Yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga nesiqinisekiso sebhanki

Wamkelekile kweli nqaku elibanzi isiqinisekiso sebhanki. Nokuba ungumrhwebi, umthengisi okanye unomdla wokwazi ngakumbi ngesi sihloko, ufike endaweni elungileyo. Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zemali ezibonelela ngokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko kwiintengiselwano zoshishino.

Kule nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa ngokubanzi ukuba yintoni isiqinisekiso sebhanki, sisebenza njani kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa ezikhoyo. Siza kuphinda sihlolisise i okuhle nokubi yokusetyenziswa kweziqinisekiso zebhanki, kunye neemeko ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Nokuba ufuna ukuqonda ukuba usifumana njani isiqinisekiso sebhanki, usisebenzisa njani kwimisebenzi yeshishini lakho okanye wandise ulwazi lwakho ngalo mbandela, sihlanganise yonke ingcaciso oyifunayo.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale, nalu uqeqesho lweprimiyamu oluya kuthi ikuvumela ukuba wazi zonke iimfihlo zokuphumelela kwiPodcast.

🥀 Yintoni isiqinisekiso sebhanki?

Iziqinisekiso zebhanki zisebenza a eyona njongo iphambili kumashishini amancinci. Ibhanki, ngokukhuthala kwayo kumfaki-sicelo, inika intembeko njengeqabane lorhwebo elisebenzayo kumxhamli wesiqinisekiso.

Ngokwenyani, ibhanki ibeka isitampu sayo sokuvunywa ukuhlawuleka komfaki-sicelo, njengomntu otyikitya kunye egameni lomfaki-sicelo ngokumalunga nekhontrakthi ethile abathi amaqela amabini angaphandle angena kuyo.

Umzekelo, i Inkampani yeXyz ngumzi-mveliso welaphu osandula ukusekwa ofuna ukuthenga imathiriyeli yelaphu ekrwada ye-R.1 yezigidi. Umthengisi wemathiriyeli ekrwada ufuna ukuba Inkampani yeXyz inika isiqinisekiso sebhanki sokuhlawula iintlawulo phambi kokuthumela izinto ezikrwada inkampani Xyz.

Inkampani yaseXyz icela kwaye ifumana isiqinisekiso kwiziko letyala eligcina ii-akhawunti zalo zemali. Ibhanki ngokusisiseko isayina isivumelwano sokuthenga nomthengisi. Ukuba iNkampani yeXyz iyasilela kwintlawulo, umthengisi unokuyifumana kwakhona ebhankini.

🥀 Iindidi zeziqinisekiso zebhanki

Isiqinisekiso sebhanki sisixa esithile kunye nexesha elimiselweyo. Ibonisa ngokucacileyo iimeko apho isiqinisekiso sisebenza kwimvumelwano. Isiqinisekiso sebhanki sinokuba yimali ngokwendalo okanye isekelwe ekusebenzeni.

✔ Isiqinisekiso semali

Ezi ziqinisekiso zikhutshwa ngokubanzi endaweni yeediphozithi zokhuseleko. Ezinye iikhontrakthi zinokufuna ukuzibophelela kwemali kumthengi njengediphozithi yokhuseleko. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, endaweni yokubeka imali, umthengi unokubonelela umthengisi ngesiqinisekiso sebhanki yezemali esivumela umthengisi ukuba ahlawule xa kwenzeka ilahleko.

✔ Isiqinisekiso sokusebenza

Ezi ziqinisekiso zikhutshelwa ukuphunyezwa kwemvumelwano okanye a uxanduva. Kwimeko yokungasebenzi, ukungasebenzi okanye ukusebenza okufutshane kwekhontrakthi, ilahleko yomxhamli iya kuhlawulwa yibhanki.

galela iziqinisekiso bank angaphandle, njengakwiimeko zokuthumela ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, kunokubakho iqela lesine - ibhanki ehambelanayo esebenza kwilizwe labaxhamli bendawo yokuhlala.

🥀 Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenyani

Umzekelo obambekayo, qwalasela umenzi omkhulu wezixhobo zolimo. Nangona umenzi enokuba nabanikezeli kwiindawo ezininzi, kudla ngokukhethwa ukuba kubekho abanikezeli bendawo kwiindawo eziphambili, ngenxa yokufikeleleka kunye nezizathu zeendleko zothutho.

Ngaloo ndlela, banokunqwenela ukungena kwikhontrakthi kunye neworkshop encinci yentsimbi ehlala kwindawo efanayo yoshishino. Ngenxa yokuba umboneleli omncinci akaziwa, inkampani enkulu iya kufuna ukuba umthengisi afumane isiqinisekiso sebhanki phambi kokungena kwisivumelwano 300 000 $ yamalungu omatshini.

Ukuba umthengisi omncinci ufumana isiqinisekiso sebhanki, inkampani enkulu iya kungena kwisivumelwano nomthengisi. Ngeli xesha, inkampani inokuhlawula imali 300 000 $ kwangaphambili, kuyaqondwa ukuba umthengisi kufuneka ahambise iindawo ekuvunyelwene ngazo kunyaka olandelayo.

