Konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum

Iphrojekthi ye-Ethereum iyingxenye yomzamo wokwenza intando yeningi ku-inthanethi ngokudala a ikhompuyutha yomhlaba. Umgomo wayo ukufaka esikhundleni imodeli endala yamaseva noma idatha yokubamba amafu ngendlela entsha: ama-node ahlinzekwa amavolontiya. Abadali bayo bafuna ukwethula esinye isakhiwo sedatha kanye izicelo ezimisiwe ezingancikile ezinkampanini ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe.

Igama lomdali we-Ethereum nguVitalik Buterin futhi ungowaseRussia-Canadian ongaphansi kweminyaka engama-30. Kamuva, abanye abantu bajoyina le nsizwa ukucwenga Iphepha Elimhlophe lokuqala: umthuthukisi waseBrithani uGavin Wood, uJeffrey Wilcke, umthuthukisi oyinhloko weklayenti le-Go, noCharles Hoskinson. Lesi sakamuva isazi sezibalo saseMelika esasungula iphrojekthi yezemfundo ku-blockchain. Futhi ungumsunguli we-Cardano blockchain.

🥀 Iyini i-Ethereum?

Ethereum iyinkundla eyakhiwe kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lwe-blockchain noma lwe-block chain. Kuyinkundla yomthombo ovulekile yokusebenza nokwenza ibhizinisi ku-inthanethi, enegumbi elibanzi lokuthuthuka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba lolu hlobo lwethuluzi lusathatha izinyathelo zalo zokuqala phakathi kwabatshalizimali abaphazamisa kakhulu.

Ngendlela efanayo ukuthuthukiswa kwayo akukapheleli, ngoba kusadinga ulwazi oluthe xaxa engxenyeni yezithameli zayo ezihlosiwe, singakuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ayo, ngokwemali etholwayo, asemakhulu kakhulu.

I-Ether, i-cryptocurrency enika amandla i-Ethereum, isetshenziselwa ukukhokhela ukuthengiselana okwenzeka kunethiwekhi ye-Ethereum. Yena inhloso eyinhloko ukuklomelisa abavukuzi abacubungula ukuthengiselana kwedatha kunethiwekhi engaziwa, nakuba kungenzeka futhi ukuhweba ngaleli nani.

Abantu abaningi abangabandakanyi ngokugcwele kule nethiwekhi bayabhekisela ku-Ether njenge-Ethereum. Lo mlingani wedijithali ukhishwe njengengxenye yomkhankaso wokuqoqa imali wabantu abaningi oqale lolu hlelo, kodwa izigidi zezinhlamvu zemali ezintsha zenziwa minyaka yonke.

Ukuthenga le cryptocurrency kudinga ukusetshenziswa amapulatifomu e-cryptocurrency ochwepheshe, okungaba umkhuba onzima futhi odla isikhathi ozophazamisa ikhono lakho lokusabela ekushintsheni kwentengo yesikhashana.

Ukuhweba i-Ethereum ngama-CFD kukuvumela ukuthi usabele ngokushesha ezinguqukweni futhi usebenzise ithuba lokuguquguquka ngaso leso sikhathi. Eqinisweni, awudingi ukuba ngumnikazi wale cryptocurrency ukuze ukwazi ukuhwebelana ngentengo yayo.

🥀 Isebenza kanjani i-Ethereum?

Le blockchain isebenza (okwamanje) nabadumile Ubufakazi bomsebenzi (PoW). I-algorithm yayo yezimayini ibizwa ngokuthi “ethash", esikhundleni se I-Bitcoin's SHA-256. Lapha, ama-validators vimba (okungukuthi abavukuzi be-Ethereum) baphinde bancintisane ukuze baxazulule inkinga yezibalo, lapho owinile ethola umklomelo olinganiselwa ku-3,5 ETH.

Ngokuphathelene nezimayini zabo, singasho ukuthi abavukuzi babo nabathuthukisi abathandi imishini ye-ASIC ngoba, ngokusho kwabo, bangabangela i-centralization ethile. Ngakho-ke, i-algorithm ethash yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukuxosha lezi zinhlobo zemishini; noma kunalokho, uzenze zibe yize ezimayini zakho. Ngempela, ngokungafani ne-Bitcoin, i-ETH eminingi yambiwa ngamakhadi wevidiyo (GPUs).

