Yini okufanele ukwazi ngezinkomba zemakethe yamasheya?

Inkomba yesitoko iyisilinganiso sokusebenza (izinguquko zentengo) emakethe yezezimali ethile. Ilandelela ukunyuka nokwehla kweqembu elikhethiwe lezitoko noma ezinye izimpahla. Ukubuka ukusebenza kwenkomba yesitoko kunikeza indlela esheshayo yokubona impilo yemakethe yamasheya, kuqondisa izinkampani zezezimali ekudaleni izimali zenkomba kanye nezimali ezihwebelana ngokuhwebelana, futhi kukusiza ukuthi uhlole ukusebenza kwezimali ozitshalile. Izinkomba zesitoko zikhona kuzo zonke izici zezimakethe zezimali.

Inkomba yemakethe yamasheya ibonisa ukuthi abatshalizimali bacabanga kahle kangakanani umnotho. Iqoqa idatha ezinkampanini ezihlukahlukene kuzo zonke izimboni. Ndawonye, ​​le datha yakha isithombe esiza abatshalizimali baqhathanise amazinga entengo amanje nezintengo ezedlule ukuze kubalwe ukusebenza kwemakethe.

Ezinye izinkomba zigxila engxenyeni encane yemakethe. Isibonelo, inkomba ye-Nasdaq ilandelela umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe eduze. Ngakho-ke uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zisebenza kanjani, ungafuna ukuhlola Inani eliphakeme lempahla ye-Nasdaq Stock Exchange.

Izinkomba nazo ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi, kanti ezinye zilandelela izitoko ezimbalwa kanti ezinye zilandelela izinkulungwane. Inkomba ngayinye inenhloso ehlukile ngoba abatshalizimali abahlukene banentshisekelo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Kafushane, kulesi sihloko Finance de Demain ikhombe inani elithile lolwazi kuma-indices ezimakethe zamasheya. Kepha ngaphambi kokuthi uqale, nansi ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ekuhwebeni kwe-inthanethi.

Asihambe

Asetshenziselwani ama-stock indices?

Izinkomba zesitoko zingaba usizo ukulandela ngezizathu ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

• Ukulandelela izinkomba zesitoko ezilandelwa kakhulu kungakunikezar umbono ojwayelekile wempilo yemakethe yamasheya ngenjwayelo.
• Ukulandelela imikhondo engaziwa kancane kungakusiza ubone ukusebenza kwengxenye ethile yemakethe uma kuqhathaniswa nemakethe iyonke.
• Uma ungafuni ukutshala imali esitokweni ngasinye kodwa ufuna ukufanisa ukusebenza kwemakethe jikelele, khona-ke indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuthola imbuyiselo eqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iwukutshala izimali zenkomba ezilandelela izinkomba zesitoko ozithandayo kakhulu.

Izinkomba zesitoko zenza kube lula ukwazi ukusebenza kwemakethe ngaphandle kokuthi ulandele ukuphakama nokwehla kwesitoko ngasinye. Baphinde bavule amathuba alula okutshala izimali ngisho abatshalizimali abasafufusa abangawasebenzisa ukuze babambe iqhaza empumelelweni yesikhathi eside yemakethe yamasheya.

Akhiwa kanjani ama-stock indices?

Inkomba ngayinye yemakethe yamasheya isebenzisa indlela yayo yobunikazi ukuze inqume ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani noma okunye ukutshalwa kwezimali okufanele kufakwe.

Izinkomba ezikala ukusebenza kwezigaba ezinkulu zemakethe zingafaka kuphela izinkampani ezikleliswe phezulu ngokwemali yemakethe, noma inani eliphelele lawo wonke amasheya azo asele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, bangakhethwa ikomidi lochwepheshe noma bamane bamele zonke izitoko ezihweba ngokuhwebelana okuthile.

Uma umphathi wenkomba esenqume ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani okufanele zifakwe, kufanele-ke anqume ukuthi lezo zinkampani zimelelwa kanjani kunkomba, isici esibizwa ngokuthi i-index weighting.

Kuye ngesisindo, zonke izinkampani ezifakwe kunkomba zingaba nomthelela olinganayo ekusebenzeni kwenkomba noma umthelela ohlukile kuye ngemali yemakethe noma inani lesitoko.

Amamodeli amathathu ajwayelekile wokulinganisa inkomba yilawa:

Isisindo ngosonhlamvukazi bemakethe: kunkomba ye-market-weight-weighted, inkomba imelela kakhulu amasheya anemali yemakethe ephezulu. Ngalesi sakhiwo, izinkampani ezinkulu zinomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwenkomba.

I-athikili okufanele ifundwe: Iyini i-charter yephrojekthi futhi iyini indima yayo?

Ilingana nesisindo: ngenkomba enesisindo esifanayo, inkomba iphatha zonke izingxenye ngokufanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusebenza kwenkampani ngayinye kuthinta inkomba ngendlela efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizinkampani ezinkulu ngokumangalisayo noma ezincane ngendlela emangalisayo.

Isisindo sesifundo: inkomba enesisindo senani inikeza inkampani ngayinye isisindo esihlukile ngokusekelwe enanini layo lamanje lesitoko. Izinkampani ezinamanani entengo aphezulu zinesisindo esengeziwe kulezi zinkomba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani.

Izinkomba eziyinhloko zemakethe yamasheya

Kunezinkulungwane zezinkomba endaweni yokutshala imali. Ukukusiza ukuthi uthole ama-bearings akho, nazi izinkomba ezivame kakhulu ongahlangabezana nazo:

I-S&P 500 Index

Enye yezinkomba ezaziwa kakhulu, i-S&P 500 ilandelela ukusebenza kwezinkampani eziphezulu ezingu-500 zase-US, njengoba kunqunywe ikomiti le-S&P Dow Jones Indices. I-S&P 500 inkomba enesisindo semakethe.

