Iimarike zesitokhwe ezingcono kwihlabathi

I-stock market yimakethi apho abatyali-mali, nokuba ngabantu okanye iingcali, abanini be-akhawunti enye okanye ngaphezulu kwe-stock market, banokuthenga okanye bathengise izibambiso ezahlukeneyo. Ke, ezona marike zibalaseleyo zemasheya zidlala indima ephambili kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Banceda amashishini akhulise inkunzi ngokukhupha izabelo, iibhondi kubatyali-mali ukuze kwandiswe ishishini, iimfuno zenkunzi yokusebenza, inkcitho eyinkunzi, njl.

Si ungumtyali-mali okanye nje inkampani enqwenela ukuvula inkunzi yayo eluntwini, ngoko ke ulwazi lwezona marike zibalaseleyo zesitokhwe luya kubaluleka kuwe.

namhlanje Finance de Demain Consulting zinikezela kuwe, ngokwemalike yentengiso yazo, ezona marike zibalaseleyo zesitokhwe kwihlabathi. Ngaphambi kokuba sixoxe ngalo mbandela, masiqale siqonde ukuba yintoni imarike yemasheya, kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuba Stock Exchange.

Yintoni i-Stock Exchange?

kwimarike yamasheya, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-stock market, ngumbutho ovumela umntu okanye inkampani ukuba ithenge kwaye ithengise izibambiso. Izibambiso zinokuba zizitokhwe, iibhondi ezikhutshwe yinkampani okanye urhulumente kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zemali kwindawo yoluntu.

Utshintshiselwano ngezabelo lunika ubulungu kwii-brokers ezichongiweyo kunye namalungu asebenza njengabalamleli bokuthenga nokuthengisa izibambiso. Utshintshiselwano luqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokurhweba ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuthotyelwa okuhambelana nemisebenzi yokurhweba ngokwabo. Utshintshiselwano ngezabelo lunee-indices ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza njenge-barometer yempilo yezoqoqosho.

Kule mihla, phantse lonke utshintshiselwano lukhona njengeemarike ze-elektroniki. Ixabiso lemarike yezabelo eziphantsi zenkampani kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo ezifana neoli, igolide, ubhedu, njl. kuxhomekeke kwimfuno kunye nemeko yokubonelela kwimarike njengoko abathengi kunye nabathengisi bebeka ii-odolo zabo zokubulawa.

Imbali yeemarike zamasheya

Olona tshintshiselwano ludala nelokuqala lwasekwa ngaphambili ngaphezu kwe-400 iminyaka eYurophu, eNetherlands. Izitokhwe zaseDutch East Indian zazisetyenziselwa ukurhweba kwi-stock exchange. Olona xanduva lotshintshiselwano kukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho imali eyaneleyo yokuhlawula amatyala kwiimarike.

Utshintshiselwano olukhulu, lungcono kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Kukho malunga nama-60 orhwebo olukhulu lwesitokhwe kwihlabathi jikelele.

Iimarike ze-stock ezili-10 ezilungileyo kwihlabathi

Siye saqulunqa uluhlu lweemarike eziphezulu ze-10 kwihlabathi ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-capitalisation data enikezelwa yi-World Federation of Exchanges. Masihambe.

1. INew York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

NYSE lelona shishini likhulu ehlabathini, elise-11 Wall Street, kwisiXeko saseNew York, eUnited States. I-NYSE ineenkampani ezimalunga nama-2400 ezidwelisiweyo ezibandakanya iinkampani ezininzi eziluhlaza njengeWalmart, iBerkshire Hathaway Inc, iJP Morgan Chase, njl.

Yenye yezona zinto zindala zokutshintshiselana ngesitokhwe eyasekwa ngo-1792. I-capitalization yemarike yazo zonke iinkampani ezidweliswe kwi-NYSE imalunga ne-22,9 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngo-2021.

Umthamo wokurhweba wemihla ngemihla uphakathi Izabelo ezi-2 kunye ne-6 yeebhiliyonis. I-NYSE kuphela kotshintshiselwano e-United States ebonelela ngokurhweba ngomgangatho kubathengisi abakhulu. Ibonelela ngokurhweba ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zemali ezifana neengxowa-mali ezithengiswayo (ETFs), izitokhwe, iibhondi kunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi.

