Iimpawu zeebhanki zamaSilamsi

Les iinkcukacha zeebhanki zamaSilamsi zininzi. Nangona inkqubo yebhanki eqhelekileyo isekelwe ekubolekeni ngenzala, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zisekelwe imigaqo eyahluke kakhulu echazwe ngumthetho wamaSilamsi (Sharia). Le migaqo yazisa ezininzi iimpawu ezithile ekusebenzeni kunye neenkonzo ezinikezelwa lolu hlobo lweziko lebhanki.

Ngokunyuka kwemali yamaSilamsi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iibhanki ezihlonipha imimiselo yamaSilamsi vusa umdla okhulayo, kumazwe amaSilamsi nakumaziko emali aseNtshona. Ukugqwesa kwabo namhlanje idlula i-1500 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwihlabathi jikelele!

Enkosi kweli nqaku, akusekho mfihlo kuwe malunga nokuba zeziphi iibhanki zamaSilamsi kwaye njani zahlukile kumaziko ebhanki akudala. Uya kuyazi kakuhle ukuba basebenza njani kwaye zeziphi iinkonzo ezithile abazinikezela kubathengi babo.

Ngaba ukulungele ukwazi yonke into malunga nokusebenza kwale nkqubo yebhanki eyenye? Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale, nantsi iprotocol ekuvumela ukuba wakhe eyakho ishishini lokuqala kwi-Intanethi.

🌽 Yintoni ibhanki yamaSilamsi?

Ibhanki yamaSilamsi yiyo nayiphi na ibhanki ezinikele ekusebenziseni imigaqo yomthetho weSharia kwiintengiselwano zayo zebhanki.

Ikwachazwa njengeziko lezemali elimsebenzi walo ophambili ikukutsala iimali kwaye ziyisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukonyuka kwazo ngokuhambelana noko. Imithetho yeSharia.

Le nkcazo ikhankanya izinto eziyimfuneko ukuba iibhanki zamaSilamsi (IB). kufuneka intlonipho. Imalunga nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho eyaziwayo yomthetho weSharia, nokuba kukwimveliso, ukusasazwa, ukusetyenziswa okanye imisebenzi yokonga ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yoqoqosho iyonke.

Ke, i-BI inokuchazwa njengebhanki eneempawu ezithile zomthetho ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezithobela iSharia kubathengi bayo. Le nkcazo igxininisa iimpawu zebhanki yamaSilamsi.

Iimpawu zebhanki yamaSilamsi

Ngokungafaniyo neebhanki eziqhelekileyo (BC), iibhanki zamaSilamsiiibhanki ezigunyazisiweyo ukuba zenze umsebenzi wobungcali. Bagunyaziswe ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo ngendlela efanayo nemilinganiselo yabo eqhelekileyo. Nokuba yeyiphi na imimiselo esebenzayo kwilizwe ngalinye apho isekwe khona.

Banikezela ngeenkonzo kwaye bagcine ubudlelwane bebhanki kunye nabathengi babo ngokuhambelana ne Imigangatho yeSharia yamaSilamsi. Ii-BIs kufuneka ziziphephe izenzo ezithile ezifana nokulobola (riba), intelekelelo kunye nokungaqiniseki.

Umahluko ulele ekusetyenzisweni kweemali ekufuneka zihambelane nomthetho weSharia kwaye zisekwe kwimithetho yangoku yamaSilamsi.

Ii-IBs zisebenza njengabalamli phakathi kwababolekisi kunye nabantu abafuna ukuboleka imali. Ngoko ke sinokuthi iinkonzo ezinikezelwa yi-BI zifana nezo zinikezelwa yi-BCs njengoko iinjongo zifana, ukwanelisa umthengi.

Ukuba kwi-classical finance umgaqo olawula izigqibo ze-arhente yezoqoqosho kukwandisa inzuzo, inzuzo ayikuphela kwenjongo abaqhubi Islamic. Lo mfanekiso ulandelayo ubonisa umahluko phakathi kwebhanki yemveli kunye nebhanki yamaSilamsi.

I-BI ithanda utyalo-mali kwii-asethi ezibonakalayo, yabelana ngelahleko kunye neenzuzo ngokungenamkhethe kunye namaqabane ayo kwaye ikhuthaza ukugcwala kweeprojekthi.