Manje, esikhathini esizayo, u-Ethereum kulindeleke ukuthi alahle Ubufakazi Bomsebenzi (PoW) futhi amukele ngokugcwele Ubufakazi Besiteki (PoS). Ngalolu hlelo, ngeke kusaba khona abavukuzi, kodwa izithunywa noma abaqinisekisi bokwenziwe “uzothenga” ilungelo labo nenani elithile le-ETH esikhwameni sabo.

Ngakho-ke, labo abanezinhlamvu zemali eziningi bazoba nethuba elingcono kakhulu lokukhethwa yisistimu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthengiselana ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwamandla noma impahla.

Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi i-ETH ngayinye ihlukaniswa kuze kufike ezindaweni eziyi-18 zamadesimali (0,000000000000000001 ETH). Njengoba kunesenti emalini ye-fiat, waqamba nezingxenyana zayo ezincane kakhulu.

Lapha kufanele sikhulume ukuthi i-Gwei iyunithi evamile kakhulu yokuveza amanani amancane, njengawo i-satoshi ku-bitcoin. Ngakho esikhundleni sokusho ukuthi izindleko zakho zegesi zingu-0,000000001 ether, ungasho ukuthi ibiza 1 iqo.

🥀 Ngingakwazi ukukhokha nge-ether ndawana thize?

Ingabe unayo i-ETH futhi udinga ukwazi ukuthi wenzeni ngayo? Kungenzeka yini ukuthenga okuthile noma ukukhokhela isevisi ngale cryptocurrency?

Nokho, nakuba kubonakala kungakholeki kwabaningi, izinkampani ezihlukene ezingaphezu kuka-1 yamukela i-ETH njengendlela yokukhokha emhlabeni wonke, ngokuya ngedatha enikezwe i-Cryptwerk. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izitolo ezinkulu, amabhizinisi ezokuvakasha, umkhakha wegeyimu yevidiyo, izinsiza ze-inthanethi kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlobene ne-cryptocurrency, phakathi kokunye.

Lapho ubuyekeza izibalo zesayithi, ukwanda kancane kancane kodwa okuphawulekayo ekutholweni kwe-cryptocurrency ngabathengisi kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2020. Futhi ngeke sehluleke ukusho ukuthi i-United States ithatha indawo yokuqala phakathi kwamazwe anenani elikhulu lezinkampani.

🥀 Iyini i-Ethereum "virtual machine" (EVM)?

Singasho ukuthi i-EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) iyinto efana ne-Ethereum CPU. Futhi yilokho kanye okuzwakala sengathi: umshini wedijithali, ngokombono, okwazi ukuxazulula cishe noma iyiphi inkinga yezibalo, ngakho-ke, wenze cishe noma yimuphi umyalo noma uhlelo.

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo.Ukuvula kuqediwe“, futhi kubhekise kumthamo wamakhompyutha esiwazi sonke. Yingakho i-Ethereum yaziwa nangokuthi “ikhompuyutha yendawo yonke".

Zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zekhompiyutha zakhelwe ku-EVM ngezilimi zeSolidity neVyper. Yilezi zinhlelo esizazi ngokuthi "izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile", ngakho-ke, njengoba ungase ucabange kakade, i-EVM iyinhliziyo ye-Ethereum, lapho umlingo uzalwa khona. Yiqiniso, ukuyivula, njengoba sesishilo kakade, kuyadingeka ukuyihlinzeka ngegesi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EVM inolimi lwayo: i 'EVM bytecode'. Uma izinkontileka sezibhalwe kuSolidity, Vyper noma okunye, "zihunyushwa" zibe I-Bytecode ukuze i-EVM ikwazi ukuzifunda futhi izenze ngendlela efanele.

🥀 Iyini “igesi” futhi isetshenziselwa ini?

Uma usebenzise i-Bitcoin okungenani kanye, uzokwazi ukuthi ukuthengiselana ngakunye kunezindleko ezincane ezengeziwe. Kuyikhomishini ehloselwe abavukuzi abagcina inethiwekhi. Yebo, okulingana ngaphakathi kwe-Ethereum yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "gas“. Nansi indawo yezimayini ze-cryptocurrency kubuchwepheshe beBlockchain.

Khumbula lapho bebeka amazwana ngenhla ukuthi ukhokha imali encane ku-ETH ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi? Nokho, lelo zinga liyigesi. Akukhona ukuthi enye imali, ingaphezu kwesilinganiso salokho okufanele ukukhokhele ngalokho okwenzayo.

