Isakhelo solawulo lolawulo lweebhanki

La ulawulo lwebhanki, oko kukuthi iinkqubo kunye nemizimba ebekwe endaweni yolwalathiso nolawulo lwazo, ngumba obalulekileyo kuzinzo yenkqubo yezemali. Amahlazo eebhanki kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje aqaqambise ukubaluleka kwenkqubo-sikhokelo yolawulo oluluqilima kule ndawo.

Amagunya olawulo ke ngoko aye omelela ngokuthe ngcembe iimfuno zokuphucula iinkqubo yolawulo. Imigangatho emitsha yamazwe ngamazwe neyaseYurophu ihambelana nomthetho wesizwe ukulawula ulawulo lweebhanki.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuthatha ushwankathelo lwe uhlaziyo oluphambili lolawulo ezilawula ulawulo lweebhanki.

Une Inye into eqinisekileyo:abaninizabelo, abaphathi, abalawuli kunye nabaphathi beebhanki ngoku bajongene neemfuneko eziqinisiweyo ngokolawulo lwangaphakathi, ulawulo lomngcipheko kunye nokongamela. Ezi nkqubela phambili zolawulo zijolise iqinisekisa uzinzo lwenkqubo yebhanki.

Masihambe!!

🌿 Yintoni imimiselo yebhanki?

Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukwahlula ulawulo olulumkileyo lolawulo okanye ukubeka iliso ezenza imimiselo yebhanki.

Eyokuqala ibandakanya ukucacisa imigaqo yokusebenza, ngelixa eyesibini ijolise ekuyinyanzeliseni kunye nokwaphulwa kwesohlwayo esinokubakho. Kunjalo ke inkqubo yolawulo.

Ngengcaciso, umgaqo wobulumko webhanki luluhlu lwemilinganiselo eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa okanye ukucinga ngcono imingcipheko eveliswa ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo enkqubo yebhanki.

Inqaku elifundwayo: Yeyiphi imingcipheko yebhanki yamaSilamsi?

Ukuthetha ngenkqubo-sikhokelo yolawulo lolawulo lweebhanki kuthetha ukuthetha ngolawulo kunye nokongamela. Pha ulawulo kunye nolongamelo lwebhanki ngoko ke zibonakala ziyimiba eyimfuneko ekufuneka idityaniswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo lweziko.

Ummiselo uncedisa ngokuyinxenye ekusombululeni iingxaki ze-asymmetry yolwazi phakathi kwababoleki kunye nababolekisi okudala iingxaki zokhetho olubi kunye nobungozi bokuziphatha.

Umgaqo-sikhokelo wolawulo lweebhanki ufuna ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo enobulumko. Umgaqo wobulumko uvumela:

ukuhambelana iimeko zokusebenzisa ukhuphiswano lweebhanki, ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo kunye nokuqina kwenkqubo;

Ukomeleza ukhuseleko lwebhanki ngokumisela imigangatho yeemali zabo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo;

ukuziqhelanisa ukusebenza kweebhanki kuphuhliso lwentengiso.

🌿 Abalawuli beebhanki

Ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yobulumko kuqinisekiswa ngabadlali abathile abanendima ebalulekileyo. Yi :

 ✔ IKomiti yaseBasel 

Umsebenzi wayo kukomeleza ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka yenkqubo yezemali. Ukuseka imigangatho ephantsi ngokwemiqathango yolongamelo olunobulumko; ukusasaza nokukhuthaza ezona ndlela zingcono zogcino-mali kunye nezokongamela kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ekongameleni ngobulumko.

✔ UGunyaziwe weeMarike zeMali 

Indima yayo kukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwabongi kumxholo weenkampani ezicela ukongiwa koluntu. Njengenxalenye yokuqaliswa kwezixhobo zemali kwiimarike zezemali, iqinisekisa ukuba rhoqo kolwazi olunikwe abadlali.

✔ IKomiti yeeNgcebiso kuMthetho weMali noLawulo 

Injongo yalo kukunika uluvo kuzo zonke izicatshulwa eziqulunqiweyo zesiqhelo zesicelo ngokubanzi ngokunxulumene neebhanki, imimandla yemali kunye ne-inshurensi, xa idluliselwe nguMphathiswa wezoQoqosho.