Isakhiwo sobunini be-NYSE sitshintshile kwi-2006, xa idibaniswa ne-Archipelago Holdings ukuze yenze i-NYSE Group, Inc. Ngokulindela olu tshintsho, izihlalo zokugqibela ekutshintshisweni zathengiswa ngoDisemba 2005.

Bonke abanini zihlalo baba ngabaninizabelo kwi Iqela le-NYSE. Ukudibanisa ne-Euronext NV, iqela le-European stock exchanges, lenze inkampani yokubamba i-NYSE Euronext kwi-2007. Kwi-2008, i-NYSE Euronext yafumana i-American Stock Exchange (emva koko yabizwa ngokuba yi-NYSE Amex Equities).

Isalathiso esiphambili solu tshintshiselwano i-DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE.

2. NASDAQ

NASDAQ imele iNational Association of Securities Dealers Automated quotes. Yeyesibini kwimarike yemasheya ebalaseleyo kwihlabathi. Yadalwa ngo-1971, i NASDAQ isekelwe e-151 W, 42nd Street eNew York. Yeyona marike iphambili ye-electronic stock market enemalike eyi-10,8 yetriliyoni yeedola.

Ngaphezulu kwe-3 ye-stocks zidweliswe kwi-NASDAQ kunye nexabiso lemarike eliphakathi kwe-000 yezigidigidi ngenyanga nganye. Iinkampani ezinkulu zetekhnoloji ezifana neMicrosoft, Google, Facebook, Tesla, Amazon, Apple, njl. zidweliswe apho. Iinkampani ezidweliswe kwi-NASDAQ zenza i-1,26% yexabiso lemarike yehlabathi lilonke. Isalathisi seNASDAQ sikwanjalo ebizwa ngokuba yi-NASDAQ.

Kukho inyani enomdla malunga ne-NASDAQ ye-stock market oya kumangaliswa ukwazi. Ayinazo iinkampani ezidweliswe kwicandelo leoli kunye negesi okanye kwicandelo lezinto eziluncedo. Uthambekele ngakumbi kwitekhnoloji, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye necandelo leenkonzo zabathengi.

3. ITokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)

ITokyo Stock Exchange, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiTosho. Ikwindawo yesithathu kuluhlu lwezona marike zibalaseleyo zesitokhwe kwihlabathi kwaye iseTokyo, eJapan. I-TSE yasekwa ngo-1878. I-TSE ineenkampani ezidwelisiweyo ezingaphezulu kwama-3 ezinemalike eyinkunzi yemalike engaphezulu kwe-500 yeetriliyoni zeedola.

uNikkei 225, luphawu oluquka ama-225 eentlangano zamashishini aseJapan ezifana neHonda, iToyota, iSuzuki, iSony, iMitsubishi nezinye ezininzi.

Uya kumangaliswa kukwazi ukuba i-TSE yanqumamisa ukusebenza kwayo ngokupheleleyo iminyaka emi-4 emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. I-TSE ivumela amalungu ukuba arhwebe ngezinto eziphuma kuzo, izitokhwe zehlabathi, iibhondi, njl. Iakhawunti yeTSE abasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-1 kwaye waziwa kakhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwezorhwebo kunye nokucupha urhwebo.

Nangona kunjalo, abanye abathathi-nxaxheba beemarike baye bakhalaza ukuba kwiminyaka. Ngokutsho kwabo, i-TSE ibenkulu kakhulu kwaye intsonkothile xa ithelekiswa nolunye utshintshiselwano lwehlabathi. I-TSE inamacandelo amahlanu.

Icandelo lokuqala lidwelisa iinkampani ezinkulu eJapan kwaye icandelo lesibini lidwelisa iinkampani ezinobungakanani obuphakathi. Ngokudibeneyo, la macandelo mabini abizwa ngokuba " iimarike eziphambili ».

4. IShanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)

IShanghai Stock Exchange yenye yezona marike zibalaseleyo zehlabathi kwaye inkulu eAsia. Ifumaneka eShanghai, eTshayina kwaye ikwindawo yesine ngokusekwe kubungxowankulu bemalike.

Olu tshintshiselwano lwesitokhwe lwasekwa ngo-1866 kodwa lwahlehliswa ngo-1949 ngenxa yohlaziyo lwaseTshayina kwaye isiseko salo sale mihla sabekwa ngo-1990.

Kwi-2006, idwelise izabelo zeenkampani ze-842, ezimele i-stock market capitalization malunga ne-915 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika.

