Konke mayelana nemakethe yamasheya

Ingabe ufuna ukwazi yonke into mayelana nemakethe yamasheya? Ukunganaki. Imakethe yamasheya iyindawo emaphakathi lapho kuthengwa futhi kudayiswe amasheya ezinkampani ezihweba esidlangalaleni. Ihlukile kwezinye izimakethe ngokuthi izimpahla ezithengiswayo zikhawulelwe ezitokweni, amabhondi, nemikhiqizo ehwebelana ngokuhwebelana.  

Kule makethe, abatshalizimali bafuna amathuluzi abangatshala kuwo futhi izinkampani noma abakhiphi badinga ukuxhasa amaphrojekthi abo. Womabili la maqembu ahweba ngezibambiso, njengezitoko, amabhondi kanye nezimali ezihlanganyelwe, ngokusebenzisa abaxhumanisi (ama-ejenti, ama-broker kanye nokuhwebelana).

Inhloso enkulu ye-scholarship ukusiza ekuhambeni kwemali, ngaleyo ndlela kube nesandla ekuzinzeni kwezimali nangokwezimali. Ngakho ukusetshenziswa ngokwentando yeningi kwezimakethe zezokuphepha kukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo zezimali ezisebenzayo nezivikeleke kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko, ngizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nemakethe yamasheya.

Ithini imakethe yamasheya?

Igama elithi " ibourse » kuvame ukusho enye yezinkomba ezinkulu zemakethe yamasheya, njenge Dow Jones Industrial Industrial noma i-Standard & Poor's 500. Uma uthenga isitoko senkampani yomphakathi, uthenga ingxenye encane yaleyo nkampani. Ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukulandelela yonke inkampani, izinkomba ze-Dow ne-S&P zifaka ingxenye yemakethe yamasheya futhi ukusebenza kwazo kuthathwa njengokumele imakethe yonke.

Ukutshala imali emakethe yamasheya, awudingi ukuba ngokusemthethweni ube “ zimali ". I-scholarship ivulekele wonke umuntu. Ungase ubone isihloko sezindaba esithi imakethe yamasheya iwile, noma ukuthi ivalwe phezulu noma ngaphansi kosuku.

Ngokuvamile kunalokho, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkomba zemakethe yamasheya ziye zenyuka noma zehla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amasheya angaphakathi kwenkomba azuze noma alahlekelwe inani lilonke. Abatshalizimali abathenga futhi badayise amasheya banethemba lokwenza inzuzo kulokhu kunyakaza kwentengo yesitoko.

Izici zemakethe yamasheya

Phakathi kwezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zemakethe yamasheya yilezi ezilandelayo:

Inzuzo

Ngokutshala imali emakethe yamasheya, umuntu ulindele ukuthola imbuyiselo yayo. Okuthile okungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili: Ukuqoqwa kwezinzuzo kanye nomehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthengisa kanye nenani lokuthenga lezibambiso. Ngamanye amazwi, ngenzuzo yemali noma ukulahlekelwa okutholiwe.

Ezokuphepha

Sikhuluma ngemakethe yamasheya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanani angakhuphuka noma ehle, kuye ngokuguquguquka kwemakethe. Ngokusobala, lokhu kubonisa ingozi, njengoba akwaziwa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuzoholela enzuzweni.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali ezibambiso zesikhathi eside kunethuba elikhulu lokuba utshalomali olunenzuzo noluphephile. Enye indlela yokunciphisa ubungozi lapho utshala imali la ukuhlukahluka. Ngale ndlela, amathuba okuba nokulahlekelwa ayancipha.

I-Liquidity

Kulula kakhulu ukutshala imali ezibambiso, ngakho ukuthenga nokuthengisa kwenziwa ngokushesha.

Isebenza kanjani imakethe yamasheya?

Umqondo ngemuva kokusebenza kwemakethe yamasheya ilula impela. Imakethe yamasheya ivumela abathengi nabathengisi ukuthi baxoxisane ngezintengo futhi benze ukuthengiselana.