📜 Ukuhlelwa kwamaZiko eMali yamaSilamsi

Amaziko emali yamaSilamsi anokuthi ahlelwe ngokwemiqathango emininzi. Kuxhomekeka kwimisebenzi yabo, iindawo zabo okanye nokuba imisebenzi yabo yezemali ingamaSilamsi ngokupheleleyo.

✔ Ukuhlelwa ngokohlobo lwemisebenzi

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yabo, kukho umahluko phakathi kweenkampani ze-inshurensi, Mudharaba, amaziko ama-Islamic microfinance kunye neebhanki zamaSilamsi.

Ii-BI zinokuba ziibhanki zorhwebo okanye zokuthengisa, okanye utyalo-mali okanye iibhanki zoshishino. Iibhanki zediphozithi zezo umsebenzi wazo ophambili ikukwenza iintengiselwano zetyala kunye nokufumana umbono kunye nexesha elivela kuluntu.

Zibizwa ngokuba ziibhanki zotyalo-mali, abo imisebenzi yabo ibandakanya ukunika imali-mboleko ixesha elingaphezulu kweminyaka emibini. Iibhanki zabarhwebi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yizo umsebenzi wabo oyintloko, ngaphezu kokunikezelwa kweemali-mboleko, ukufumana kunye nokulawula ukubamba.

✔ Ukuhlelwa ngokwendawo

Ngokuxhomekeke kwiindawo zabo, sahlula iibhanki ezisebenza kumazwe ngokupheleleyo " I-Islamized »kunye nabo basebenza kumazwe angengawo amaSilamsi.

Kwimeko yokuqala, iibhanki zilawulwa ngummiselo omnye. Kwimeko yesibini, baxhomekeke kwimimiselo emibini yezemali (i-Islamic kunye nesiqhelo) ehambelanayo okanye ehambelanayo.

✔ Ukwahlula-hlula ngokokuba imisebenzi yabo yezemali ngamaSilamsi okanye hayi

Ngokwalo mgaqo, kukho umahluko phakathi kweebhanki zamaSilamsi ngokupheleleyo kunye nezo zineekhawuntari okanye iifestile zamaSilamsi kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba semthethweni kwezi festile zamaSilamsi akubonwa ngazwinye. Kukho umngcipheko wokwenene wokuxuba ukuhamba okusemthethweni kunye nokuhamba ngokungekho mthethweni (kungekhona ngokuhambelana nomthetho wamaSilamsi).

🌿 Imingcipheko ekhoyo kwimisebenzi yeebhanki zamaSilamsi

Ukongeza kule mingcipheko ikhankanywe ngasentla, kukho imingcipheko ekhethekileyo kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi. Zinxulumene ne ubunjani bemisebenzi kunye nenkcubeko yeIibhanki zamaSilamsi.

Ukwengeza, umgaqo we-3P yenza imingcipheko eyongezelelekileyo efana nemingcipheko yorhwebo, umngcipheko wentembeko, umngcipheko wodumo, umngcipheko wokuphonswa, umngcipheko wezomthetho kunye nobungozi bonqulo.

🔰 Umngcipheko worhwebo osusiweyo okanye otshintshileyo

Le umngcipheko worhwebo ongekhoyo, okubaluleke kakhulu, kuvela kwiiakhawunti zotyalo-mali ezithatha inxaxheba ezifuna ukwabelana ngengeniso kunye nelahleko phakathi kwebhanki kunye nabanini bezi akhawunti.

Lo mngcipheko ubangelwa kukugqithiselwa komngcipheko ohambelana neediphozithi kubanini-zabelo bebhanki. Ngamanye amaxesha, abanini zabelo bazifumanisa benyanzelekile ukuba bancame inxalenye yengeniso yabo ukuze bahlawule abo bafaka imali. Oku kujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukurhoxiswa okukhulu okubangelwa amazinga aphantsi embuyekezo.

Ukuba ngokwethiyori ingeniso yabelwana ngomlinganiselo wesivumelwano sangaphambili kwaye ilahleko kwii-asethi ikwi uxanduva lwabanini-akhawunti, ekusebenzeni umgaqo wokwabelana ngenzuzo yangempela kunye nabanini-akhawunti yotyalo-mali kude kube yinto eqhelekileyo yeebhanki zamaSilamsi.