I-Shanghai Stock Exchange inyuke nge-130% ngo-2006 kwaye emva koko nge-97% ngo-2007, amandla oqoqosho lwase-China emva koko atsalela izigidi zabatyali-zimali abatsha kwimarike. Ngo-Oktobha 2007, i I-SSE Composite (i-index market index) inyuke kumanqaku angama-6.

Ihlupheke ngokukodwa kwintlekele yezemali ye-2008, ilahlekelwa ngaphezu kwe-65,5% yexabiso layo, iphelile unyaka we-2008 kumanqaku e-1, emele ilahleko ye-820 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-capitalisation market. Namhlanje, i-SSE ineenkampani zoluntu ezingaphezu kwe-81 ezidweliswe kwiqonga layo kunye ne-capitalization yemarike edibeneyo emalunga ne-3 yetriliyoni zeedola.

Nangona kunjalo, le marike yemasheya ihluke kancinane koogxa bayo abakhankanywe ngasentla. Apha, abalawuli beemarike banyanzelela abaphuli beesekethe ukunqanda ukuguquguquka kwexabiso. Nanini na kukho iindaba ezingathandekiyo okanye ukungaqiniseki, urhulumente waseTshayina unelungelo lokuyeka ukurhweba ngolu suku.

5. I-Euronext: i-stock market best kwi-euro zone

Ifumaneka e-Amsterdam, i-Euronext stock exchange ithathwa njengenye yezona ntengiso zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu.

Ikwindawo yesihlanu kuluhlu lwethu kunye neenkampani ezingaphezulu kwe-1 ezidweliswe kwiqonga layo kunye ne-capitalization yemalike epheleleyo engaphezu kwe-300 yetriliyoni. Izalathi zayo zesalathiso zi'AEX-INDEX, le PSI-20 et le CAC 40. Umthamo oqhelekileyo wenyanga ujikeleze i-174 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.

I-Euronext isebenzisa imali elawulwayo kunye neselubala kunye neemarike zemveliso. Unikezelo lwayo lubandakanya iimveliso ezifana nezabelo zamashishini ezingenanzala emisiweyo, ii-ETF (iimali zotshintshiselwano), iziqinisekiso kunye nezatifikethi, iibhondi, izinto eziphuma kwi-equity derivatives kunye nezalathisi.

Olu tshintshiselwano lusebenza kwimarike elawulwayo yaseParis, eAmsterdam, eBrussels, eLisbon, e-Oslo, eDublin naseMilan. Isebenzisa iimarike ezinikezelwe kwii-SME kunye nee-ETI ezifana ne-Euronext Growth kunye ne-Euronext Access. I-Euronext ikwabonelela ngeenkonzo kumaqela esithathu.

6. IHong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE)

IHong Kong Stock Exchange, eyasekwa ngowe-1891, ibekwe kwindawo yesithandathu kuludwe lwezona marike zibalaseleyo zehlabathi. Isalathiso somda we HKSE ngu isalathisi seHang Seng. Kukho ukhuseleko lwamatyala ali-1200 kunye neenkampani ezingaphezu kwama-2300 ezidweliswe kwi-HKSE, malunga ne-50% yazo zisuka kwilizwe laseTshayina.

Itotali yemalike yentengiso yazo zonke izitokhwe ezidwelisiweyo ze-HKSE ingaphezulu kwe-4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. I-HKSE ivelisa umthamo worhwebo ongaphezulu kwesigidi esinye sekhontrakthi eziphuma ngosuku ngekamva le-HSCEI.

Ngo-2017, i-HKSE yasuka kwinkqubo yokurhweba ngokomzimba yaya kwi-e-commerce. Uninzi lwee-conglomerates ezinkulu ezifana ne-HSBC Holdings, i-AIA, i-Tencent Holdings, i-China Mobile, njl. zidweliswe kwi-HKSE.

7. ILondon Stock Exchange (LSE)

ILondon Stock Exchange, eyenye yezona ndawo zindala zokutshintshiselana ngestokhwe ehlabathini, iphethwe kwaye ilawulwa yiLondon Stock Exchange Group. I-LSE, eyasekwa ngowe-1698, ikwindawo yesixhenxe kuludwe lwezona marike zininzi nezigqwesileyo zentengiso.