Imakethe yamasheya isebenza ngenethiwekhi yokuhwebelana ngamasheya. Izinkampani ziklelisa amasheya azo e-stock exchange ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi umnikelo womphakathi owokuqala noma Ukunikezwa Komphakathi Ekuqaleni. Abatshalizimali bathenga lawa masheya, okuvumela inkampani ukuthi iqoqe imali yokwandisa ibhizinisi layo. Abatshalizimali bangabese bethenga futhi badayise lawa masheya phakathi kwabo, futhi ukushintshana kulandelela ukuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo sesheya ngalinye elisohlwini.

Lokhu kunikezwa kanye nesidingo kusiza ukunquma intengo yesibambiso ngasinye, noma amazinga lapho abahlanganyeli bemakethe yamasheya bazimisele ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa.

Abathengi benza "umnikelo", noma inani eliphakeme kakhulu abazimisele ukulikhokha, ngokuvamile elingaphansi kwenani "abalibuza" abathengisi uma beshintshana. Lo mehluko ubizwa ngokuthi ukusabalala kwebhidi. Ukuze kwenzeke umsebenzi, umthengi kufanele anyuse intengo yakhe noma umdayisi kumele ehlise eyakhe. Isebenza kanjalo imakethe yamasheya.

Kuyini ukuntengantenga kwezimakethe zamasheya?

Ukutshala izimali ezimakethe zamasheya kuhilela ubungozi, kodwa ngamasu afanele okutshala izimali, kungenziwa ngokuphepha ngengozi encane yokulahlekelwa isikhathi eside. i uhwebo, okudinga ukuthenga ngokushesha nokudayisa amasheya okusekelwe ekushintshashintsheni kwentengo, kuyingozi kakhulu.

Ngokuphambene, ukutshala izimali ezimakethe zamasheya esikhathini eside kubonise ukuthi kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yokwakha ingcebo yesikhathi eside.

Isibonelo, i-S&P 500 inesilinganiso somlando sembuyiselo ephelele yonyaka ecishe ibe ngu-10% ngaphambi kokulungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Kodwa-ke, imakethe ngeke inikeze lokhu kubuya konyaka nonyaka.

Eminye iminyaka imakethe yamasheya ingase igcine iwa kakhulu, eminye ikhuphuka kakhulu. Lokhu kushintshashintsha okuphawulekayo kungenxa yokuntengantenga kwezimakethe.

Uma uthenga futhi uthengisa amasheya ngenkuthalo, kunethuba elihle lokuthi uzokwenza iphutha ngesikhathi esithile, ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa ngesikhathi esingalungile, okuholela ekulahlekelweni. Isihluthulelo sokutshala imali okuphephile ukuhlala utshalwe ezikhwameni zenkomba ezibiza kancane ezilandelela imakethe ebanzi, ukuze imbuyiselo yakho ibonise isilinganiso esingokomlando.

Yini ethengiswa esitokisini?

Ku-stock exchange, asibhaliseli nje kuphela amasheya kodwa futhi sihweba ngezinye izimpahla zezezimali. Okusho ukuthi, zonke lezo zimpahla zezezimali izinkampani ezinqume ukuzithengisa noma ukuhwebelana ngezidingo zazo zezimali.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwemali Engenayo Egxilile Nezitoko

Le mikhiqizo edayiswayo ihlukaniswe yaba amaqembu amabili amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi iholo elingaguquki noma imali engenayo eguquguqukayo. Uhlobo lwemali engenayo luzoncika ekutheni izimbuyiselo ezitholwe umtshali-zimali zinqunywa kusengaphambili noma cha, ngokulandelana.

Ngaphakathi kwemali engenayo engaguquki, ungathola isikweletu, futhi izabelo ziyiqembu lesibili, izabelo. Le ndlela yokugcina ithandwa yizinkampani uma kunesidingo sokuzixhasa ngezimali emakethe yamasheya.

