Konke mayelana nezezimali zokuziphatha

Kungani ngisho abatshalizimali abanolwazi bethenga sekudlule isikhathi bese bedayisa kusenesikhathi? Kungani izinkampani ezinezimpawu zesitoko ezifika ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngama-alfabhethi zinenzuzo encane elinganisekayo kunalezo ezifika kamuva? Omunye umbuzo uthi:  Kungani abantu benqaba ukukhipha imali ku-a i-akhawunti yokonga, noma sebecwile ezikweletini? Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, kufanele sihlole i-psychology yabatshalizimali futhi sifunde ukuziphatha kwabo. Ngokwenza lokho, wenza lokho okubiziweyo ezezimali zokuziphatha.

Izimali zokuziphatha zithuthukiswe ngokwengxenye ukuphendula kumbono wemakethe osebenza kahle. Kuyinkolelo-mbono ethandwayo ukuthi imakethe yamasheya ihamba ngokunengqondo nangokubikezela. Amasheya ngokuvamile ahweba ngentengo yawo efanelekile, futhi lezi zintengo zibonisa lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo olutholakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Awukwazi ukushaya imakethe, ngoba yonke into oyaziyo isivele noma izobonakala maduze ezintengo zemakethe.

Ithimba le- Finance de Demain ihlangene ukuze ikulethele konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nezezimali zokuziphatha. Eqinisweni, ukuqonda kwengqondo yezezimali kanye nezezimali zokuziphatha kungaba inzuzo ngezindlela ezimbili.

Okokuqala, ukuqonda izindlela ezahlukene ukwenza kwethu izinqumo okungathinteka kungasisiza sigweme izingibe ezivamile zezimakethe zamasheya.

Okwesibili, ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwezezimali kwabanye ababambiqhaza bemakethe kungasisiza sihlonze amathuba. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokungena kwezohwebo ezintsha noma ukutshala imali yilapho abanye benza amaphutha.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi uqale, funda kabanzi mayelana ezezimali ze-quantum.

Asihambe

🥀 Iyini ezezimali zokuziphatha?

Izimali zokuziphatha wucwaningo lwamathonya angokwengqondo kubatshalizimali kanye nezimakethe zezimali. Empeleni,ezezimali zokuziphatha imayelana nokuhlonza nokuchaza ukungasebenzi kanye nokungabi namanani entengo ezimakethe zezimali. Isebenzisa ukuhlola nokucwaninga ukuze ibonise ukuthi abantu nezimakethe zezimali azihlali zinengqondo nokuthi izinqumo ezizenzayo ngokuvamile akulungile.

Uma uzibuza ukuthi imizwa nokuchema kuthonya kanjani izintengo zesitoko, ukunikezwa kwezimali zokuziphatha izimpendulo nezincazelo.

Izimali zokuziphatha zivela emsebenzini wezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uDaniel Kahneman no-Amos Tversky kanye nesazi sezomnotho uRobert J. Shiller ngawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980. Basebenzisa ukuchema okugcwele, okugxilile, okungaqondakali kanye ne-heuristics endleleni abantu abathatha ngayo izinqumo zezezimali.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, abacwaningi bezezimali baqala ukuphakamisa ukuthi i-hypothesis yemakethe ephumelelayo, ithiyori ethandwayo yokuthi imakethe yamasheya ihamba ngendlela enengqondo futhi ebikezelwe, ayihlali imele ukuhlolisiswa. Eqinisweni, izimakethe zigcwele ukungasebenzi kahle ngenxa yokucabanga okuyiphutha kwabatshalizimali mayelana nenani nengcuphe.

Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ezezimali zokuziphatha ziye zamukelwa emiphakathini yezemfundo nezezimali njengendawo engaphansi yezomnotho zokuziphatha ezithonywa ingqondo yezomnotho.

Ngokubonisa ukuthi kanjani, nini, futhi kungani ukuziphatha kuchezuka kulokho okulindelwe okunengqondo, ezezimali zokuziphatha zinikeza imodeli yokusiza wonke umuntu enze izinqumo ezingcono, ezinengqondo kakhulu mayelana nezimali zabo.

🥀 Traditional VS ezezimali zokuziphatha

Iningi lethiyori yezezimali eyakhiwe emashumini eminyaka edlule ithatha abatshalizimali njengenengqondo. Lokhu kuhambisana nomkhakha obanzi wezomnotho nawo obheka abenzi bezinqumo njengabanengqondo. I i-portfolio theory yesimanje kanye ne-market hypothesis esebenzayo ziyizinkolelo-mbono ezimbili ezicashunwe kakhulu mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali kwendabuko.

