Ziziphi iimali zoluntu, yintoni ekufuneka siyazi?

Les ezemali zoluntu lulawulo lwengeniso yelizwe. Ukubaluleka kweemali zoluntu akunakugxininiswa ngokugqithisileyo. Ikakhulu, ihlalutya ifuthe lemisebenzi yemali ethathwe ngurhulumente kubantu kunye namaziko asemthethweni.

Lisebe lezoqoqosho elivavanya ingeniso karhulumente kunye nenkcitho karhulumente kunye nohlengahlengiso nokuba kukufumana iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo kwaye kuthintelwe iziphumo ezingathandekiyo. Bayenye indawo ye ezezimali njengoko ezemali zobuqu.

Eli nqaku likunika isishwankathelo solawulo lwemali karhulumente, ukubaluleka, umda wemali karhulumente, iinjongo kunye neentlobo zemali karhulumente.

🥀 Yintoni iMali yoLuntu?

Imali karhulumente inokuchazwa njengofundo lwemisebenzi karhulumente, enokuquka inkcitho, intsilelo, kunye nerhafu. Iinjongo zezimali zoluntu kukuqaphela ukuba urhulumente kufuneka angenelele nini, njani kwaye kutheni kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje.

Bakwafuna ukuqonda iziphumo ezinokubakho zotshintsho kwimarike. Izimali zoluntu zinokubandakanya imiba engaphandle kwezoqoqosho, kubandakanywa ubalo-mali, umthetho, kunye nolawulo lwemali karhulumente.

Ukuqonda indima karhulumente kunye nendlela utshintsho olunokuchaphazela ngayo uqoqosho yimiba ebalulekileyo yeengcali zezimali zoluntu.

Xa urhulumente engenelela kwaye esebenza kuqoqosho, iziphumo ziwela kolunye lwezintlu ezintathu: ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho, ukwabiwa kwengeniso ou uzinziso loqoqosho olukhulu.

✔ Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho ngumgangatho osetyenziswa ziingcali zezoqoqosho ukuxabisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo yobutyebi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kunokumiselwa ngefomula eqhelekileyo yokulinganisa kunye neziphumo zabo eziveliswayo.

Umahluko phakathi kobuchule bobugcisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho lubudlelwane bemilinganiselo abantu abayibeka kwizinto. Amaxabiso obuchule bobugcisa anokuthi axhomekeke kumntu ukuya komnye. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kugxile ekupheliseni inkunkuma ukuze kubonelelwe ngelona xabiso likhoyo.

Ubuchule bobugcisa bufuna ukwandisa ixabiso, ngelixa linikezela kangangoko kuyimfuneko ukudala inyathelo elingcono.

✔ Ukwabiwa kwemivuzo

Ulwabiwo lwengeniso lubalo lobutyebi besizwe kunye nomvuzo xa sahlulwe ngabantu baso bebonke. Ukuhanjiswa ngokubanzi kunokuvavanywa ngoluhlu lwezifundo zamanani. Ubutyebi kunye nomvuzo zizinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Ubutyebi lixabiso elidityanisiweyo lezinto eziphathekayo zabemi kunye nee-asethi zemali. Umvuzo lixabiso lemali elichanekileyo lomnikelo wentsalela yabemi kwixesha elithile.

Ulwazi oluqokelelwe kubutyebi kunye nengeniso yelizwe lunokuba sisixhobo esixabisekileyo ukunceda ukuphendula imibuzo eyahlukahlukeneyo yezopolitiko, yezentlalo nezoqoqosho.

✔ Uzinziso loqoqosho olukhulu

Uzinziso loQoqosho olukhulu yinkqubo apho uzinzo kunye nokukhula koqoqosho kulawulwa ngokuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezemali neyemali, imithetho kunye nemimiselo.

Sisiseko sokukhula koqoqosho. Ngaphandle kozinzo, uqoqosho luya kutshabalala.

Ukuphumeza imeko yoqoqosho olukhulu oluzinzileyo, ulungelelwano luyafuneka phakathi kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente, urhwebo lwangaphakathi, iibhanki, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye namaziko olawulo.

Ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo oluqhubekayo loqoqosho olukhulu kunye nelona nqanaba liphezulu lokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, imarike kufuneka ilawulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amazinga enzala, imijikelo yeshishini kunye nemfuno kuqoqosho ihlala izinzile.