Ukuba umthengisi akakwazi ukwenza njalo, umenzi wezixhobo zefama unokubanga ebhankini nayiphi na ilahleko ebangelwe kukophula komthengisi imiqathango yekhontrakthi.

Ngombulelo kwisiqinisekiso sebhanki, umenzi omkhulu wezixhobo zezolimo unokunciphisa kwaye enze lula ikhonkco lokubonelela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imeko yakhe yezemali.

🥀 Ingaba isiqinisekiso sebhanki sixabisa malini?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iifizi ze-GB zisekelwe kumngcipheko othathwa yibhanki kwintengiselwano nganye. Ngokomzekelo, sicinga ukuba i-GB yezemali ithatha imingcipheko engaphezulu kune-GB yentsebenzo.

Ke ngoko, ikhomishini yemali ye-GB iya kuba phezulu kunekomishoni ehlawuliswe ukusebenza kwe-GB. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-GB, iifizi zihlawulwa rhoqo ngekota Ixabiso le-GB ye-0,75% okanye i-0,50% ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa kwe-GB.

Ngaphandle koku, ibhanki inokuhlawulisa umrhumo wokulungisa isicelo, umrhumo wamaxwebhu, kunye nomrhumo wokulungisa. Kwezinye iimeko, ibhanki ifuna idiphozithi kumfaki-sicelo, edla ngokuba yi-100% yexabiso le-GB.

🥀 Umahluko phakathi kwesiqinisekiso sebhanki kunye neleta yetyala

ILetter of Credit luxwebhu lwemali olubeka isibophelelo kwibhanki sokwenza intlawulo kumxhamli ekugqityweni kweenkonzo ezithile njengoko kufunwa ngumfaki-sicelo. I-LC yiyo ikhutshwe yibhanki xa umthengi ecela ibhanki yakhe ukuba yenze intlawulo kumthengisi akuba efumene iimpahla okanye iinkonzo ezithile.

Ibhanki iya kuthi kamva ibuyise imali ehlawulwe kumthengi kunye nemirhumo efunekayo. Kwelinye icala, phantsi kwe-GB, ibhanki inyanzelekile kuphela ukuba yenze intlawulo kumntu wesithathu ukuba umenzi-sicelo akenzi intlawulo kumntu wesithathu okanye akazizalisekisi izibophelelo ezibonelelwe kwimvumelwano.

I-GB isetyenziselwa i-inshurensi yomthengisi ngokuchasene nelahleko okanye umonakalo ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwelinye iqela kwimvumelwano. I-LC ayiqondwa kakuhle njenge-GB njengoko besabelana ngeempawu ezifanayo. Bobabini badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimali yorhwebo xa amaqela kwintengiselwano engakhange aseke ubudlelwane boshishino.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi phakathi kweLC kunye ne-GB. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweleta yetyala kunye nesiqinisekiso sebhanki ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

✔ indalo

I-LC iluxanduva olwamkelwe yibhanki ukwenza intlawulo kumxhamli ukuba iinkonzo ezithile zenziwe. I-GB yingqinisekiso enikwa yibhanki kumxhamli ukuba enze intlawulo ecacisiweyo xa umenzi-sicelo esilela.

✔ Uxanduva oluphambili

Kwi-LC, ibhanki igcina uxanduva oluphambili lokwenza intlawulo kwaye kamva iqokelela okufanayo kumthengi. Nge-GB, ibhanki ithembisa ukwenza intlawulo kuphela xa umthengi engagqibekanga.

✔ inkokhelo

Nge-LC, iBhanki yenza intlawulo kumxhamli njengoko kufanelekile. Akukho mfuneko yokulinda isiphene ukuba senziwe ngumthengi. Nge-GB, kuphela xa umthengi engagqibekanga kwintlawulo kumxhamli ukuba ibhanki yenza intlawulo.

✔ Imikhwa yokusebenza

I-LC iqinisekisa ukuba isixa-mali siya kuhlawulwa okoko nje iinkonzo zisenziwa ngokwemiqathango ekuvunyelwene ngayo. I-BG ithembisa ukubuyisela ilahleko ukuba lowo ufaka ibango akahlangabezani nemiqathango echaziweyo.

✔ Inani lamaqela abandakanyekayo

Kukho amaqela amaninzi abandakanyekayo kwileta yekhredithi. Ibhanki ekhupha iLC, umxhasi wayo, umxhamli (iqela lesithathu) kunye nebhanki ecebisayo. Kwimeko ye-GB, kukho amaqela amathathu kuphela abandakanyekayo: umgcini-bhanki, umxhasi wakhe kunye nomxhamli (iqela lesithathu).

✔ Ukufaneleka

Ngokubanzi, i-LC ifaneleke ngakumbi xa ungenisa kwaye uthumela ngaphandle iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. I-GB kwelinye icala ifanelekile kuzo zonke iintengiselwano zorhwebo okanye zomntu.

✔ Umngcipheko

Nge-LC, ibhanki ithatha ingozi enkulu kunomthengi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nge-GB umthengi uthatha ingozi enkulu.

