Amacandelo eNkqubo yezeMali yamaSilamsi

Nangona ilawulwa yi imigaqo ethile yenkolo, Inkqubo yezemali yamaSilamsi inamacandelo ahlukeneyo ayenza ibe yinkqubo epheleleyo ngokwayo. Iibhanki zamaSilamsi, iimali zotyalo-mali zokuziphatha, i-inshurensi ye-takaful kunye nemarike ye-Islamic interbank bonke abadlali kunye nezixhobo ezakha imali yamaSilamsi.

Oku kwakhiwe njengenye indlela yezemali eqhelekileyo, kuqwalaselwa tintambo eqikelelwayo neqhawukileyo iinyani zoqoqosho. Injongo yalo kukulungelelanisa imbuyekezo yemali kunye notyalo-mali olusesikweni, ngelixa uhlonipha imigaqo yomthetho wamaSilamsi (Sharia).

Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga amacandelo ahlukeneyo e-ecosystem yezemali yamaSilamsi. Siza kuhlalutya indima kunye neenkcukacha zomdlali ngamnye kwaba.

Masihambe !!

🌿 IBhanki yoPhuhliso lwamaSilamsi

IBhanki yoPhuhliso lwamaSilamsi (IDB) liziko lezemali lamazwe ngamazwe elisembindini wenkqubo yezemali yamaSilamsi. Yasekwa ngomhla we-21 uRajab 1394 (ngo-Agasti 12, 1974) eJeddah eBukumkanini baseSaudi Arabia.

Yaqala ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi yayo kwi-Chaoual 15, 1395 (20 Oktobha 1975). Iqela le-BID lenziwe ngamaqumrhu amahlanu, angala:

• I-IDB ngokwayo,
• Iziko lamaSilamsi loPhando noQeqesho (IIRF),
• IQumrhu lamaSilamsi kuPhuhliso lweCandelo laBucala (SIDSP),
• iNkampani ye-Inshurensi yamaSilamsi yoTyalo-mali kunye neeKhredithi zokuThumela ngaphandle (SIAICE),
• I-International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (SIIFC).

Unyaka-mali we-IDB ungqamene nenyanga ye-Hijri, kodwa ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2016. Yatshintshwa ukuze ihambelane nomnyaka welanga we-Hijri oqala nge-11 Capricorn (ngoJanuwari 1) kwaye uphele nge-10 Capricorn (i-31 kaDisemba ngonyaka ngamnye).

Ulwimi I-IDB esemthethweni sisiArabhu. Kodwa isiNgesi nesiFrentshi zikwasebenza njengeelwimi ezisebenzayo. Iyunithi yayo ye-akhawunti yidinar yamaSilamsi elingana nelungelo elikhethekileyo lomzobo le-International Monetary Fund.

I-ofisi eyintloko kunye namaziko engingqi

I-IDB ikomkhulu e-Jeddah, ubukumkani baseSaudi Arabia, kwaye inamaziko alishumi elinanye engingqi e-Abuja (eNigeria), e-Almaty (Kazakhstan), e-Ankara (eTurkey), eCairo (egypt), eDakar (Senegal), eDhaka (Bangladesh ), e-Dubai ( United Arab Emirates), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kampala (Uganda), Paramaribo (Suriname) kunye Rabat (Morocco).

umsebenzi

Injongo ye-IDB kukukhuthaza uphuhliso olubanzi lwabantu. Igxininisa iinzame zayo kwiinkalo eziphambili ezifana nokunciphisa intlupheko, ukuphucula impilo, ukukhuthaza imfundo, ukuphucula ulawulo kunye nokuchuma kwabantu.

Amalungu

I-IDB ibalulekile Amazwe angamalungu angama-57 kwihlabathi jikelele. Naliphi na ilizwe elinqwenela ukuba lilungu kufuneka libe lilungu loMbutho weNtsebenziswano yamaSilamsi (OIC). Emva koko kufuneka bahlawule isahlulo sokuqala sokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwinkunzi kwaye bamkele imimiselo nemiqathango ebekwe liBhunga leeRhuluneli.