🥀 Amacandelo emali karhulumente

Awona macandelo aphambili emali karhulumente abandakanya imisebenzi enxulumene nokuqokelelwa kwengeniso yerhafu, ukwenziwa kwenkcitho ukuxhasa uluntu, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso-qhinga senkxaso-mali (efana nokukhutshwa kwamatyala oluntu).

Amacandelo aphambili aquka:

✔ Ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu

Ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu ngowona mthombo wengeniso koorhulumente. Imizekelo yeerhafu ezirhafiswa ngoorhulumente iquka irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo, irhafu yequmrhu, irhafu yengeniso yomntu, irhafu yelifa, irhafu yepropathi, njl.

Olunye uhlobo lwengeniso kolu didi lubandakanya imisebenzi kunye namaxabiso ezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nengeniso evela kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwenkonzo karhulumente engahlawulelwayo.

✔ Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali sisicwangciso sento urhulumente ajonge ukuyichitha kunyaka-mali. Nasi isikhokelo esikuvumelayo lula ukuseka ibhajethi yakho yosapho kwimizuzu embalwa.

✔ Iindleko

Ukuchitha kuyo nantoni na urhulumente achitha imali kuyo, njengeenkqubo zentlalo, imfundo, kunye neziseko zophuhliso. Uninzi lwenkcitho karhulumente luhlobo lwengeniso okanye ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi, njongo leyo ijolise ekuncedeni uluntu luphela.

Iindleko ezizizo zisenokuba phezulu okanye zibe ngaphantsi kunohlahlo-lwabiwo mali.

✔ Intsilelo/iNtlekele

Ukuba urhulumente uchitha imali engaphezu kwaleyo ayiqokelelayo kwingeniso, kukho intsilelo ngaloo nyaka. Ngaphandle koko, kukho i-surplus. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwezinye zeengeniso kunye neendleko eziqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lezemali zoluntu.

🥀Eminye imithombo yengeniso/yeRhafu

Urhulumente ufumana ingeniso kwaye uqokelela irhafu kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ukuxhasa ngemali imisebenzi kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. Nantsi eminye yemithombo yombuso yengeniso kunye neerhafu

Iirhafu zengeniso

Abantu ngabanye baxhomekeke kwirhafu yengeniso ngokusekelwe kwibhrekhethi yengeniso yabo. Iirhafu zerhafu ziqhele ukuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lengeniso, kunye namazinga aphezulu kwizibiyeli zomvuzo ophezulu.

Iirhafu zoluntu

Iinkampani kufuneka zihlawule irhafu kwiingeniso ezenziweyo. Izinga lerhafu yenkampani inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo kunye nodidi lweshishini.

I-VAT (Irhafu eyongeziweyo kwiXabiso)

I-VAT yirhafu engathanga ngqo ehlawuliswa kwixabiso elongeziweyo kwinqanaba ngalinye lemveliso kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla okanye inkonzo. Amaxabiso e-VAT angohluka ngokwamazwe nangemveliso.

Iintlawulo

Imirhumo yeCustoms yirhafu ebekwe kwimpahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle okanye kumazwe angaphandle. Zinokusekelwe kwipesenti yexabiso lepropati okanye kwixabiso elithile.

Iirhafu zePropati

Abanini bezakhiwo kufuneka bahlawule irhafu yepropathi kwizindlu zabo. Isixa serhafu yepropathi sigqitywa ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lepropati kunye neerhafu zendawo yerhafu.

Iirhafu zamafutha

Irhafu yepetroli irhafiswa kwipetroli, idizili, kunye nezinye izibaso ezisetyenziswa ezimotweni. Ezi rhafu ziqokelelwa ukuxhasa ngemali iziseko zophuhliso zeendlela kunye neeprojekthi ezinxulumene nezothutho.

Iminikelo yoluntu

Abaqeshi kunye nabasebenzi bafaka isandla kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu ngokusebenzisa iminikelo yoluntu. Le mirhumo ixhasa izibonelelo zemali ezifana ne-inshurensi yezempilo, imali yomhlalaphantsi kunye nezibonelelo zeentsapho.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba imithombo yengeniso nerhafu inokwahluka ngokwamazwe ngamazwe, kuxhomekeka kwimithetho yerhafu esebenza kwilizwe ngalinye.