Yayiyeyona ntengiso inkulu ehlabathini de kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. I-NYSE kamva yayijika yaba yeyona ndawo inkulu yokutshintshiselana ngesitokhwe sehlabathi emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Nangona kunjalo, i-LSE yalahla izibonelelo ezimbini zokufumana eziqaliswe yi-NASDAQ phakathi kwe-2006 kunye ne-2007. Kwi-2007, ifumene i-Italian Stock Exchange esekelwe eMilan nge-1,5 yebhiliyoni ye-euro ukudala i-London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). Namhlanje, kukho malunga ne-3 yeenkampani ezidweliswe kwi-LSE kunye ne-capitalisation yemarike edibeneyo engaphezulu kwe-000 yetriliyoni.

Iinkampani ezininzi ezikhokelayo zase-UK ezifana neBarclays, iBritish Petroleum, iVodafone, iGlaxoSmithKline, iBlackRock, iQatar Holding phakathi kwezinye zidweliswe kwiLSE. Isalathiso esiphambili sale marike yi FTSE 250.

8. La Shenzhen Stock Exchange

IShenzhen Stock Exchange Ibekwe eShenzhen, eyaziwa ngokuba yiSilicon Valley yaseTshayina. IShenzhen lishishini lesibini ngobukhulu eTshayina emva kweShanghai Stock Exchange eyasekwa nge-1 kaDisemba ka-1990.

I-Shenzhen yeyona ndawo yesibhozo ngobukhulu kwaye yenye yezona zinto zihamba phambili emhlabeni. Ineenkampani ezingaphezulu kwe-1400 ezidweliswe kwiqonga layo elinexabiso elipheleleyo lemalike yemalike emalunga ne-3,92 yeetriliyoni zeedola.

Uninzi lweenkampani ezidweliswe kolu tshintshiselwano zise-China kwaye zonke iintshukumo zorhwebo zingaphakathi Imali yeYuan. Njengoko uninzi lweenkampani ezidwelisiweyo zizinze eTshayina, urhulumente waseTshayina unamandla apheleleyo okumisa ukurhweba ngolu suku xa kukho iindaba ezimbi okanye isiganeko esichaphazela izabelo. I-China ineesethi ezimbini zesitokhwe ezifumanekayo kubatyali-mali kunye nabarhwebi

• A-izabelo ezithengiswa ngemali yendawo, iYuan
• et B Izabelo ezithengiswa ngeedola zaseMelika kubatyali-zimali bangaphandle

Isalathiso esiphambili sale marike yi Icandelo le-SZSE.

9. I-Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE)

IToronto Stock Exchange iphethwe kwaye iqhutywa yi-TMX Group. I-TSE yasekwa ngo-1852 kwaye iseToronto, eKhanada. I-TSE ineenkampani ezidwelisiweyo ezimalunga nama-2 ezinemalike eyi-200 yeetriliyoni zeedola.

Izixhobo ezininzi zemali ezifana neetrasti zotyalo-mali lwezindlu, izitokhwe, iibhondi, izinto zorhwebo, ii-ETF, njl. kuthengiswa kwi-Toronto Stock Exchange kunye nomthamo wokurhweba wenyanga we-97 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.

Olu tshintshiselwano lusanda kwenza izihloko zokudityaniswa neLondon Stock Exchange, kodwa isivumelwano siye sawela njengoko abanini-zabelo basikhabile eso siphakamiso. Isalathisi esiphambili sale marike iS&P/TSX.

10. IBombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

Bombay Stock Shintsha, olona tshintshiselwano ludala, lwasekwa ngo-1875 eAsia. Ikwindawo yeshumi kuluhlu lwezona marike zibalaseleyo zehlabathi. I-BSE ekwiSitalato saseDalal, eIndiya ineenkampani ezingaphezu kwe-5 ezidweliswe kwiqonga layo. Ixabiso lemarike lilonke le-BSE lingaphezulu kwe-500 yeetriliyoni zeedola.

I-BSE likhaya kuyo S&P BSE SENSEX benchmark index, isifinyezo sesalathisi esibuthathaka. I-Sensex yenziwe ngamasheya angama-30 amele amacandelo ahlukeneyo oqoqosho. Iinkampani ezininzi ze-blue chip ezifana ne-Reliance Industries, i-Tata Consultancy Services, i-Infosys, i-HDFC Bank, i-ICICI Bank, i-Tata Steel iyingxenye ye-BSE SENSEX Index.

Phambi kokuba uhambe, nalu uqeqesho lweprimiyamu oluya kukunceda ukuba ulawule iimali zakho zobuqu.