Ngamanye amaxesha ibhanki izifumana ingakwazi ukuhlawula ireyithi yembuyekezo elingana nembuyekezo esasazwa zezinye iibhanki. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kutyhala abo bafaka imali ukuba bayitsale imali yabo baze bayifake kwenye ibhanki enokubanika imbuyekezo ebhetele kakhulu.

Ke ngoko, iBI kufuneka ilawule ireyithi yembuyekezo okanye inciphise isabelo senzuzo esiya kubaninizabelo.

🔰 Ukubanjiswa komngcipheko wetyala kunye nomngcipheko wemarike

Inani lamaqela abandakanyekayo kwiintengiselwano ngaxeshanye libeka ibhanki kumngcipheko wetyala kunye nomngcipheko wemarike. THE umngcipheko "wokubanjwa" inxulumene nento yokuba iintengiselwano ezininzi zamaSilamsi zineendlela ezintathu.

Umzekelo wekhontrakthi IMurabaha lubonisa kakuhle uphawu lwenguqu yomngcipheko. Ngokwenene, ukuxhasa umthengi ngemali IMurabaha, i-BI kufuneka iqale ifumane i-asethi ize iphinde iyithengisele umxhasi. Esenza njalo, yena udlulisela ubunini be-asethi ukusuka ebhankini ukuya kumthengi we-asethi.

Umngcipheko ibhanki evezwe kuwo uguqulwa ukusuka kumngcipheko wemarike emva kokubanjwa kwe-asethi ebonakalayo ngomhla wokufumana umngcipheko wetyala ngexesha lokuthengiswa kwakhona kwe-asethi kumthengi. Emva koko sithetha ngokubanjwa komngcipheko wetyala kunye nomngcipheko wemarike.

🔰 Umngcipheko wodumo

Kwingqiqo yokukhuphisana nee-CBs, ii-BI zidla ngokuthanda iimveliso ezifanayo nezo ze-CB. Kuyaqatshelwa ukuba ii-BI zihlala zisebenzisa iikhontrakthi zokuthengisa hayi iikontraki zokuthatha inxaxheba. THE umngcipheko wodumo ke ngoko kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.

Inokwandisa ngaphaya kwebhanki ngokwayo kwaye iphazamise ishishini lezemali lamaSilamsi. Okubi nangakumbi, umfanekiso webhanki kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuwubuyisela, nasemva kweminyaka eliqela.

Ngoko ke, ukuzithemba kwimarike kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwale mali, ejolise ekuthatheni inxaxheba kunye " Labi ».

🔰 Umngcipheko weFiduciary

Emva kokuba isidima sayo silahlekile, ii-BI ziya kujongana nomnye umngcipheko obizwa ngokuba yi-fiduciary risk. Lo ngumngcipheko wokuba abathengi baya kulahlekelwa yintembelo kwibhanki yabo elandelayo ukungathotyelwa kwemisebenzi yebhanki. Yiloo nto eyonakalisa umfanekiso webhanki kwaye ikhokelela ekulahlekelweni kokuzithemba.

🔰 Umngcipheko osemthethweni

Lo mngcipheko wokumangalelana kunye ne-co-contractor ngenxa yokungachaneki kwimihlathi yekhontrakthi. Lo mngcipheko unokunxulunyaniswa namakroba asemthethweni, ukungacaci okanye ukungafanelekanga kwemibhalo yowiso-mthetho neyolawulo.

Lo mngcipheko unokunxulunyaniswa nokusilela kweenkonzo zomthetho. Ukwenzeka kwazo kunokubangela ilahleko yemali ngokuthe ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo kwi-BI.

🌿Ulawulo lomngcipheko lwebhanki yamaSilamsi

Indlela ii-akhawunti zotyalo-mali ezithatha inxaxheba ezisebenza ngayo yenza ukuba ii-BI zibe zezona zisesichengeni somngcipheko wokukhula. Baphuhlise izakhono zorhwebo ukuze imali kunye notyalo-mali ezibavumela ukuba bakhulise ukukhula kwempahla yabo.