🥀 Eminye Imithombo Yenkcitho-mali kaRhulumente

Iimali zoluntu zidibanisa yonke inkcitho kunye nengeniso kaRhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni. Bazalisekisa imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekileyo.

Okokuqala, ulwabiwo olugqwesileyo lwezibonelelo. Enkosi kutyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke kumacandelo abalulekileyo afana nezemfundo, ezempilo okanye ezothutho, iimali zoluntu kufuneka zivumele ulwabiwo olusebenzayo lwezibonelelo zesizwe ezijolise kwizinto eziphambili kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo.

Injongo yesibini: ukwabiwa ngokutsha ukulungisa ukungalingani kwemivuzo. Ngokukodwa ngerhafu yengeniso kunye neentlawulo zezentlalo ezifana nezibonelelo zezindlu okanye zosapho, iimali zoluntu zijolise ekwabiweni ngokutsha kwenxalenye yobutyebi obuveliswayo ukuya kwezona ndidi zihlelelekileyo.

Umsebenzi wesithathu ekugqibeleni : uzinzo lwezoqoqosho. Ngokusebenzisa i-countercyclical budgetary and fiscal levers (intsilelo, amatyala kawonke-wonke, ukucuthwa kwerhafu), iimali zoluntu kufuneka zenze kube lula ukulawula uqoqosho, ngokuvuselela umsebenzi ngamaxesha obunzima kunye nokuwuthothisa ngexesha le-booms.

Ekugqibeleni, ngokusebenzisa amandla abo omlilo kunye nenani elikhulu leendlela zokusebenza, iimali zoluntu zisisixhobo esibalulekileyo esisezandleni zikaRhulumente ukukhokela ngobuchule kuphuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo yelizwe.

✔ Ityala lesizwe

Ukuba urhulumente unentsilelo (inkcitho idlula ingeniso), iya kuxhasa ngemali umahluko ngokuboleka imali kunye nokukhupha ityala lesizwe.

Abatyalwayo banokuba bangaphakathi (ityala elibolekwe kubabolekisi basekhaya njenge iibhanki okanye amaziko emali) kunye nangaphandle (ityala elibolekwe kumaziko emali kunye noorhulumente bamazwe ngamazwe).

✔ Ulawulo lwemali

Ulawulo lwemali yinxalenye yemali karhulumente. Igxininisa kubuchule bolawulo lolawulo kunye nemiba ephathelele kulungiselelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Sisixhobo apho imisebenzi yezemali yamazwe iqhutyelwa khona.

Umxholo wolawulo lwemali ngulo: Lulungiselelwa njani uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, lwamkelwe kwaye lwenziwa njani? Ziziphi izinto eziqwalaselwayo xa kulungiselelwa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali?

Ziqokelelwa njani iirhafu ngabasemagunyeni abahlukeneyo? Ngawaphi amasebe anoxanduva lophicotho-zincwadi nokunika ingxelo ngee-akhawunti zoluntu?

🥀 Iinjongo zezimali zoluntu

Iimali zoluntu zidibanisa yonke inkcitho kunye nengeniso kaRhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni. Bazalisekisa iinjongo ezintathu eziphambili:

Injongo yokuqala lolona lwabiwo lwezibonelelo. Enkosi kwinkcitho karhulumente kumacandelo angundoqo (ezemfundo, ezempilo, ezothutho, njl. njl.), iimali zoluntu zijolise ekwabiweni ngokufanelekileyo kwemithombo yesizwe ngokubhekiselele kutyalo-mali lwexesha elizayo kunye neemfuno eziphambili.

Injongo yesibini: ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi. Ngeerhafu kunye nokudluliselwa kwezentlalo, iqhezu lezibonelelo eziqokelelweyo zenzelwe awona malungu oluntu ahlelelekileyo. Ingcamango kukulungisa ukungalingani ukuqinisekisa ubumbano loluntu.

Umsebenzi wesithathu: uzinziso lwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yeentsilelo zoluntu, amatyala azimeleyo kunye nokwahluka kweerhafu, iimali zoluntu zinendima yolawulo lwezoqoqosho. Injongo kukulungisa imijikelo yezoqoqosho.

Ekugqibeleni, iimali zoluntu zenza isixhobo esinamandla sokukhokela ngobuchule kuqoqosho lwesizwe kunye nokuba nefuthe kwintlalontle yoluntu. Ulawulo lwabo lubalulekile kuye nawuphi na urhulumente.