Capital

Ngexesha lakhe 38^th intlanganiso yonyaka, iBhodi yeeRhuluneli igunyazise i-5^th ukwanda jikelele kwinkunzi, nto leyo eyakhokelela I-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedinari Amaziko amaSilamsi isixa semali eyinkunzi egunyazisiweyo kunye ne-50 yeebhiliyoni ze-capital ukuba ibhaliswe.

Ngokungqinelana nesigqibo esifanayo, iBhodi yeeRhuluneli yagunyazisa ukubhena kwenxalenye emele ihlawulwe phantsi kwe-4^th ukwanda ngokubanzi. Ekupheleni konyaka-mali we-2018, i-capital ebhalisiweyo ye-IDB ifikelele kwiibhiliyoni ezingama-50,2 yeedinari zamaSilamsi.

🌿 Umbutho woCwangciso-mali noPhicotho-zincwadi wamaZiko eZimali zamaSilamsi (AAOIFI)

Icandelo lesibini lenkqubo yezemali yamaSilamsi yi-AAOIFI. AAOIFI ngumbutho ozimeleyo ongenzi ngeniso owasekwa ngo-1991 ziibhanki ezininzi zamaSilamsi.

Ukuzalwa kwalo mbutho kwakuyimpendulo kwimfuno yokuthelekisa iingxelo zemali zeebhanki zamaSilamsi. Injongo yalo kukuphuhlisa imithetho yamaSilamsi kunye nemigangatho kwi-accounting, uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nolawulo lwequmrhu.

Indima yeAAOIFI

Ngokukodwa, i-AAOIFI ijolise eku:

• développer ucwangciso-mali oluthobela iSharia, uphicotho-zincwadi, ulawulo kunye nemodeli yokucinga yeenqobo ezisesikweni;
• usasazo le mizekelo ngeesemina, upapasho, iingxelo, uphando, njl.;
• yenza accounting kunye nemigangatho yophicotho kumaziko emali yamaSilamsi, ukulungelelanisa nokutolika.

Lilonke, eyona njongo ye-AAOIFI kukubekwa emgangathweni kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezenzo zemali zamaSilamsi. Imigangatho eyidalayo ibizwa ngokuba yi IMigangatho yoCwangciso-mali lwezeMali (FAS).

Imigangatho yokubala yamaSilamsi

Ukuvelisa imigangatho yobalo-mali ethe ngqo kwii-BIs, amalungu e-AAOIFI anokukhetha phakathi kweendlela ezimbini ezichasekileyo:

Okokuqala, banokwenza ukucoceka kwemigangatho ye-accounting yaseNtshona (imigangatho ye-IFRS). Ngokwenza njalo, bathembele kwiziseko zamaSilamsi kunye neenjongo zokuphuhlisa imigangatho efanelekileyo yocwangciso. Emva koko banako ukuhlalutya imigangatho imigangatho yobalo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokunxulumene nesakhelo samaSilamsi. Yamkela ezo zilungele imali yamaSilamsi.

Baphuhlisa kuphela imigangatho yobalo-mali ukuba imigangatho yobalo-mali yamazwe ngamazwe ithe cwaka kulawulo lobalo lwamanqaku athile athile okanye baye bamkela iimbono ezichasene nemithetho-siseko esisiseko ye-IF.

🌿 IBhodi yeeNkonzo zeMali yamaSilamsi (IFSB)

Icandelo lesithathu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yezemali yamaSilamsi Iinkonzo zeMali zamaSilamsi ibhodi (IFSB). Yasekwa ngo-2002 ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuchuma nokuzinza kwezimali zamaSilamsi.