Bobabili benza uchungechunge lokuqagela mayelana nokwenza izinqumo zokutshala izimali. Phakathi kwalokhu kukhona okucatshangwa ukuthi abatshalizimali bafuna ukukhulisa inzuzo nokuthi abatshalizimali banengqondo. Ithiyori yokutshala imali yokuziphatha ihlola iqiniso lokuthi abatshalizimali abanangqondo.

Iphinde ibhekelele nezisusa ezehlukene zabatshalizimali ukuthi benze izinqumo. Ngokwezinga elithile, lokhu kuchaza ezinye umehluko phakathi kwamamodeli ezezimali kanye nemiphumela yangempela.

Uma uqonda i-psychology yezezimali, izokusiza ukuthi uqonde okunye amaphutha kwezezimali zendabuko. Uzokwazi futhi ukuchema kwakho kwengqondo kanye namaphutha ongawenza njengomtshali-zimali.

Umkhakha wokutshala izimali ngobuningi nawo uzama ukuhlanganisa imiphumela yomhlaba wangempela, esikhundleni sethiyori, ekwenzeni izinqumo.

🥀 Izimali Zokuziphatha vs Umnotho Wokuziphatha

Izimali zokuziphatha ziphathelene nendlela izici ezingokwengqondo nezenhlalo ezithinta ngayo ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zezimali. Umnotho wokuziphatha uhlola izici eziningi ezifanayo “ezingezona ezinengqondo” ezingaba nomthelela ekuthathweni kwezinqumo.

Kodwa-ke, kulokhu umphumela wabo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinqumo ziyafundwa. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukuthi abathengi nabaholi bebhizinisi benza kanjani izinqumo. Kuhlanganisa futhi ithiyori yegeyimu kanye ne-evolutionary psychology.

Le mibono ingasetshenziswa lapho ufunda noma ubikezela cishe noma yisiphi isilinganiso somnotho, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwemali nasekuthembekeni komthengi kuye esikweletini, ukukhula kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Ukwengeza, igama elithi i-psychology yezezimali livame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisela esihlokweni esihluke kancane.

I-psychology yezezimali ivame ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni obanzi wezezimali zomuntu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukonga, izindleko, izikweletu, amakhadi esikweletu kanye nomshwalense. Abahleli bezimali nabeluleki bakhathazeke ngalezi zici njengoba bekhathazeka ngokuthatha izinqumo zokutshalwa kwezimali.

🥀 Qonda ukuchema kwezezimali zokuziphatha

Lapho i-heuristics yezomnotho neyezezimali iholela ekwahluleleni nasezinkolelweni ezingalungile, umphumela wokukhetha kwengqondo. Okuvame kakhulu ukuchema kwengqondo kuhlanganisa:

Ukuchema kokuzazisa: ukukholelwa ukuthi imiphumela emihle yokutshala izimali iwumphumela wekhono kanye nemiphumela engathandeki ibangelwa amabhadi.

Le Ukuqinisekisa ukuchema: bhekisisa ulwazi oluqinisekisa inkolelo kwezezimali noma ukutshala futhi uzibe noma yiluphi ulwazi oluphikisana nakho.

Ukuchema kommeli: Ukukholelwa ukuthi izinto ezimbili noma izehlakalo zihlobene kakhulu kunalokho eziyikho ngempela.

Le Ukuchema kozimele: Phendula ethubeni elithile lezezimali ngokusekelwe endleleni elethulwa ngayo.

I-anchor bias: vumela umklomelo wokuqala noma inombolo okuhlangatshezwane nayo ithonye umbono wakho ngokungafanele.

Ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa: ukuzama ukugwema ukulahlekelwa kunokuqaphela izinzuzo zokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuze utshalomali olufiselekayo noma amathuba okuxhasa ngezimali aphuthelwe.

Lokhu kubandlulula kanye ne-heuristics ekusize ukukudala kuthinte ukuziphatha kwabatshalizimali, i-psychology yemakethe nokuhweba, amaphutha okuqonda, nokucabanga okungokomzwelo.

🥀 Ukuziphatha kwabatshalizimali

Ukuzethemba ngokweqile, ukuba nethemba okweqile, ukuchema kokuzazisa, ukwakheka kokuchema kanye nokwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kuvame ukuholela abatshalizimali ekuphambukeni. Zonke lezi zici ziholela ekutshalweni kwezimali okungenangqondo kunokucabangela.