🥀 Imfuneko yolawulo olusebenzayo lweemali zoluntu

Oorhulumente bamazwe baye babona ukungalingani kwezemali okusisigxina kunye nokuqhubekayo, ukusilela kwezemali ngenxa yeenkqubo zezimali ezinzima kunye neemveliso.

Amaziko emali karhulumente afana noorhulumente baseburhulumenteni kunye noorhulumente abakhulu, iimali zoluntu, amagunya erhafu, iibhanki ezingoovimba, abalawuli, abaphicothi-zincwadi bakarhulumente kunye nee-arhente zokuhlela aceba ukwenza izinto ezininzi ezigwenxa, izilungiso kunye nohlengahlengiso lokulawula iimali zoluntu ukwenzela impilo-ntle yangoku neyexesha elizayo yoluntu.

Ukuze kulungiswe ngokukhawuleza isiganeko esingathandekiyo ngexesha loxinzelelo, inhlalakahle yoluntu ngoku kunye namalungu akhoyo ngamanye amaxesha akhokelela kwimiphumo ebulalayo.

Ukungaphathwa kakuhle kwemali yoluntu kukhokelela ekwembeni imingxunya enzulu kakhulu kwiiakhawunti zemali zoluntu, ezinje:

• Linganisa iiakhawunti nezilungiso ezingalindelekanga ezilandela ingeniso enobundlobongela kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wenkcitho ngobulumko.
• Ungazihoyi iindleko zexesha elide kunye neziphumo ezinxulumene nezenzo eziqhubekayo.
• Gcina i-asethi engaphezulu kunye nenkxaso-mali njengoko ifuneka kwinqanaba elizinzileyo.
• Gqiba kwintsalelas kwii-akhawunti zemali karhulumente, endaweni yokulandelela uvimba wokusilela okanye iimfuno zotyalo-mali kwixesha elizayo.
• Ukujongela phantsi okanye ukuguqula imeko yenkxaso-mali imali yomhlalaphantsi okanye izibophelelo zotyalo-mali kwixesha elizayo.
• Imbuyekezo yokuqikelela kunye nokwabiwa kweemali ezingaphezulu kweeprojekthi ezinokuvela ngaphandle kokuba nemvumelwano efanelekileyo kunye nohlalutyo lweenzuzo zeprojekthi kunye neendleko zamathuba.
• Tsiba esweni nolawulo oluqhubekayo ii-akhawunti zemali zoluntu ngokuzimeleyo nangesiseko esidityanisiweyo.

🥀 Intsingiselo ephambili kwimali karhulumente

Ngeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo neyamkelwa ngokubanzi yentengiselwano yedijithali kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi kwinqanaba lomntu ngamnye kunye neqela elidibeneyo, i-digitization ibalulekile ekubumbeni ngokutsha iimali zoluntu ngokuphucula iindlela zikarhulumente zokuqokelela, ukusetyenzwa, ukwabelana kunye nokusebenzisa ulwazi.

Umgangatho, inkqubo yolwazi elawulwa kakuhle iyanceda ukuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo imali karhulumente esebenzayo. Ikwanegalelo kulawulo oluqhubekayo, ulawulo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo esisiseko yemali karhulumente.

Urhulumente kunye nemibutho yoluntu kufuneka idale iziteshi ezisebenzayo zokuhlaziya nokugcina ulwazi lwedijithali kunye nomxholo ukuze kukhishwe inzuzo enokubakho ekugcinweni, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuhlalutya kolwazi lwedijithali kwintsimi yemali yoluntu.

Eyona mingcipheko iphambili kunye nemingeni efana nokhuseleko lwedatha, ukuba yimfihlo, ubuqhophololo kunye nokuphepha yeyiphi umthamo osikelwe umda ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa usiya kwidijithali kwimali karhulumente.

Ukuba uneengxaki zokulawula iimali zakho zobuqu, yazi ukuba sinoqeqesho lwepremiyamu ekuvumela ukuba wonge ngcono, unciphise iindleko zakho, wenze utyalo-mali olufanelekileyo okanye wazi ukuba ungawulungiselela njani umhlala-phantsi wakho nokuba unomvuzo omncinci. Ungaluthenga uqeqesho lwethu kwi-Master imali yakho yobuqu uMqulu 1

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