Nokuba oku kuhlala ikakhulu kwixesha elifutshane. Le nkqubo yongeza izithuba zokuvuthwa kwaye ibeka ingozi Imiba yolawulo lwe-asethi-liability. Njengemingcipheko yebhanki yamaSilamsi, siye sashiya umngcipheko, umngcipheko wefiduciary, umngcipheko wodumo, umngcipheko wenkolo, njl.

🔰 Limingcipheko yorhwebo itshintshiwe okanye iguqulelwe

Njengoko sele sibonisile ngasentla, umngcipheko worhwebo osusiweyo eyona imbi kwiBI. Ibangelwa kukuguquguquka kweembuyekezo kwii-asethi ezixhaswa ngemali yimali ediphozithwe kwiiakhawunti zotyalo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba.

Lo mngcipheko uzibonakalisa xa ireyithi yokwenyani yembuyekezo ingaphantsi kunembuyekezo elindelwe ngabanini-akhawunti. Ukujongana nolu hlobo lomngcipheko, iibhanki zihlala ziphuhlisa iindlela zolawulo ezifanelekileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, banokubandakanyeka kwiseti yezenzo ezigudisa ireyithi yembuyekezo kwiiakhawunti zotyalo-mali ukuze banike abanini-akhawunti umlinganiselo wembuyekezo onokuthelekiswa nomlinganiselo wembuyekezo kwezinye iibhanki.

Ezi ndlela zokulungisa iireyithi zembuyekezo zisekwe ikakhulu kukhutshelo lwengeniso ngokuxhasa abanini bee-akhawunti zotyalo-mali kunye nokusekwa koovimba.

I-BI inokutshintsha umlinganiselo wokwabelana ngenzuzo kunye nomvuzo wayo njengoko Mudarib. Ngokwenene, isabelo senzuzo yebhanki sizimisele ekuqaleni sesona sabelo siphezulu. Ngelixa isabelo esabiweyo siyahluka ukusuka kwixesha ukuya kwelinye ngokuxhomekeke kwireyithi yokwenyani yembuyekezo.

I-BI inokunciphisa okanye ilahle ikhomishini yayo Mudarib ngaphantsi kwesahlulo sekhontrakthi. Ukwenza oku, iyakwabela okwethutyana inzuzo encinci okanye ilahleko enkulu kubaninizabelo. Kwaye oku, ukwenzela inzuzo abanini akhawunti yotyalo-mali.

Ngaphaya koko, iibhanki zinokuqokelela iimali zabaninizabelo ngokubeka ezi mali kwinqanaba elikhulu. Oku kuhambelana ne Iimfuno ze-Basel II kunye ne-III.

🔰 Ulawulo lomngcipheko wodumo

Kunzima ukuchonga imingcipheko yodumo, ukuyichaza, ukulinganisa kwaye ngoko ukunciphisa. zob iingozi zendalo kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye nomsebenzi womntu. Kwangokunjalo, imingcipheko ngamanye amaxesha yokuba ngumntu omnye, ngamanye amaxesha ukuyekelela ngokwenkolo kuyinxalenye yokhetho lomntu.

Ii-BI ziya kukwazi ukuzikhusela kuphela koku ngokuphakamisa isidanga imfezeko ephezulu kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha, yehlisiwe ukuya kwelona nqanaba lomntu ngamnye. Ngapha koko, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zinengxaki yokunqongophala kweengcali ezinamava ngokwaneleyo kwezemali yamaSilamsi.

Ukunciphisa olu hlobo lomngcipheko, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi okanye ukuqeqeshwa kwakhona kunye nokuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha zikhonkco eziphambili. Ngaphezu koko, Ii-IBs kufuneka zenze izifundo zokuqonda ukuze zilinganise olu hlobo lomngcipheko. Ngokwenza njalo, iBI ingakwazi ngaxeshanye ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokusebenza kunye nokuthembeka ezikwanxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi yabantu.

Ulawulo lwebhanki yamaSilamsi

Ulawulo Iibhanki zamaSilamsi zinento ethile. Abaphathi beebhanki zamaSilamsi bazimele kwaye banenkululeko epheleleyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abanini be-CIP bangena imingcipheko ebalulekileyo kwaye babe neendlela ezilinganiselweyo zoxinzelelo.

Nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo ukuziphatha kwebhanki okanye ukufikelela kulwazi oluthile. Ukujongana nale ngxaki, eyona ndlela isebenzayo ibonakala ingumvuzo webhanki njengomphathi.

