI kanye nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, ikomidi laseBasel.

Indima edlalwa ukulawulwa ku-BI iyafana ku-BC. Kodwa-ke, kule ndima kunezelwa isici sezenkolo somthethonqubo, oqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kuhambisana nomthetho wamaSulumane. Ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhange agcwalisa ngokwethembeka imibandela emiswe yiSharia.

✔️ Ibhodi Labaqondisi

Le ibhodi labaqondisi iyindikimba ephakeme emabhange amaSulumane. Imvelo engavamile yalo mkhandlu ihlanganisa enye yemininingwane yokuphatha amabhange Ukuze kufinyelelwe kulo mkhandlu, abantu abazongenela ukhetho kumele banelise imibandela ethile.

(a) Yiba nokholo lwamaSulumane 

Uhlobo lwemisebenzi eyenziwa emabhange amaSulumane ludinga ukuthi amalungu ebhodi abe nolwazi oluphusile lomthetho wamaSulumane. Ngakho, la malungu akhethwa phakathi kwamaSulumane.

Lokhu kubonisa ukukhathazeka kokulondoloza ukwethembana phakathi kwebhange namakhasimende alo. Ukuba khona kwelungu elingelona i-Muslim kungabeka ibhange ukuphikisana nemigomo yalo.

(b) Ukubamba inani lamasheya adingwa yizindatshana zenhlangano

Amalungu ebhodi labaqondisi kufanele abambe inani elincane lamasheya abekwe yimithetho.

Lawa masheya awokuqokwa, awehlukaniseki futhi asebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuphatha okuhle ohlangothini lwelungu lebhodi labaqondisi. Ukungahlukaniseki kwamalungu kugcina lapho umlawuli eyeka imisebenzi yakhe.

(c) Ukungangeni ekungahambisanini

lokhu ukuhlelwa akujwayelekile kuwo wonke amabhange amaSulumane. Amanye amabhange athatha lo mbandela futhi acacisa ukuthi ilungu lebhodi alikwazi ukuthatha esinye isikhundla ebhange ngaphandle kwesikasihlalo webhodi labaqondisi (PCA), noma leso somphathi jikelele (DG).

✔️IKomidi leSharia

Ukuba khona kwekomidi leSharia kuyingxenye yemininingwane yokubusa kwamabhange amaSulumane. I-Sharia Council iyindikimba ezimele yezazi zezomthetho ezigxile kwezomthetho wezohwebo zamaSulumane.

lena umgwamanda owakhiwe ngochwepheshe yomthetho wama-Islamic abakhipha imibono yezomthetho ehambisana nemibandela yokuba semthethweni kwemisebenzi nemikhiqizo ehlinzekwa yibhange futhi labo abafaka umfula bezansi nomfula baqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwale mibono.

Ihlangana ekupheleni konyaka wezimali ngamunye ukuze kucwaningwe ngokwezenkolo imisebenzi yebhange nokutshalwa kwezimali. Imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko inqunywa ngokuhlanganyela yi-AAOIFI kanye ne-IFSB. Imisebenzi yomkhandlu we-sharia ngokuyinhloko iphindwe kahlanu:

• Siza izikhungo zezimali ekuthuthukiseni izinkontileka nemikhiqizo ukuze ihambisane nemigomo yomthetho wamaSulumane;
•  Qinisekisa ukwamukelwa kwamathuluzi ezezimali ngokusebenzisa amafata;
•  hlola ukuthi ukuthengiselana kuhambisane nama-fatwas akhishiwe;
•  hlola ukubalwa kanye nokuxazululwa kwe- okweshumi ;
•  Sabalalisa imali engenayo engahambisani ne-Sharia enhlanganweni esiza abampofu.

✔️ Ukuqokwa nokwakheka kwamalungu ekomidi leSharia

Empeleni, ukuqokwa kwamalungu emikhandlu ye-sharia kwenziwa ngesisekelo sesinqumo sebhodi labaqondisi noma ngokuxoxisana emhlanganweni omkhulu. Umlawuli ngokuvamile uthanda inketho yokugcina.