Nakuba a I-Dapp noma ithokheni yangokwezifiso ibonakala izimele ku-Ethereum ekuqaleni, iqiniso liwukuthi kufanele ube "gas” ngendlela ye-ETH ukuze ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa, ngoba konke okwenziwa ngazo kuzofaka lezi zindleko ezincane kuma-ether.

Ngaphambi kokudlulela kuzindleko zegesi ezingaba khona, kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi kukhona "izinhlobo" zabasebenzisi ezimbili: umkhawulo wegesi kanye nentengo yegesi. Umkhawulo ubhekisela enanini lamayunithi "egesi" ozimisele ukuwasebenzisa kulowo msebenzi othile futhi ngokuvamile awahlukani. Ngenkathi intengo iyinani le-ETH elikhokhelwa iyunithi ngayinye "gas“. Ngakho inani lezindleko libalwa ngokuphindaphinda umkhawulo ngentengo.

🥀 Ukumba i-ether

Le izimayini isici esiyisisekelo sendlela i-Ethereum esebenza ngayo, njengakunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin. Ngaphandle kwezimayini, ukuthengiselana bekungeke kwenzeke futhi inethiwekhi ingaba sengozini yokuhlaselwa.

Le Imayini ye-Ethereum kuhlanganisa ukudalwa kwamabhulokhi okwenziwayo, ukuvikeleka kwenethiwekhi, nokusatshalaliswa kwe-ether entsha. Abavukuzi bahlinzeka ngamandla ekhompuyutha abo ukuze baqinisekise amabhulokhi futhi baklonyeliswe nge-ether esanda kwakhiwa ngebhulokhi ngayinye.

Ngokungafani ne-Bitcoin, izimayini ze-Ethereum azisekelwe emandleni e-hashing kodwa enkumbulweni. Indlela esetshenziswayo ibizwa ngeProgPoW (Programmatic Proof-of-Work). Kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa okujulile kokufinyelela kwenkumbulo kusuka kuma-GPU ahlomisa amakhompyutha abavukuzi.

Abavukuzi kufanele baxazulule izinkinga zezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga amandla amaningi e-RAM. Umvukuzi wokuqala othole isixazululo sebhulokhi entsha ngayinye uklonyeliswa nge-ether engu-2 esanda kwakhiwa, kanye nenkokhelo yokwenziwa kwebhulokhi. Ibhulokhi entsha itholakala cishe njalo ngemizuzwana eyi-13.

Qaphela ukuthi umsebenzi wezimayini udla amanani abalulekile kagesi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuqhathaniswa nezwe elincane. Yingakho i-Ethereum ifuna ukuthuthela ebufakazini besiteki nge-Eth2, indlela encane kakhulu yokusebenzisa amandla.

Ukumbiwa kwezimayini kuzohlala kudingekile iminyaka embalwa eyengeziwe ngesikhathi sokushintshela ku-Eth2. Abavukuzi baze badala i-consortium (i-Ethereum Mining Council) ukusekela lolu shintsho olukhulu lwezobuchwepheshe lwe-Ethereum.

🥀 Izimfoloko ze-Ethereum

Imfoloko ukuhlukana kwezobuchwepheshe okuholela ekuhlukaneni phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ku-blockchain. Ku-Ethereum, izimfoloko ezimbalwa sezivele zenzekile.

Imfoloko eyizifanekiselo kakhulu imfoloko ye-DAO kulandela ukuxhashazwa kwe-ether eyizigidi ezingu-50 ngo-2016. Ukuze abuyisele izimali, u-Vitalik Buterin wanquma ukwenza imfoloko eqinile ngokuhlehlisa ukuthengiselana. Lokhu kudale iziteshi ezimbili ezihlukene: Ethereum (ETH) iketango eliyinhloko kanye I-Ethereum Classic (ETC) isiteshi esiphikisayo.

Kwakukhona nemfoloko yaseByzantium ngo-2017 eyethula izinguquko ukulungiselela ukulinganisa kwe-Ethereum. Khona-ke imfoloko yaseConstantinople ngo-2019 eyashintsha umnotho wezimayini kanye nezindleko kunethiwekhi.

Ngo-2020, imfoloko yase-Istanbul yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa ukusebenzisana phakathi I-Ethereum ne-Zcash. Futhi ekugcineni, ekuqaleni kuka-2022, imfoloko ye-Arrow Glacier yahlehlisa idethi ye-The Merge kanye nokushintshela ebufakazini besiteki ukuze kuzinziswe inethiwekhi.