Lo mvuzo uxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwimbuyekezo kwii-asethi ezixhaswa ngemali yi-akhawunti yotyalo-mali ethatha inxaxheba. Ukruthakruthwano lukwakhona phakathi kweenkokeli kunye ne ikomiti yeengcebiso cingenza. Kaloku amandla ale komiti anqongophele.

Ukuchaneka okunjalo kwiingxelo zonyaka kunika ingcamango ecacileyo yebhalansi yamandla ekhoyo phakathi kwekomiti yeengcebiso kunye nentloko yeziko.

🌿 Iindlela zolawulo lweebhanki zamaSilamsi

Ngokwenkcazo, i-mechanical yindibano yamalungu omatshini, ezinye zazo ezinokuhamba ngokumalunga nabanye.

Le ndibano ke ngoko ayenzi into eqinileyo. Indlela yokulawula liqumrhu elizimeleyo elindima yalo ikukunciphisa iziphumo ezigwenxa zobudlelwane be-arhente. Ulawulo lwebhanki lwahlulwa ngokubaluleka kweendlela, ngaphandle nangaphakathi.

Kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi, elinye icandelo, icandelo lenkolo (ikomiti yeSharia ngokomzekelo), yongezwa kwezi ndlela.

✔ Ummiselo weebhanki zenkolo

Enye yeenkcukacha zolawulo lwebhanki yamaSilamsi ilele kwinqanaba lolawulo. Pha ummiselo webhanki yindlela yokuqala yolawulo lwebhanki yamaSilamsi.

Yinyani yokongamela kunye nokulawula umsebenzi webhanki, ngokuwuthobela ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Injongo yalo kukulawula umngcipheko kunye nokugcina ukhuseleko lwabagcini kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo yezemali.

Kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi, umgaqo uvela kwimigangatho ebekwe yi-AAIOIFI kunye nemimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe, ikomiti yaseBasel.

Indima edlalwa ngummiselo kwi-BI iyafana kwi-BC. Nangona kunjalo, kule ndima yongezwa imilinganiselo yenkolo yolawulo, eqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi ihambelana nomthetho wamaSilamsi. Ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhanki zizalisekisa ngokuthembekileyo imiqathango esekwe yiSharia.

✔ Ibhodi yabaLawuli

Le ibhodi yabalawuli ngowona mbutho uphakamileyo kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi. Ubume obungaqhelekanga beli bhunga bubandakanya enye yeenkalo zolawulo lwebhanki Ukufikelela kweli bhunga, abaviwa kufuneka banelise imiqathango ethile.

(a) Yiba yinkolo yamaSilamsi 

Ubume bentengiselwano olwenziwa kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi bufuna ukuba amalungu ebhodi abe nolwazi oluvakalayo ngomthetho wamaSilamsi. Ngaloo ndlela, la malungu akhethwa phakathi kwamaSilamsi.

Oku kubonisa inkxalabo yokugcina ukuthembana phakathi kwebhanki kunye nabathengi bayo. Ubukho bomntu ongeyena umSilamsi buya kubeka ibhanki ngokuchasene nemigaqo yayo.

(b) Ukubamba inani lezabelo ezifunwa ngamanqaku ombutho

Amalungu ebhodi yabalawuli kufuneka abambe ubuncinane benani lezabelo ezibekwe yimithetho.

Ezi zabelo ziyatyunjwa, azinakuhluthwa kwaye ziqinisekisa ulawulo olululo kwicala lelungu lebhodi yabalawuli. Ukungahluthwa kwamalungu kuphela xa umlawuli eyeka imisebenzi yakhe.

(c) Ukungangeni kukungahambelani

Cette ilungiselelo aliqhelekanga kuzo zonke iibhanki zamaSilamsi. Ezinye iibhanki zamkela lo mqathango kwaye zichaza ukuba ilungu lebhodi alikwazi ukuhlala esinye isikhundla ebhankini ngaphandle kweso sikasihlalo webhodi yabalawuli (PCA), okanye lowo womphathi jikelele (DG).