Ke ngoko, injongo yayo kukuphuhlisa nokuhlaziya imigaqo kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ehambelana ne isharia. Oku kukukhuthaza ukungafihli kwiinkonzo ezinikezelwa yi-Islamic finance. Injongo ephambili yemigangatho epapashwe yi-IFSB kukuthintela kunye nokulawulwa kweengozi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezivela kwimali yamaSilamsi.

🌿 I-International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA)

Icandelo lesine lenkqubo yezemali yamaSilamsi I-International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA). Libhunga le-Sharia elidibanisa iijaji zamaSilamsi ezingamalungu oMbutho weNkomfa yamaSilamsi.

Indima yayo kukufunda kunye nokwenza iimbono zomthetho (udiniwe) ejonge ukusebenza njengendawo efanayo kwezoqoqosho, ezemali kunye neebhanki.

I-IIFA idibanisa iijurists zamaSilamsi ezinamava ngokukodwa kwinkalo yentengiselwano kwaye zibandakanyeka kakhulu kwimiba yezoqoqosho okanye yezemali yangoku.

Amaziko amaninzi emali yamaSilamsi abiza ngokubanzi i-IIFA ngebhodi yabo yeShariah ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yabo yokusebenza iyahambelana naleyo ikhutshwe yi-IIFA.

🌿 IMarike yezeMali yamaSilamsi (IIFM)

IMarike yezeMali yamaSilamsi (IIFM) ngumbutho owasekwa ngo-2002 kwaye usekwe eManama, eBahrain. Injongo yayo kukubeka emgangathweni kunye nokulungelelanisa iinkqubo kwiimarike ezinkulu zamaSilamsi kumazwe ngamazwe.

Ngokukodwa, i-IIFM ifuna ukuseka imigangatho edibeneyo kumaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zokukhutshwa ukuququzelela ukuthengiselana okuwela imida yeemveliso zemali yamaSilamsi. Umbutho ugxile kwizixhobo ezininzi eziphambili ezifana ne-sukuk (iibhondi zamaSilamsi) kunye nemisebenzi yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle oluthobela iSharia.

Ukuphuhlisa le migangatho, i-IIFM ixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwabadlali abaphambili kwishishini lezemali lamaSilamsi kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Iibhanki ezingoovimba, abakhupheli be-sukuk, utshintshiselwano ngestokhwe, iifemu ezisemthethweni kunye nabalawuli bangabachaphazelekayo kwibhodi yombutho.

Ngokupapashwa kwezikhokelo kunye nezivumelwano ezisemgangathweni ezilungelelaniswe kwiinkcukacha zezimali zamaSilamsi, i-IIFM ijolise ekuqiniseni ukudibanisa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweemarike zezemali zamaSilamsi. Isenzo sayo sibalulekile ukukhuthaza ukuhamba kwemali enqumla imida kunye noqhagamshelwano lwale nkqubo ikhulayo yendalo.

🌿 La Iziko loLawulo loLwali (LMC)

Le Iziko loLawulo loLwali (LMC) liziko elenziwe ngo-2002 phantsi kobunkokeli beBhanki yoPhuhliso lwamaSilamsi. Injongo yayo kukuququzelela ulawulo lwemali yokuhlawula amatyala kunye nolwabiwo olugqwesileyo lweemali kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi kunye namaziko emali.

Ngokwenyani, i-LMC ibonelela ngezisombululo ezahlukeneyo zokwenza ukuba abadlali bezemali bamaSilamsi balawule ngcono intsalela yabo yokuhlawula amatyala kunye neentsilelo. Ibabonelela ngenkonzo yokucoca imali yokuhlawula amatyala phakathi kweebhanki zamaSilamsi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa iimfuno.