Ngokwamazinga ahlongozwe yi-AAOIFI, umkhandlu we-sharia wakhiwe ngenani elincane amalungu amathathu (03). Akumele ifake phakathi kwalawa malungu umqondisi wesikhungo noma umninimasheya onethonya elikhulu. Ubukhulu balo mkhandlu buyahlukahluka kuye ngamabhange futhi ungafinyelela kumalungu ayisikhombisa (07).

✔️ Iphrofayili yamalungu ekomidi leSharia

Ukwakhiwa kwemikhandlu I-Sharia iyisinqumo esinamasu. Eqinisweni, ukusebenzisa uchwepheshe wezomthetho owaziwayo kungaqinisa kuphela isithunzi nokwethembeka kwebhange phakathi kwamakhasimende alo.

Laba baphathi bezomthetho ngokuvamile balandele ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile emithethweni ye-Sharia ehlinzekwa emanyuvesi amaSulumane.

Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi oluningi, ama-ulama noma amaSharia Scholars angochwepheshe kwezezimali zamaSulumane. Bagunyazwe ukukhipha i-fatwa yabo kumlingiswa Halal ou haram yenkontileka, ibhizinisi, noma umkhiqizo wezezimali. Lama-Ulama kumele abe nolwazi lwezenkolo, lwezezimali, kanye a ubuciko obuphelele be fiqh.

✔️ Indlela yokusebenza kwamakomiti eSharia

Ekomidini le-sharia, kukhona umongameli futhi mhlawumbe isekela. Umkhandlu ungadlulisela ingxenye yamandla awo ekomidini eliphezulu eliqinisekisayo ubukhona obujwayelekile. Lo mkhandlu we-sharia ungadlulisela udaba ebhodini labaqondisi uma kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye ngaleli phuzu. Leli komiti libuyekeza ukusebenza kwebhange kwansuku zonke futhi liqinisekisa ukulandelwa kweShariah.

Okokugcina, singasho ukuthi imininingwane yokubusa kwamabhange amaSulumane ilele ekusebenzeni kwezinhlangano ezintsha njengekomidi leSharia.

💰 Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamaSulumane nama-akhawunti wediphozithi

Mayelana nokuqoqwa kwamadiphozithi, amabhange amaSulumane ahlinzeka ngezindlela ezimbili ezihambisanayo:

Ama-akhawunti okutshala imali eMutaraba

Ama-akhawunti otshalomali e-Mutaraba awuhlobo lwe-akhawunti yamaSulumane evumela abatshalizimali ukuthi babelane ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa kwephrojekthi yokutshala imali. Kulolu hlobo lwe-akhawunti, umtshali-zimali uhlinzeka ngezimali ezidingekayo ukuze usomabhizinisi aqedele iphrojekthi, kuyilapho usomabhizinisi ehlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe bakhe nomsebenzi.

Inzuzo ekhiqizwe iphrojekthi yabelwa phakathi komtshali-zimali kanye nosomabhizinisi ngokwesilinganiso okuvunyelwene ngaso ngaphambili, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa kuthwalwa wumtshali-zimali kuphela.

Lokhu kuvumela abatshalizimali ukuthi babambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi okutshalwa kwezimali ahambisana nemigomo yezezimali yamaSulumane, evimbela inzalo enenzuzo enkulu. Ngakho-ke ama-akhawunti okutshalwa kwezimali e-Mutaraba anikeza enye indlela yokuziphatha evumelana nezimiso zenkolo kubatshalizimali abangamaSulumane.

Ama-akhawunti wokubamba iqhaza kwe-Musharaka

Lawa ma-akhawunti wokubamba iqhaza kwe-musharaka angolunye uhlobo lwe-akhawunti yamaSulumane evumela amaqembu amaningi ukuthi abambe iqhaza ngokwezezimali kuphrojekthi yokutshala imali. Kulolu hlobo lwe-akhawunti, abatshalizimali bahlinzeka ngezimali ezidingekayo zephrojekthi futhi babelane ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa ngokuya ngenani labo.