Qaphela ukuthi nge-Eth2, ukuthuthela ebufakazini be-stake kuzophinde kuqede izimfoloko ezivamile inethiwekhi ye-Ethereum eye yabhekana nayo kusukela ekudalweni kwayo, ne-blockchain iba namandla kakhulu.

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi izimfoloko ezilandelayo kufanele zibe nomthelela omuhle ngokuthuthukisa ukulinganisa, isivinini kanye nezindleko zokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokuthengiselana kanye nezicelo.

🥀 I-Ethereum ne-DeFi

Enye yezinto ezishintsha kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-Ethereum ukuthuthukiswa kokuqhuma kwe ezezimali ezisatshalaliswa (DeFi) kusukela ngo-2020. I-Cryptocurrencies kanye ne-blockchain yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha ingqalasizinda yezezimali evulekile, ngaphandle kwabaxhumanisi futhi kufinyeleleke kubo bonke.

Izicelo zezimali ezimisiwe zakhiwe ku-Ethereum kusetshenziswa izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Lezi zinhlelo zekhompuyutha ezizenzakalelayo zilawula ukuhweba, imalimboleko noma inzalo ngokusobala nangokuvikelekile.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakalo ze-DeFi ziye zavela kanjalo stablecoins, izinkundla zokuboleka nokuboleka (Aave, Compound), abahlinzeki bomshwalense abamisiwe (i-Nexus Mutual, i-Etherisc) noma ngisho nokuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba okuvumela ukushintshaniswa kwamathokheni nezimali ze-crypto ngaphandle komlamuli (Uniswap, Curve).

Isamba senani elikhiywe ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-DeFi liqhume eminyakeni engu-2 ukuze lidlule u-$100 webhiliyoni. Lokhu kumane kuyisiqalo futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-10% yezinsizakalo zezezimali zendabuko zingahlukaniswa ngo-2025 ngenxa ye-Ethereum.

Ngisho noma izinselele zisekhona mayelana nobumfihlo nokuphepha, akungabazeki ukuthi lo mkhakha okhulayo uzoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa futhi unikeze izinsizakalo ezintsha ezigxile ekwabelaneni kwenani kunokulikhipha.

🥀 Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinwetshiwe

Enye yezinto ezintsha ezinkulu ze-Ethereum kungenzeka ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphansi (i-DApps) usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe benkontileka ehlakaniphile. Le migqa yekhodi ezenzakalelayo yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ngqo ku-blockchain.

Sezikhona ezingaphezu kuka 3000 DApps isebenza ku-Ethereum ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihamba phambili, singacaphuna izinkundla zezimali ezihlukaniswe njenge-Uniswap noma i-Compound. Kodwa futhi imidlalo ye-blockchain efana ne-CryptoKitties noma i-Axie Infinity. Noma ngisho nezimakethe ezinwetshiwe njenge-OpenSea.

Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza azinalo iphuzu elilodwa lokuhlola noma ukwehluleka. Idatha kanye nekhodi ye-DApps isatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo zenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum. Ayikho iseva ephakathi nendawo futhi iyakwazi ukumelana nokucisha noma ukucwaninga.

Ama-DApp akhiwe izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezichaza imithetho yohlelo. Bazenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuvumelana nemibandela yenkontileka lapho izimo ezithile kuhlangatshezwana nazo. Bangakwazi ukuphatha ama-cryptocurrencies, amathokheni non-fungible (NFTs) nokunye okuningi ukuze kwakhiwe izinsiza ezisha.

Ekugcineni, singacabanga ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukanisiwe zizongena esikhundleni sezinsizakalo eziningi zamanje zedijithali, ezihlinzeka ngokusobala okwengeziwe, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuqina kuyilapho zisekelwe ekwabelaneni ngenani. Ngenxa ye-Ethereum, ama-DApps asanda kuqala uguquko futhi kulindeleke ukuthi aguqule ngokujulile umnotho wedijithali phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ka-2020.

🥀 I-Ethereum kanye nemvelo yokulawula

Sesiyazi ukuthi i-cryptocurrencies ayiyona intandokazi yohulumeni namabhange amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yemibono yabo eyinhloko: ukuzimela kanye nokwabiwa kwamazwe. Kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni wonke, avinjelwe ngokuphelele.