I-athikili okufanele ifundwe: Lawula izindleko zephrojekthi ukuze uthole inzuzo enkulu

I-Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

I-DJIA inobubanzi obuncane, ilandelela ukusebenza kwezinkampani ezingama-30 zase-U.S. ezikhethwe Izinkomba ze-S&P Dow Jones. Amasheya ngaphakathi kwe-DJIA avela emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kuya kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ahlanganiswe yiqiniso lokuthi wonke angama-blue chip stocks.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi banomlando wokusebenza okuqinile kwezezimali. I-DJIA ingenye yezinkomba ezimbalwa zesitoko ezinesisindo sentengo.

I-Nasdaq 100

I-Nasdaq 100 ilandelela ukusebenza kwezitoko eziyi-100 ezinkulu nezithengiswa kakhulu ezisohlwini lwe-Nasdaq stock exchange. Izinkampani ze-Nasdaq zingavela ezimbonini eziningi ezahlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile zigxile kubuchwepheshe futhi azifaki noma yimaphi amalungu emboni yezezimali. I-Nasdaq 100 isebenzisa ukulinganisa imali yemakethe.

IInkomba yenhlanganisela ye-NYSE

I-NYSE Composite Index iyinkomba ebanzi elandelela ukusebenza kwazo zonke izitoko ezidayiswa ku-New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Ikalwa ngosonhlamvukazi bemakethe abashintshiwe.

I-Russell 2000 Index

Nakuba ezinye izinkomba zesitoko zigxile ezinkampanini ezinkulu esigabeni esithile, i-Russell 2000 ikala ukusebenza kwezinkampani ezincane ezihweba esidlangalaleni ezingu-2 zesizwe. I-Russell 000 iyinkomba yemali yemakethe enesisindo.

I-Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index

I-Wilshire 5000 Total Market ilandelela ukusebenza kwayo yonke imakethe yamasheya yase-US. Inkomba ilinganiswa ngemali yemakethe.

Ungayifunda kanjani inkomba yesitoko?

Inani lamanje lenkomba akuvamile ukuba libe iphoyinti ledatha eliyinhloko. Kunalokho, wushintsho lwenani phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi (nsuku zonke, masonto onke, nyanga zonke, ngekota, ngonyaka) ngokuvamile oluwusizo kakhulu kubatshalizimali.

Isibonelo, masisebenzise inkomba ye-NASDAQ 100 okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. Ake sithi kule minyaka emithathu edlule, inkomba ye-NASDAQ ikhuphuke ngokwesilinganiso se-12% ngonyaka. Isilinganiso sokubuya kwenkomba ye-NASDAQ esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-50 sasingu-9%.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi imakethe yenza kangcono kunalokho okushiwo umlando wayo. Lokhu kungase kubonise kubatshalizimali ukuthi sisemakethe yezinkunzi zamasheya.

Kodwa ukusebenza kwenkomba kukuthinta kanjani ukuphila kwakho?

Esikhathini esifushane, ukusebenza kwenkomba akuyona into ebalulekile kuphothifoliyo yakho. Kodwa njengomtshali-zimali wesikhathi eside, ukusebenza kwenkomba kubalulekile. Uma utshala izimali ku-mutual funds noma kwamanye amaphothifoliyo aphethwe ngokusebenzayo, kubalulekile ukubona ukuthi utshalomali lwakho luqhuba kahle kangakanani uma kuqhathaniswa nebhentshimakhi yakhona.

Ungase utshalwe ezikhwameni/ezitokweni ezidlula i-S&P 500 nezinye izinkomba. Noma ungase ube iphothifoliyo ukuthi lags emakethe ukusebenza. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi izimali zenkomba zingaba imoto engcono yokutshala imali yeqanda lesidleke sakho.

Isisindo senkomba

Isitoko ngasinye kunkomba sinikezwe isisindo. Amasheya anesisindo esiphezulu anethonya elikhulu ekunyakazeni kwenkomba kunalawo anesisindo esiphansi. Izinkomba ngokuvamile zabela izisindo ezitokisini zazo ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene:

Izinkomba ezinesisindo samanani nikeza isisindo esengeziwe ezinkampanini ezinamanani amasheya aphezulu. Isibonelo, kunkomba yokucatshangelwa yamasheya amathathu anenani lama-$70, ama-$20 nama-$10, isitoko se-$70 singamela u-70% wenkomba ephelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usayizi ohlobene wenkampani. I-Dow Jones Industrials iyisibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu senkomba enesisindo samanani.

Izinkomba ze-market-cap-weighted nikeza isisindo esengeziwe ezinkampanini ezinemali emakethe ephezulu. i I-S&P 500 kanye ne-Nasdaq Composite zombili zinesisindo semakethe, nezinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Apple ne-Microsoft ( I-NASDAQ: I-MSFT ) anezilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu kunezinkampani ezincane ezenza ama-indices.

Izinkomba ezinesisindo esilinganayo yabela isitokwe ngasinye isisindo esifanayo, kungakhathaliseki intengo, imali yemakethe nanoma iyiphi enye into.

I-athikili okufanele ifundwe: Konke mayelana namathuluzi ezezimali

Kukhona ezinye izinkomba zesitoko ezisebenzisa izindlela zokuphathelene ukuze kutholwe izisindo. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkomba zinikeza izisindo ngokusekelwe kuzabelo ezikhokhelwa isitoko.

Nokho, ingxenye enkulu, izinkomba ze-market-cap-weighted yizona ezidume kakhulu, njengoba ngokuvamile zilula kakhulu ukuze izimali zenkomba zilandelelwe.

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