Ngokungafani nama-akhawunti okutshalwa kwezimali e-mudaraba, abatshalizimali kuma-akhawunti wokubamba iqhaza kwemusharaka nabo banethuba lokufaka isandla ngenkuthalo ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi. Lokhu kuyavuna obala kanye nokuziphendulela ukuzwana phakathi kwabathintekayo.

Ama-akhawunti wokubamba iqhaza kwe-Musharaka anikeza abatshalizimali abangamaSulumane enye inketho ehambisana nemigomo yezezimali yamaSulumane, egcizelela ukubamba iqhaza okulungile kanye nokwabelana ngengozi.

💳 Imikhiqizo yasebhange ejwayelwe namasevisi

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamabhange zamanje ngokuhambisana nomthetho we-Sharia, amabhange amaSulumane ahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo efanelekile:

Ama-akhawunti wamanje nama-akhawunti okonga

Ukuhlola ama-akhawunti nama-akhawunti okulondoloza kubili izinhlobo zama-akhawunti asebhange evame ukusetshenziswa ngabantu namabhizinisi. Lawa ma-akhawunti asetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke, njengokukhokha izikweletu nokuthenga, kuyilapho ama-akhawunti okonga esetshenziselwa ukonga imali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Bavumela abanikazi bama-akhawunti ukuthi bafake futhi bakhiphe imali nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngaphandle kwemingcele yemvamisa noma inani. Baphinde banikeze nezinsizakalo ezinjengamasheke, amakhadi edebithi, nokudluliswa kwemali ebhange ukwenza ukuthengiselana kube lula.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-akhawunti okulondoloza enzelwe ukukhuthaza ukonga kwesikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile banikela a izinga lenzalo eliphezulu kunama-akhawunti amanje, kodwa khawula inani lokuhoxiswa kwemali kanye namanani angahoxiswa.

Ama-akhawunti okulondoloza angase futhi afake izici ezifana nezitifiketi zediphozi nama-akhawunti okonga omhlalaphansi ukuze asize amakhasimende afinyelele imigomo yawo yezezimali yesikhathi eside.

Amakhadi asebhange

Amakhadi anikezwa ngemali yokungena noma ikhomishini yonyaka engashintshile engahlangene nezindleko.

Amakhredithi omthengi

Emabhange amaSulumane, imali ebolekiwe yabathengi ihlelelwe ukuhlonipha imigomo yezimali zamaSulumane, ezenqabela inzalo enkulu (i-riba) kanye ukuqagela ngokweqile. Esikhundleni sokukhokhisa inzalo emalini ebolekiwe, amabhange amaSulumane asebenzisa izinhlaka zezimali ezisuselwe kuzinkontileka ezithobela i-Sharia.

Enye yezakhiwo ngokuvamile esetshenziswayo ekaMurabaha. Kulokhu, ibhange lithenga okuhle okufiswa ikhasimende futhi liphinde likuthengise ngentengo yeprimiyamu, ngenkokhelo yesitolimende okuvunyelwane ngayo kusengaphambili. Lokhu kuvumela ikhasimende ukuthi lithole indawo ngaphandle kokukhokha inzalo, kodwa ngokukhokha inani eliphakeme esikhathini esithile.

Esinye isakhiwo esisetshenzisiwe yileso se-Ijara, okuyi efana nendawo eqashisayo ngenketho yokuthenga. Ibhange lithenga indawo bese liqashisa ikhasimende isikhathi esinqunyiwe, nezinkokhelo ezivamile. Ekupheleni kwenkontileka, ikhasimende lingathenga okuhle ngentengo okuvunyelwene ngayo noma likubuyisele ebhange.

Imali mboleko yezindlu

Imali mboleko yezindlu nezindlu imalimboleko enikeziwe ngamabhange nezikhungo zezimali zokuthenga noma ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezithengiswayo, njengendlu noma ifulethi. Lezi zimali mboleko zivumela ababoleki ukuthi bakwazi ukuxhasa ngezimali ukutholwa kwezindlu ezithengiswayo ngenkathi bekhokha inani elibolekiwe nenzalo esikhathini esibekiwe.