Kukhona nemikhiqizo eyi-hybrid eyingxube yalokhu okungenhla, njengoba kwenzeka amabhondi aguqukayo. Baqale bakhiqize inzalo egxilile bese beshintsha babe izibambiso zokulingana. Olunye uhlobo amabhondi anamawaranti, umtshali-zimali aphinde athole ngawo ilungelo le-premium noma ukuguqulelwa kwenye impahla yezezimali.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi emakethe yezezimali, akuzona zonke izibambiso zezabelo ezisohlwini ezinodumo olufanayo. Ngempela, abahlanganyeli ngezitatimende zeholo elifanayo futhi abahlanganyeli ngokulindelwe okufanayo. Yile ndlela amanani athile azoba nokuhlonishwa okukhulu kunamanye uma eqhathaniswa. Futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona:

Amasheya avamile namasheya akhethwayo

Amasheya avamile yizibambiso ezingenalo noma yiluphi uhlobo lwamalungelo akhethekile ngaphandle kwalawo ahlinzekwe ngumthetho futhi nasezindabeni zenhlangano yenkampani. Amasheya avamile yilawo akwazi ukunikeza amalungelo afanayo kubo bonke abanikazi bawo ngaphandle kokuba kube khona noma yiluphi uhlobo lomehluko.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasheya athandwayo yilawo anikeza abanikazi noma abanikazi bawo uhlobo oluthile lwelungelo elikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, singabala ukuthi uma inkampani iqothuka, kuzoba ngabanikazi bamasheya kanye nabanikazi abazokhokhelwa ekugcineni. Ngempela, abakweletwayo bangaphambi kwabo futhi phakathi kwabanikazi bamasheya, izibambiso ezithandwayo zikhululekile ukuthi ziqoqwe ngaphambi kwabanye.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwezimakethe zamasheya

Izimakethe zamasheya zinenani lezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Lezi zinzuzo zombili ezezinkampani ezisohlwini kanye nabatshalizimali abafisa ukuhweba lapho.

Izinzuzo Zezimakethe Zamasheya

I-IPO iletha udumo oluthile enkampanini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zesitoko ezindala, njengalezo ezise-Amsterdam, London, naseNew York. I-IPO iphinde isho ukuthi abatshalizimali bangathenga amasheya enkampanini, ukuyisiza ukuthi ikhule ngokuqongelela imali.

Ngokusebenza emakethe yamasheya, abatshalizimali banengozi encane yokuzenzakalelayo yabanye. Lokhu kungenxa yamazinga aphezulu okulawula, okungekho izindlela zokuhweba ze-OTC.

Ukwengeza, izinkampani ezisebenza njengabathengi be-inthanethi zenze kwaba lula nakakhulu ukuthi abatshalizimali bafinyelele izimakethe zamasheya.

Ukungalungi Kwezimakethe Zamasheya

Ukuya emphakathini kuwukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwesikhathi nemali ezinkampanini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sebefakwe ohlwini, kuzodingeka baphendule kubaninimasheya abanamasheya.

Ukuhweba ezimakethe zamasheya akuqinisekisi ukuzinza. Izimakethe zamasheya zizwela ukuntengantenga kwezimakethe, okusho ukuthi kungase kube nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwentengo yesitoko, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezehlakalo zezombusazwe nezomnotho emhlabeni wonke.

Izimakethe zamasheya nazo zingaphahlazeka. Nakuba kungavamile, ukuphahlazeka kwezimakethe zamasheya kunganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lamasheya futhi kubangele ukuwohloka komnotho okuhlala iminyaka. Abahwebi nabatshalizimali bangalawula ukuchayeka kwabo ekuguquguqukeni kwezimakethe zamasheya ngokusebenzisa isu lokulawula ubungozi.

Ezinye izibonelo zezimakethe zamasheya

Izimakethe zamasheya ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

I-New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

I-NYSE iyinhlangano yesitoko esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ese-11 Wall Street, eNew York City, e-United States. I-NYSE inezinkampani ezisohlwini ezingaba ngu-2400 ezihlanganisa izinkampani eziningi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka njenge-Walmart, Berkshire Hathaway Inc, JP Morgan Chase, njll.

Ingenye yezindawo zokuhwebelana zamasheya ezindala kakhulu ezasungulwa ngo-1792. Imali yemakethe yazo zonke izinkampani ezisohlwini lwe-NYSE ilinganiselwa ku-$22,9 trillion ngo-2021.