🥀 Izinto eziluncedo kwiziqinisekiso zebhanki

Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kumaqela abandakanyekayo kwintengiselwano yorhwebo. Nazi ezinye zezibonelelo eziphambili zeziqinisekiso zebhanki:

✔ Ukhuseleko lwemali

Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zibonelela ngokhuseleko lwemali kubaxhamli besiqinisekiso, ngokuqhelekileyo ababoneleli okanye abatyalwayo. Banesiqinisekiso sokuba iintlawulo zabo ziya kwenziwa, nokuba lowo unetyala akazihloneli izibophelelo zabo zekhontrakthi. Oku kunciphisa imingcipheko enxulumene neentengiselwano zeshishini kwaye kwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamaqela.

✔ Ukuzithemba okwandisiweyo

Iziqinisekiso zebhanki zakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamaqela abandakanyekayo kwintengiselwano. Umxhamli unesiqinisekiso sokuba intlawulo iya kwenziwa yibhanki ekhuphayo, enokuthi ikhuthaze abaniki-nkonzo ukuba bamkele imiqathango yorhwebo evumayo okanye bazibophelele kwiikontraki zexesha elide.

✔ Ukuququzelela intengiselwano yamazwe ngamazwe

Iziqinisekiso zebhanki ziluncedo kakhulu kwiintengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe, apho umngcipheko kunye nokungaqiniseki kunokuba phezulu. Bavumela amaqela ukuba anqobe imiqobo enxulumene nomgama, ukungafani kokulawula kunye nobungozi bezopolitiko, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluluqilima lwemali.

✔ Ukuguquguquka kweziqinisekiso

Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zinokuhlengahlengiswa kwiimfuno ezithile zentengiselwano nganye. Kukho iindidi ngeendidi zeziqinisekiso, ezifana nentlawulo, ithenda okanye iziqinisekiso zokusebenza. Oku kuvumela amaqela ukuba akhethe isiqinisekiso esiyifanele imeko yawo kwaye athethe ngemibandela efanelekileyo.

Ukufikelela kwikhredithi

Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zinokwenza lula ukufikelela kwityala kumashishini. Ngokubonelela ngesiqinisekiso semali ebhankini, ishishini linokufumana iimali-mboleko okanye amatyala ngemibandela evumayo. Oku kunokunceda ngemali ukukhula kweshishini okanye ukuhlangabezana nezinye iimfuno zemali.

🥀 Ukungalungi kweziqinisekiso zebhanki

Nangona iziqinisekiso zebhanki zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo, kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo. Nazi ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo kwiziqinisekiso zebhanki:

✔ Iindleko zemali

Iziqinisekiso zebhanki zinokukhokelela kwiindleko zemali kumniki. Iibhanki zidla ngokuhlawulisa umrhumo wokukhupha nokugcina isiqinisekiso, esinokuba yinkcitho eyongezelelweyo kwishishini.

Ukongeza, iibhanki zinokufuna isibambiso okanye iidiphozithi zemali ukukhupha isiqinisekiso, esinokubopha imali.

✔ Ukuzibophelela ngemali

Xa ibhanki ikhupha isiqinisekiso, yenza isibophelelo semali ukwenza intlawulo xa kwenzeka ukungahambelani nezibophelelo zekhontrakthi ngumboleki. Oku kunokubonisa umngcipheko kwibhanki, njengoko kufuneka ilungele ukuhlonipha isiqinisekiso, nangona umboleki akakwazi ukubuyisela imali eqinisekisiweyo.

Oku kunokuchaphazela ukukwazi kwebhanki ukwenza ezinye iimali-mboleko okanye ukubonelela ngezinye iinkonzo zemali.

✔ Ukuntsokotha kunye neemfuno zamaxwebhu

Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zihlala zibandakanya iinkqubo ezinzima kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zamaxwebhu.

Amaqela abandakanyekayo kufuneka ahambelane nemigaqo ethile yebhanki ekhuphayo, enokufuna ixesha elongezelelweyo kunye nezibonelelo. Ukongeza, iimpazamo okanye ukukhutshwa kumaxwebhu kunokubangela ukulibaziseka kwewaranti okanye ukungasebenzi.

✔ Ukulinganiselwa kwejografi

Iziqinisekiso zeBhanki zinokunyinwa ngokwejografi. Ezinye iibhanki zinokungakhuphi ziqinisekiso zemimandla ethile okanye amazwe athathwa njengomngcipheko ophezulu. Oku kunokunciphisa ukhetho olukhoyo kumashishini asebenza kule mimandla.

✔ Ukuxhomekeka kwibhanki ekhuphayo

Abaxhamli besiqinisekiso sebhanki bahlala bexhomekeke kukuqina kunye nodumo lwebhanki ekhuphayo. Ukuba ibhanki ihlangabezana nobunzima bezemali okanye isidima sayo sisengozini, oku kunokuchaphazela ukuzithemba kwisiqinisekiso kunye nokukwazi komxhamli ukufumana intlawulo ethenjisiweyo.

Kubalulekile ukuvavanya ngononophelo iingenelo kunye nokungonakali kweziqinisekiso zebhanki ngaphambi kokuba uthathe isigqibo sokuzisebenzisa kwintengiselwano ethile yeshishini.