Ngokwengqikithi yamabhange amaSulumane, imali ebolekiwe yezindlu ezithengiswayo ihlelelwe ukuhlonipha izimiso zezimali Islamic. Amabhange amaSulumane asebenzisa izinhlaka ezihlukene zezimali ezithobela i-Sharia ukuze anikeze ezinye izindlela ezingenanzalo (i-riba) esikhundleni sababoleki.

Esinye sezakhiwo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yileso saseMurabaha. Kulesi simo, ibhange lithenga indawo ethengiswayo efiswa ngumuntu obolekayo futhi liphinde lidayise ngentengo yeprimiyamu, ngenkokhelo yesitolimende okuvunyelwane ngayo kusengaphambili. Lokhu kuvumela umboleki ukuthi athole indawo ngaphandle kokukhokha inzalo, kodwa kunalokho ngokukhokha inani eliphakeme esikhathini esinqunyiwe.

Esinye isakhiwo esisetshenzisiwe yileso sika i-Ijara, okufana nokuqashisa ngenketho yokuthenga. Ibhange lithenga indawo bese liyiqashisa kobolekayo isikhathi esinqunyiwe, nezinkokhelo ezivamile. Ekupheleni kwenkontileka, umboleki angathenga indawo ngentengo okuvunyelwene ngayo noma ayibuyisele ebhange.

Umshwalense wamaSulumane (takaful)

Umshwalense wamaSulumane, owaziwa nangokuthi igama lika Takaful, yimikhiqizo yomshwalense ehambisana nezimiso zezimali zamaSulumane. Ngokungafani nomshuwalense ovamile, osekelwe emcabangweni wokudlulisela ubungozi enkampanini yomshwalense, umshwalense wamaSulumane usekelwe ezimisweni zokubambisana nokwabelana ngengozi.

Kumshwalense wamaSulumane, ababambiqhaza ukufaka isandla esikhwameni esisodwa ukumboza izingozi ngokuhlanganyela. Uma umhlanganyeli elahlekelwa noma elimala, uyafaneleka ukuthola isinxephezelo sezimali kulesi sikhwama.

Ngakho, esikhundleni sokukhokha amaphrimiyamu omshwalense, ababambiqhaza benza iminikelo echibini elisetshenziselwa ukunxephezela izimangalo.

🎓 Isiphetho

Amabhange amaSulumane ayizikhungo zezezimali ezihlonipha izimiso zezimali zamaSulumane, ezisekelwe ikakhulukazi ekwenqatshelweni kokuqoqa noma ukukhokha inzalo (ribâ). Ngokudumayo, manje bamele cishe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili amadola ezimpahla emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa yiziphi izici ezicacile zemodeli yazo uma kuqhathaniswa nezimali ezivamile?

Okokuqala, amabhange amaSulumane asebenzisa isimiso sokwabelana ngenzuzo nokulahlekelwa. Kunokuba baboleke imali ukuze bathole isilinganiso senzalo esingaguquki, batshala ngokuqondile kumaphrojekthi wezomnotho futhi babelane ngemiphumela, emihle noma engemihle, yalezi zimali ezitshaliwe namakhasimende abo.

Baphinde bagxile emisebenzini abayenzayo kubheke njengezimiso zokuziphatha. Imidlalo yenhlanhla, ukuthengiswa kotshwala noma izikhali, izingosi zezithombe zocansi, phakathi kokunye, azivunyelwe. Umbono uwukuxhasa ngezimali kuphela amaphrojekthi aneqhaza enzuzweni evamile.

Okokugcina, amabhange amaSulumane akhokha ingxenye yenzuzo ayenzayo ezinhlanganweni ezisiza abantulayo, ngendlela yezipho ezisemthethweni. okuthiwa zakah. Le ntela eqondene ne-Islam iyingxenye ye-DNA yabo.

Ngemuva kwalezi zinto kukhona imali esekelwe ekwabelaneni, izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nokusiza umphakathi. Kodwa yimiphi imiphumela ebonakalayo yale modeli ehlukile? Yilokhu esizokubona kuso sonke lesi sihloko.