Isilinganiso somthamo wokuhweba wansuku zonke siphakathi kwamasheya ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili nezingu-2. I-NYSE ukuphela kokuhwebelana e-United States okunikeza ukuhweba phansi kubahwebi abakhulu. Ihlinzeka ngokuhweba ngamathuluzi ezezimali ahlukahlukene njengezimali ezihweba ngokuhwebelana (ETFs), amasheya, amabhondi, nezinye izinketho ezimbalwa.

Isakhiwo sobunikazi be-NYSE sashintsha ngo-2006, lapho ihlanganiswa ne-Archipelago Holdings ukwakha i-NYSE Group, Inc. Ngokulindeleke lolu shintsho, izihlalo zokugcina ekushintshanisweni zathengiswa ngoDisemba 2005.

Bonke abanikazi bezihlalo baba ngabanikazi bamasheya beQembu le-NYSE. Ukuhlanganiswa ne-Euronext NV, iqembu le-European stock exchanges, kwakha inkampani yokubamba i-NYSE Euronext ngo-2007. Ngo-2008, i-NYSE Euronext yathola i-American Stock Exchange (kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-NYSE Amex Equities).

Inkomba eyinhloko yalokhu kushintshana ithi I-DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE.

NASDAQ

I-NASDAQ ingeyesibili ngobukhulu ngokushintshana kwesitoko esizenzakalelayo nese-elekthronikhi e-United States futhi ingeyokuqala eNew York. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kangangokuthi ivolumu yayo yokuhweba ngehora inkulu kunanoma yikuphi ukushintshaniswa emhlabeni.

Ku-NASDAQ, ngaphezu kwe-7000 yamasheya afakwe ohlwini. Izinkampani ezibambe iqhaza zibonakala ngephrofayili yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, i-IT kanye ne-biotechnology. Ikomkhulu layo liseNew York futhi izinkomba zayo ezimele kakhulu yilezi Nasdaq 100 futhi I-Nasdaq Composite.

Ungabuka kuphi imakethe yamasheya yomhlaba ngesikhathi sangempela 

Namuhla, kulula ukwazi nokulandela bukhoma ukuhwebelana okuyinhloko komhlaba. Ukwazi ukubona ukuphakama nokwehla kwemakethe yamasheya ngesikhathi sangempela kuyindlela yokuzibeka esimweni esingokoqobo somnotho emhlabeni.

Kunezinkundla eziningi zokulandelela izintengo zesitoko ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo salolu hlobo lolwazi senze amasayithi amaningi kakhulu anikeza lezi zikhombo. Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• I-Megabolsa.com
• Iplanethi ye-Forex
• Investing.com
• Economist
• I-Ecobolsa

Kukhona futhi inketho yezinhlelo zokusebenza zamadivayisi anesistimu yokusebenza ye-Android noma ye-iOS. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi zivumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezidingo. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

Bloomberg : I-ejensi yolwazi lwezezimali egxile ezimakethe zamasheya. Ngenxa yohlelo lwayo uzokwazi ukufinyelela ngesikhathi sangempela amanani, imakethe yamasheya kanye nezindaba zemakethe yemali. Imidwebo yayo iwusizo kakhulu.

Yahoo! Ezezimali : Abasebenzisi bazokwazi ukudala iphothifoliyo yezibambiso enemikhiqizo engcuphe ephezulu kakhulu noma engaphansi. Ukuze ukwazi ukuthatha isinqumo sokutshala imali ngesikhathi esifanele. Kuyinto isicelo esilula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

I-Google Finance: Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza olulula olunconywa ikakhulukazi lwabaqalayo.

Kodwa-ke, kungcono ukuvakashela ngokuphindaphindiwe amakhasi amaningana asohlwini. Ngaphezu kokuhlola okungaphezu kokukodwa kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, ngoba ngokuqhathanisa yonke le datha, umuntu uzothola ulwazi olungcono kakhulu.

Sishiyele okukukhathazayo kumazwana. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi uhambe, ungathenga ukuqeqeshwa kwethu kokuthi Master izimali zakho siqu Volume 1.