I-Business Psychology

I-psychology yokuhweba ibhekisela esimweni sengqondo kanye nemizwelo yomthengisi enquma impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kohwebo. I-Assumption heuristics, efana nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kumphumela omuhle, ukuchema okubambelelayo, ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa, kanye nokuchema kokuqinisekisa, kungakhiqiza okungaphansi kokutshalwa kwezimali okufiselekayo noma imiphumela yezezimali.

I-Market Psychology

Imibono nokuchema kwabantu kwezomnotho kanye nezezimali kuthinta izimakethe zomnotho, ingxube exakile yezinqumo ezihlangene nezizimele zezigidi zabantu, ezizenzela zona futhi egameni lezimali noma izinhlangano. Ngenxa yalokho, izimakethe eziningi ziyehluleka iminyaka eminingi.

Qonda ukuthi yini ebangela ukuphazamiseka ekulinganisweni kwezibambiso ngazinye kanye ne imakethe yamasheya kungaholela ekusebenzeni kangcono kwemakethe.

Amaphutha okuqonda

Ukuthatha izinqumo kwezezimali okunganele kuwumphumela wamaphutha okuqonda, amaningi awo ngenxa ye-heuristic ne-anchoring, ukuziphendulela, kanye nokuchema kozimele. Ukuhlola okutholwe ku-neuroscience kanye nemithelela yako ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezezimali ngaphansi kwezimo zokungaqiniseki kungaholela kumasu anokuqonda okwengeziwe okunciphisa ukuchema kwamakhasimende nokuphathwa kwezimali.

ukucabanga ngokomzwelo

Abatshalizimali abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-heuristics abo kanye nokuchema kwabo kuyizibonelo zokucabanga okunengqondo kwesayensi ngakho-ke kufanele kusetshenziselwe izinqumo zokutshala imali. Bayamangala lapho bezwa ukuthi banemizwa, abanengqondo.

🥀 Izindleko Zokuziphatha Kwezezimali Okungenangqondo

Izimali zokuziphatha ziyaqaphela ukuthi abatshalizimali banemingcele ekuzithibeni kwabo futhi bathonywa imizwa yabo, ukuqagela kanye nemibono yabo. Lokhu kuziphatha okuchemile nokungenangqondo kunezindleko zangempela.

Basiza ukulandisa ngomehluko phakathi kwalokho abatshalizimali okufanele bakuzuze nalokho abakwaziyo ukugoduka nakho. I-DALBAR, inkampani yocwaningo lwezezimali, yenze izifundo eziningi eziqhathanisa izinga labatshalizimali lokubuyela ekusebenzeni kwemakethe.

Isibonelo, umtshali-zimali olinganayo uthole imbuyiselo yonyaka eyisilinganiso engu-4,25% phakathi neminyaka engu-20 phakathi kuka-2000 no-2019. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, I-S&P 500 zishintshiwe zaba ngu-+6,06% ngesonto.

Abatshalizimali abahola kancane nabo bashiye imali etafuleni, bathola u-0,47% kuleyo minyaka engama-20. Kanye nesikhwama senkomba yebhondi evamile, i-Bloomberg Barclays US Aggregate Bond Index, izuze ngaphezudlwana kuka-5% ngonyaka.

Uma abatshalizimali bebenengqondo, kubonakala sengathi bekumele bakwazi ukusondela kakhulu ku-S&P 500, noma baze bayidlule uma bebezimisele ngokuzifaka engozini eyengeziwe. Kodwa benza okubi nakakhulu.

🥀 Imiqondo eyisisekelo yezezimali zokuziphatha

Njengoba ukuchema kungavela ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ochwepheshe basebenzisa imiqondo yezezimali zokuziphatha ukuze bahlaziye imbangela nomthelela walokhu kuchema. Ochwepheshe bavame ukuhlukanisa imiqondo yezezimali zokuziphatha kulezi zigaba ezinhlanu:

izibalo zengqondo

Ukubalwa kwezimali ngokwengqondo kuwumkhuba womuntu ngamunye ukonga kanye nokwaba imali ngokwezinjongo ezithile. Lokhu kungabangela abantu ukuthi babeke amanani ahlukene enanini elifanayo lemali. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu bahlukanisa izimali ngendlela ehlukile, kungaholela emisebenzini yezezimali engenangqondo, noma okungenani engavamile.

Ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukubalwa kwezimali kwengqondo, ochwepheshe abaningi bezezimali bakhuthaza amakhasimende abo ukuthi abone ukubalwa kwezimali kwengqondo futhi abele inani elilinganayo enanini elilinganayo lezimpahla.

Ukuziphatha komhlambi

Ukuziphatha komhlambi kubhekisela ekuthambekeni kwabantu ngabanye ekulingiseni izinqumo zezezimali zabanye. Isibonelo, uma umuntu eqaphela ukuthi abanye bafaka imali esenzweni esithile, kungase kumkhuthaze ukuba enze okufanayo. Ochwepheshe bafakaza lo mqondo ezicini eziningi zomphakathi, kodwa uvame kakhulu ezinqumweni zezezimali.

Kwesinye isikhathi lapho ukuziphatha komhlambi kuthinta umuntu oyedwa, kubeka engcupheni ikhono lakhe lokwenza isinqumo enolwazi, ngoba ukuziphatha komhlambi kubangela ukuthi abantu bacabange ukuthi abanye abantu benza ucwaningo ngezinqumo zabo, beqa isinyathelo sabo- ngokufanayo.

igebe lomzwelo

Igebe elingokomzwelo lichaza lapho imizwa eyeqisayo iqhuba izinqumo zezezimali zomuntu. Kwezezimali, imizwa evame ukwakha igebe elingokomzwelo ukukhathazeka, ukuhaha, umdlandla, nokwesaba. Ukushiyeka ngokomzwelo kungathinta ikhono lomuntu lokwenza izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu zezezimali. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe bezezimali bavame ukuzama ukunikeza iseluleko esinengqondo kumakhasimende abo esikhundleni salokho.

Iyaqinisa

Umqondo we-anchoring uhlola ukuthi yini umuntu asekela kuyo izinqumo zakhe zezezimali. Ngokuvamile lokhu kusho ukunikeza inani ezimpahleni zezimali ngokusekelwe endaweni eyinkomba engashintshi, njengenani elimaphakathi. Isibonelo, uma umhwebi ebona ukuthi isitoko esithile sinenani lika-$100, angasebenzisa leyo ntengo yokuthenga njengesilinganiso sokunquma inani langempela lesitoko. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi abantu ngabanye bangazinaki ezinye izinkomba zenani.

Ukuzichaza ngokwakho

Ukuzicabangela ukuthambekela kokuthatha izinqumo ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni ngokweqile kwamakhono akhe. Abanye ochwepheshe bezezimali bokuziphatha babheka ukuzichaza njengendlela yokunqamula imizwa.

Lokhu kungase kusho ukuthi umuntu ubheka ulwazi lwakhe njengolungaphezu kwamazinga abanye ochwepheshe. Abantu bangagwema ukuzicabangela bona ngokulalela izeluleko zochwepheshe bezezimali futhi bacwaninge ngemiphumela engaba khona yesinqumo ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kuso.

🥀 Izimali zokuziphatha ziwumkhakha okhulayo

Izimali zokuziphatha manje sezisetshenziswa kumamodeli webhizinisi lomeluleki wezezimali kanye nezinqubo zokubandakanya amaklayenti. Ngoba abahlaziyi bezezimali, abaphathi bempahla kanye nenqubo yokutshala izimali ngokwayo, ezezimali zokuziphatha nazo zibaluleka njengesisekelo sendlela yokutshala izimali.

Manje sekungenzeka ukuthola ukuqokwa kwezimali zokuziphatha. Lokhu kuyinto okufanele icatshangelwe uma ufuna ukuqonda izimakethe noma uphumelele njengomeluleki wezezimali. Kuhle ukuhlela kwezezimali ngikusize.

Isiphetho

Izimali zokuziphatha zibonisa ukuthi abantu abenzi izinqumo zabo ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okunengqondo kwalo lonke ulwazi. Lokhu kungaholela ekugudlukeni enanini elifanelekile lesitoko senkampani ngayinye, kanye nemakethe iyonke ngesikhathi lapho amanani esitoko ehlangene phezulu kakhulu noma ephansi kakhulu.

Ukuqonda okuphelele kwakho konke ukuchema okuhlukile kokuziphatha kanye nemithelela engaba khona yezimali zokuziphatha akudingekile kuleli zinga, kodwa imigomo nemiqondo okuxoxwe ngayo kulesi sihloko ingase ivele embuzweni wokuhlolwa. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uhambe, nansi inkambo yokuqeqesha ezokufundisa indlela yokuthengisa izeluleko ku-inthanethi. Chofoza lapha ukuze uyithenge.