Kwezinye, baye baba impumuzo ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zezimali. Futhi umfana baphumelele! Kanti abanye, maphakathi nebhalansi, banqume ukulawula imisebenzi ethile.

Ngo-2018, inkundla yayilawulwa ngabalawuli base-US njenge I-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) futhi Commodity Futures Exchange Commission (CFEC); ngenxa yokuthengiswa kwangaphambili kwethokheni yayo ngo-2014.

Nakuba indaba yayindala ngaleso sikhathi, babekhathazekile ngokuthi i-presale eyaphakamisa i-31 BTC (okulingana cishe nezigidi ezingu-000 zamaRandi ngaleso sikhathi) yawela ngaphansi kwesigaba sokuthengiswa kwezibambiso. babhalise i-cryptocurrency njengesibambiso ngaphambi kokuthengisa.

Kodwa-ke, uLubin uthe sonke isikhathi abasichitha bebonisana nabameli base-United States nakwamanye amazwe ngaphambi kokuthengiswa kwamathokheni akubanga yize. Ama-Ether atholwe engahlukaniswa njengenani lezezimali ngokuvumelana nokuhlolwa kwe-Howey. Ngakho-ke lesi sitatimende esivela kuziphathimandla asisebenzi, futhi okwamanje izinto zisalokhu zinje ngobusuku bangaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-PoS.

🥀 I-Ethereum: enye isistimu kune-cryptocurrencies

Nakuba i-ether kuyi-cryptocurrency yesikhulumi esithinta thina kulo mbhalo, ayiwona ukhiye walolu hlelo lokusebenza. Isisekelo sokusebenza kwayo yilokho okubizwa ngobuchwepheshe inkontileka ehlakaniphile, okubandakanya ukwakhiwa kosekelo lwenethiwekhi yokusebenza esebenza kakhulu futhi eyenziwe lula.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqubo ziyazenzakalela, ngokunemba okukhulu kanye nokuqedwa kwendima yabalamuli. Ngenxa yalokho, le nethiwekhi ivela njengenye indlela enikeza abadlali abancane amandla ngokumelene nezinkampani ezinkulu ezitshala imali esikalini samazwe ngamazwe.

Ungarekhoda izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngokulandelana ngokuvikeleka okuphezulu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele. Lokhu kusabalalisa, ngaphezu kwalokho, kugwema ukuphazamiseka okucasulayo okuvela kumabhange namanye ama-agent ekhomishana. Ngokuvamile, usebenza nezinkontileka zokuphuma kokunye ezixhunywe nenani lakho le-ether, kodwa lezi ngeke kube impahla yakho.

🥀 Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-Ethereum ne-Bitcoin

Okokugcina, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, kusukela ekuzalweni kwama-ethers ngo-2015, ubudlelwano nokuqhathaniswa nama-bitcoins kuye kwaphawula umzila wayo. Ngokufanayo, kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwamanye amapulatifomu e-blockchain noma i-cryptocurrency.

Kufanele uhlale ukhumbula ukuthi ama-bitcoins ayeyi-cryptocurrencies yokuqala eyavela. Umlingiswa wayo ophambili uvule indlela yezinye iziphakamiso ezingaphazamisi kangako. Inkundla ye-Buterin yalandela okufanayo futhi yazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Kodwa ngaphandle kokugxila isisekelo sohlelo kuma-cryptocurrencies. Kuyinto evamile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi abatshalizimali babuke umbhangqwana owakha phakathi kwama-bitcoins kanye nesiteji se-ether.

Ngokuvamile, sigcizelela ukuhambisana kokwethulwa kwama-bitcoins kunethiwekhi yokusebenza kwe izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Ngalo mqondo, ukunyuka kwamanani kwalesi simiso kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi kuqhutshwa ngokuqondile ukungena kwama-bitcoins.

Sekufike ezingeni lapho inethiwekhi esiyihlaziyayo yadlula ama-bitcoins ngo-2020 kumarekhodi afana nahlobene nonjiniyela kanye nokwenziwe ngomzuzwana.

Ngokuvamile, ama-bitcoins amathokheni aba ama-cryptocurrensets ajwayelekile okuhweba endaweni yesikhulumi se-ethers. Ubuhlobo obuhle kulabo abathanda ukusebenza ku-blockchain, kodwa lapho, kancane kancane, uhlelo oluzalwa ngo-2015 lukhula ngokulimaza ama-bitcoins.