✔ IKomishoni iBancaire yaba liGunyabantu lokuLawula iPrudential ngoJanyuwari ka-2010

Le komishoni inoxanduva lokubeka esweni ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho nemimiselo yolawulo esebenzayo kuyo kunye nokohlwaya nakuphi na ukwaphulwa okuphawulweyo. Ikwaqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha kakuhle komsebenzi.

🌿 Imithombo yokusilela kuLawulo lweBhanki

Isikhokelo solawulo lolawulo lweebhanki sifuna ukunciphisa ukusilela. Enyanisweni, ukungafezeki kweemarike yenye yezinto ezichaza ukusilela kwebhanki.

Ubume bemarike bubangela ukungafezeki okudala ukungasebenzi okunokukhokelela kwingxaki yezemali. Olu lwazi asymmetry.

Iphawula nayiphi na imeko apho abantu ababini (okanye ngaphezulu) kufuneka benze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngokuphathelele isiganeko esinye. Kodwa ungabi namanani afanayo kunye nomgangatho wolwazi malunga nesi siganeko. Isenokuba yeyokuzithandela okanye ingabikho ngokuzithandela.

I-asymmetry yolwazi ikhokelela amaqela ukuba enze ukhetho olubi kunye nobungozi bokuziphatha.

✔ Ukhetho olubi

Ukukhethwa okungalunganga okanye ukuchasana nokukhethwa yinto yezibalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Yi uhlobo lwengxabano ye-arhente. Kubudlelwane be-arhente, le ngxaki isekelwe ngokusisiseko ekungaqinisekini malunga nohlobo lwe-arhente, ngokungafaniyo nobungozi bokuziphatha.

Le ngxaki yokhetho olubi lugxininiswa ngakumbi kwiinkampani zebhanki apho ubudlelwane bukumanqanaba amaninzi.

Kwihlabathi elifanelekileyo, njenge-Arrow-Debreu apho ulwazi lugqibelele kwaye lusimahla, ibhanki inokuqikelela izenzo zomboleki kwaye ibeke inzala kwinqanaba elihambelana nomngcipheko weprojekthi.

Kule meko, i-theory ye-classic ithatha ukuba ukunyuka komngcipheko kuya kubangela ukunyuka kwexabiso lenzala kuba ukungaqiniseki kubonakaliswe ngolwazi olungafezekanga kunye ne-asymmetric phakathi kwabadlali abahlukeneyo.

✔ Ingozi yokuziphatha okanye ingozi yokuziphatha

Ngokwenkcazo, ubungozi bokuziphatha buchaza isiphumo esigwenxa esinokuvela kwiimeko ezithile zomngcipheko, kubudlelwane phakathi kwee-arhente ezimbini okanye amaqela amabini akwikontraka.

Ingozi yokuziphatha yaqala ukubonakala kwiinkalo zeinshorensi nezebhanki. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuba umntu ofakwe kwi-inshurensi kwandisa ukuthatha umngcipheko, xa kuthelekiswa nemeko apho wayeza kuyithwala ngokupheleleyo imiphumo emibi yentlekele.

Kumashishini ebhanki, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso enzala kunokukhuthaza ababoleki, emva kokuba befumene imali mboleko yabo, ukuba benze iiprojekthi ezinobungozi kunokuba kulindelwe ukwandisa umvuzo wabo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubungozi bokuziphatha buhambelana nemeko apho ukungaphelelanga kolwazi kuvela kwizenzo ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokuziphatha. Yifomu amathuba asemva kwekhontrakthi okwenzeka xa iintshukumo eziphunyeziweyo zingenako ukuqondwa.

inqaku lokufundae: Ngawaphi amacandelo eNkqubo yezeMali yamaSilamsi?

Ukujongana nezi ngxaki zobungozi bokuziphatha kunye nokukhetha okungalunganga, ukungenelela kwemali kuyeyona ndlela isebenzayo. ngobuchule ngakumbi ekusombululeni iingxaki inkuthazo echaphazela imarike yekhredithi kumxholo wolwazi lwe-asymmetric.