Eli Ziko likwamisele indlela efanayo yolawulo lwemali yokuhlawula amatyala. Iimali zibekwe kwiimarike zemali zamaSilamsi, kunye nenzuzo kunye nelahleko ekwabelwana ngayo phakathi kwamaziko angamalungu. Izixhobo zotyalo-mali zexeshana elifutshane zikwabonelelwa ukuba kunyuswe ingeniso yemali ekhoyo ngokugqithisileyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, i-LMC ibonelela ngeendlela zokuxhasa ngemali ixesha elifutshane kumaziko emali yamaSilamsi ajongene nobunzima bezemali. iimfuno zemali ngokukhawuleza. Enkosi kuzo zonke ezi ndlela, iZiko lidlala indima ekhulayo ekuphuculeni nasekuphuculeni ulawulo lwemali yokuhlawula amatyala ngaphakathi kwezemali yamaSilamsi.

🌿 I-Arhente yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngaMaSilamsi yokulinganisa (IIRA)

I-Arhente ye-International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA) yi-arhente yokukala ireyithingi yemali ekhethekileyokuhlalutyo lwamaziko emali yamaSilamsi.

Yayilwa ngo-2005 kwaye isekwe e-Bahrain, injongo ye-IIRA kukubonelela ngamaxabiso etyala kunye nohlalutyo lwemali lwabadlali bezemali bamaSilamsi. Ingqwalasela yayo ngokukodwa kuvavanyo lweebhanki zamaSilamsi, iinkampani ze-inshurensi ze-takaful, iimali zotyalo-mali zamaSulumane kunye ne-sukuk (iibhondi zamaSilamsi).

I-arhente ihlalutya ukuqina kwezemali kula maziko kunye nokuthotyelwa kwawo nemimiselo ye-Sharia (umthetho wamaSilamsi). Iireyithingi zayo zetyala ukusuka kwi-AAA kubadlali abasengozini ephantsi ukuya ku-D kwabo bangasebenziyo.

Ukulinganisa kunye nohlalutyo oluveliswe yi-IIRA lusetyenziswa ngabadlali abahlukeneyo kwihlabathi lezemali lamaSilamsi. Abalawuli bayisebenzisa ukujonga imingcipheko. Abatyali-mali bawathathela ingqalelo xa bevavanya amathuba otyalo-mali. Kwaye ezinye ii-arhente zokulinganisa eziqhelekileyo zixhomekeke kuyo ukuze ziqonde ngcono iinkcukacha zeemveliso zemali zamaSilamsi.

Ixabiso elongezelelweyo le-IIRA lilele kuyo ulwazi olunzulu iinkcukacha zemali yamaSilamsi. Indlela yayo yokulinganisa idibanisa izinto ezithile ezifana nentlonipho yomgaqo wokwabelana ngeenzuzo kunye nelahleko okanye ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwemisebenzi engahambelaniyo nemigaqo yokuziphatha yamaSilamsi.

Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwezimali zamaSilamsi kwihlabathi liphela, indima yee-arhente zeengcali zokulinganisa ezifana ne-IIRA imiselwe ukukhula ngokubaluleka. Benza ukuba kwenzeke ukwanda ukungafihli kunye nokuthembana kule nkqubo yezemali ingenye.

🌿 Iziko lamaSilamsi laMazwe ngaMazwe loXolelwaniso kunye noXolelwaniso (IICRA)

I-International Islamic Centre for Reconciliation and Arbitration (IICRA) ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe osekelwe eDubai. Idalwe ngo-2005 phantsi kwe-aegis yeBhanki yoPhuhliso lwamaSilamsi, igxile kulamlo kunye nolamlo lweengxabano zemali zamaSilamsi.

Injongo ye-IICRA kukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokusombulula iingxabano ezihambelana nemigaqo kunye nemilinganiselo yezemali yamaSilamsi. Imimandla yakhe yobuchwephesha igubungela ulamlo kwiingxabano zebhanki ezibandakanya amaziko emali yamaSilamsi, ukulamla kwiingxabano eziphathelele kwintengiselwano yezemali yamaSilamsi, kodwa kunye noqeqesho lwabagwebi kunye nabalamli kwimali yamaSilamsi.