✔IKomiti yeSharia

Ubukho bekomiti yeSharia yinxalenye yeenkcukacha zolawulo lweebhanki zamaSilamsi. IBhunga leSharia liqumrhu elizimeleyo labagwebi abaziingcali kumthetho worhwebo wamaSilamsi.

lo iqumrhu elihlanganiseneyo elenziwe ziingcali womthetho wamaSilamsi abathi bakhuphe izimvo zomthetho eziya ngasentla malunga neemeko zomthetho wemisebenzi kunye neemveliso ezinikezelwa yibhanki kwaye ngubani oqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kwezi mbono.

Idibana ekupheleni konyaka-mali ngamnye ukuze kwenziwe uphicotho lwezemali kunye notyalo-mali lwebhanki. Iinjongo zayo eziphambili zigqitywa ngokubambisana yi-AAOIFI kunye ne-IFSB. Imisebenzi yebhunga le-sharia ikakhulu iphindwe kahlanu:

• Ncedisa amaziko emali ekuphuhliseni izivumelwano kunye neemveliso ukwenzela ukuba zihambelane nemigaqo yomthetho wamaSilamsi;
•  Qinisekisa ukwamkelwa kwezixhobo zemali ngokusebenzisa udiniwe;
•  Jonga ukuba iintengiselwano zihambelane nefatwas ezikhutshiweyo;
•  Jonga ubalo kunye nokuzinza kwe zakat ;
•  Ukusasaza ingeniso engahambelani ne-Sharia kwi-charity.

✔ Ukutyunjwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwamalungu ekomiti yeSharia

Enyanisweni, ukutyunjwa kwamalungu amabhunga e-sharia kwenziwa ngesiseko sesigqibo sebhodi yabalawuli okanye ngokuxubusha kwindibano jikelele. Umlawuli jikelele uthanda ukhetho lokugqibela.

Ngokwemigangatho ecetywayo yi-AAOIFI, ibhunga le-sharia liqulunqwe linani elincinci amalungu amathathu (03). Makungabandakanyi phakathi kwala malungu umlawuli weziko okanye umnini-zabelo onempembelelo enkulu. Ubungakanani beli bhunga buyohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiibhanki kwaye linokufikelela kumalungu asixhenxe (07).

✔ Ubume bamalungu ekomiti yeSharia

Ukwakhiwa kwamabhunga I-Sharia sisigqibo sobuchule. Enyanisweni, ukusebenzisa ingcali yezomthetho eyaziwayo kunokomeleza kuphela igama kunye nokuthembeka kwebhanki phakathi kwabathengi bayo.

Ezi jurisconsults ngokubanzi zilandele uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwimimiselo yeSharia enikezelwa kwiiyunivesithi zamaSilamsi.

Ukudibanisa ulwazi oluninzi, ii-ulama okanye ii-Sharia Scholars ziingcali kwezemali yamaSilamsi. Bagunyazisiwe ukuba bakhuphe ifatwa yabo kumlinganiswa halal ou haram yekhontrakthi, ishishini, okanye imveliso yemali. Ezi ulama kufuneka zibe nolwazi lwezakwalizwi, lwezemali, kunye a ukugqwesa okugqibeleleyo kwe fiqh.

✔ Indlela yokusebenza kweekomiti zeSharia

Kwikomiti ye-sharia, kukho umongameli kwaye mhlawumbi isekela. Ibhunga linokunikezela inxalenye yamagunya alo kwikomiti yesigqeba eqinisekisayo ubukho obuqhelekileyo. Eli bhunga le-sharia lingawudlulisela lo mba kwibhodi yabalawuli xa kukho ukungavisisani ngalo mba. Le komiti iphonononga imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yebhanki kwaye iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweShariah.

Okokugqibela, sinokuthi iinkcukacha zolawulo lweebhanki zamaSilamsi zilele ekusebenzeni kwamaqumrhu amatsha njengekomiti yeSharia.

💰 Utyalo-mali lwamaSilamsi kunye neeakhawunti zediphozithi

Ngokuphathelele ingqokelela yeedipozithi, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zibonelela ngeefomula ezimbini ezithobelayo:

Iiakhawunti zotyalo-mali zeMutaraba

Iiakhawunti zotyalo-mali ze-Mutaraba luhlobo lwe-akhawunti yamaSilamsi evumela abatyali-mali ukuba babelane ngenzuzo kunye nelahleko yeprojekthi yotyalo-mali. Kulo hlobo lwe-akhawunti, umtyalo-mali unikezela ngemali efunekayo ukuze usomashishini azalise iprojekthi, ngelixa usomashishini ebonelela ngobuchule bakhe kunye nomsebenzi.