🌿 Ukungenelela kwezemali njengesisombululo kwiingxaki ze-asymmetry zolwazi

✔ Iindleko zentengiselwano

Ixabiso lentengiselwano li ixabiso elidityaniswe kutshintshiselwano lwezoqoqosho, ngokuthe ngqo intengiselwano kwimarike. Le ndleko ayithathelwa ingqalelo kumxholo wokhuphiswano olucocekileyo nolugqibeleleyo. Inokuthi ngokuthe ngqo (ikhomishini yemarike yemasheya) okanye ngokungathanga ngqo.

Zonke iindleko ezibangelwa zezi zenzo zenza iindleko zentengiselwano athi uCarl J. Dahlman (1979) azidibanise zibe ziindidi ezintathu:

Iindleko zophando nolwazi : ukukhangela, ukuthelekisa umgangatho / ixabiso leenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezinikezelwayo, uphando lwemarike, njl. Ikwamalungauthethathethwano kunye neendleko zezigqibo : ukuyila nokuqukunjelwa kwekhontrakthi njl.njl.

Ukubeka iliso kunye neendleko zokunyanzelisa : ulawulo lomgangatho wenkonzo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuhanjiswa, njl.

Le ngcamango yenza kube lula ukuchaza, ngokutsho kweCoase, ukuba kutheni zonke iintengiselwano zingezontengiselwano zentengiso, kwaye, ke, ubukho beenkampani okanye iifemu, ezinokunciphisa ngempumelelo ezi ndleko ngokumisela intsebenziswano phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Ke, siyaqonda ukuba kutheni iindleko zentengiselwano zenza eyona nto iphambili yokucacisa ubukho babameli bezemali. Ezi ndleko zimele isizathu sokuba »yemisebenzi yabameli (Descamps kunye neSoicot, 2002).

Xa ujongene nabagcini kunye nababoleki abancinci, iindleko zophando zingqina ukuba zithintele.

Ubukho beebhanki buthetheleleka ngokukwazi kwabo ukuhlanganisa ukonga. Olu londolozo lukwinkonzo yotyalo-mali lwexesha elide, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye kugcinwa ukungabikho kwemali kwabagciniweyo kunye nokuzinza kwenkxaso-mali.

✔ Ukwahluka kweePotfoliyo

Umbono we ulwahlulo ibhekisa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezibambiso ezenza ipotfoliyo. Ipotfoliyo equlethe ukhuseleko olunye kuphela ayidityaniswanga. Ukwahluka ke ngoko indlela yokulawula umngcipheko welahleko eyinkunzi.

Ukwahluka kweepotfoliyo kufuneka kuncede ukukhusela imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nokubamba inani eliqingqiweyo lezibambiso.

Yile nto siyifunayo ulamlo lwemali. Zonke iindlela zokungenelela ngemali ziyavumelana ngesidingo sokunciphisa imingcipheko yoqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwababoleki kunye nababolekisi.

Ukukwazi ukwahlula iipotfoliyo ngomnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokungenelela kwezemali ochaza ukongama kwazo ekuxhaseni uqoqosho ngemali.

Ithiyori yezemali ifundisa ukuba inxalenye yomngcipheko wepotfoliyo inokungathintelwa ngu ukwahluka kwee-asethi ukuba iqulethe.

Ukwahlulwa komngcipheko kwenza kubaluleke ubukho babameli bezemali kubo umngcipheko uyinxalenye yendalo yomsebenzi ngelixa ii-arhente ezingezizo ezemali zisamkela kuphela ngokufuna iipremiyamu. ibaluleke kakhulu kumbolekisi.

Ii-arhente ezingezizo ezemali ziya kudlulisela imingcipheko kubameli bezemali njengembuyekezo yokunciphisa imivuzo yabo.

✔ Iindleko zolwazi

Ukunika ikhredithi sisigqibo esingenakuguqulwa kwaye siyingozi. Imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali ixhomekeke kwikamva kunye nohlalutyo oluthe kratya okanye olungaphantsi lwemeko ekhoyo.

Ikamva aliqinisekanga, kwiimeko ezininzi umbolekisi akanalo ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga nom(ababoleki), nto leyo ngamanye amaxesha ivelisa iindleko ezinkulu. Ezi ziindleko zolwazi.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufuna ukuthatha ulawulo lwemali yakho yobuqu kwiinyanga ezintandathu, ndincoma kakhulu esi sikhokelo.

YINDAWO YAKHO YISHIYA IZIMVO