Umbutho ukwabonwa ngobungcali bawo ekuqinisekiseni izivumelwano zemali zamaSilamsi ngokwemigaqo yokuthotyelwa kweSharia. Ikwaphuhlisa amagatya asemgangathweni okusombulula iingxabano, adityaniswe kwiikhontrakthi zemali zeebhanki kunye namaziko emali yamaSilamsi.

Umdla we-IICRA kukubonelela ngezisombululo zobulungisa babucala (ulamlo, ulamlo) olulungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo kwiinkcukacha zezimali zamaSilamsi. Iinkonzo zayo zisekwe kumaxabiso obulungisa, iinqobo ezisesikweni kunye nokuthotyelwa kwezenkolo ezisembindini wale nkqubo yezemali.

Enkosi kubuchwephesha bayo obunzulu ekusombululeni iingxabano zemali yamaSilamsi, i-IICRA ibe kwiminyaka nje embalwa ibhenkmark yamazwe ngamazwe kule ndawo. Isekwe eDubai, ibekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo entliziyweni yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili kwihlabathi kwezemali yamaSilamsi.

🌿 IBhunga leeBhanki zamaSilamsi kunye namaZiko eziMali (CIBAFI)

IBhunga leeBhanki zamaSilamsi kunye namaZiko ezeMali (CIBAFI) ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe osekelwe kwi-2001 kwaye use-Bahrain. Injongo yayo kukukhuthaza nokuphuhlisa ishishini leenkonzo zemali zamaSilamsi kwihlabathi liphela.

Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, i-CIBAFI ikhusela umdla weebhanki zamaSilamsi kunye namaziko emali. Ikwafuna ukomeleza intsebenziswano phakathi kwabachaphazelekayo kunye nokuququzelela ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo kweli candelo.

Umbutho uphinde uthathe inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu kunye nemimiselo enxulumene nezimali zamaSilamsi. Ikhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwemigangatho engqongqo yolawulo kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko ngamaziko emali yamaSilamsi.

Ukufezekisa umsebenzi wayo, I-CIBAFI iphumeza izenzo ezininzi : umbutho weenkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe, ukupapashwa kwezifundo kunye neengxelo zophando, ukubonelela ngoqeqesho kunye neziqinisekiso kwiingcali zezimali zamaSilamsi.

Ngamalungu angaphezu kwe-130 asuka kumazwe angama-34, i-CIBAFI izimise namhlanje njengommeli ophambili kunye nequmrhu eliphembelela ishishini leenkonzo zemali ze-Islamic zehlabathi. Ngokusekwe eBahrain, kusembindini welinye lamaziko amakhulu emali yamaSilamsi.

isiphelo

Ekupheleni kolu hlalutyo, siqaphela ukuba imali yamaSilamsi ngokuthe ngcembe ifumene inkqubo yendalo epheleleyo neyakhiweyo, kunye nabadlali abahlukeneyo abasebenzisanayo ukwaba izixhobo ngokuhambelana ne imithetho yokuziphatha yamaSilamsi.

Iibhanki zorhwebo, iimalike ezinkulu, i-inshurensi ye-takaful kunye neemali zotyalo-mali ezisesikweni zenza ezona nxalenye ziphambili zolu lwakhiwo lwemali lulolunye.

Ukuxhaswa ngokusemgangathweni, ukulawulwa kunye namaqumrhu okuthotyelwa kweSharia, enza inkqubo edibeneyo esebenza ngokwemigaqo yenzuzo kunye nokwabelana ngelahleko, ukuvinjelwa kwe-ribâ kunye nenkxaso-mali yokuziphatha kuphela.

Iqhutywa yimfuno ekhulayo yabantu abangamaSilamsi kodwa kwakhona yi umtsalane kwimali esesikweni Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, imali yamaSilamsi kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokukhula kwiminyaka ezayo. Singabheja ukuba inkqubo yayo iya kuqhubeka iqiniswa ukuze ibonelele ngenye indlela ethembekileyo kwiimali eziqhelekileyo.