Inzuzo eveliswa yiprojekthi yabelwana phakathi komtyalo-mali kunye nomrhwebi ngokomlinganiselo ovunywe ngaphambili, ngelixa ilahleko ithwalwa kuphela ngumtyalo-mali.

Oku kuvumela abatyali-mali ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi zotyalo-mali ezihambelana nemigaqo yezemali yamaSilamsi, ethintela inzala yenzala. Iiakhawunti zotyalo-mali zeMutaraba ke ngoko zibonelela ngenye indlela yokuziphatha ehambelana nemigaqo yenkolo kubatyali-zimali bamaSilamsi.

Iiakhawunti zokuthatha inxaxheba kweMusharaka

Ezi akhawunti zokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-musharaka zolunye uhlobo lwe-akhawunti yamaSilamsi evumela amaqela amaninzi ukuba athathe inxaxheba ngemali kwiprojekthi yotyalo-mali. Kolu hlobo lwe-akhawunti, abatyali-mali babonelela ngemali efunekayo kwiprojekthi kwaye babelane ngeenzuzo kunye nelahleko ngokwezabelo zabo.

Ngokungafaniyo nee-akhawunti zotyalo-mali ze-mudaraba, abatyali-mali kwi-akhawunti yenxaxheba ye-musharaka nabo banethuba lokufaka isandla ngokusebenzayo kulawulo lweprojekthi. Oku kuthanda ukungafihli kunye noxanduva intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela abandakanyekayo.

Iiakhawunti zokuthatha inxaxheba kweMusharaka zinika abatyali-mali abangamaSilamsi enye inketho ehambelana nemigaqo yezemali yamaSilamsi, kugxininiso lokuthatha inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokwabelana ngomngcipheko.

💳 Iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zebhanki ezifanelekileyo

Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zangoku zebhanki ngokuthobela iSharia, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zibonelela ngeemveliso ezifanelekileyo:

Iiakhawunti zangoku kunye neeakhawunti zokulondoloza

Ii-akhawunti zokujonga kunye nee-akhawunti zokulondoloza zimbini iintlobo zeeakhawunti zebhanki isetyenziswa rhoqo ngabantu kunye namashishini. Ezi akhawunti zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imicimbi yemihla ngemihla, njengokuhlawula amatyala kunye nokuthenga, ngelixa ii-akhawunti zokulondoloza zisetyenziselwa ukugcina imali kwixesha elide.

Bavumela abanini-akhawunti ukuba bafake kwaye bakhuphe imali nangaliphi na ixesha, ngaphandle kwemida yokuphindaphinda okanye isixa. Bakwanikezela ngeenkonzo ezinje ngeetshekhi, amakhadi ebhanki, kunye nokudluliselwa kwebhanki ukwenza utshintshiselwano lube lula.

Iiakhawunti zokulondoloza, kwelinye icala, ziyilelwe ukukhuthaza ukonga ixesha elide. Ngokuqhelekileyo banikela a izinga eliphezulu lenzala kuneeakhawunti zangoku, kodwa ukunciphisa inani lokutsalwa kwemali kunye neemali ezinokurhoxiswa.

Iiakhawunti zogcino zinokubandakanya iimpawu ezifana nezatifikethi zedipozithi kunye neeakhawunti zokulondoloza umhlalaphantsi ukunceda abathengi bafezekise iinjongo zabo zemali zexesha elide.

Amakhadi ebhanki

Amakhadi anikezelwa ngentlawulo yokungenela okanye ikhomishini yonyaka emiselweyo engadityaniswanga neendleko.

mboleko zabathengi

Kwiibhanki zamaSilamsi, iimali-mboleko zabathengi zakhiwe ukuba zihloniphe imigaqo yemali yamaSilamsi, ethintela inzala yenzala (i-riba) kunye intelekelelo egqithisileyo. Endaweni yokuhlawula inzala kwimali-mboleko, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zisebenzisa iziseko zenkxaso-mali ezisekelwe kwiikontraki ezithobela iSharia.

Enye yezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yile yaseMurabaha. Kule meko, ibhanki ithenga okulungileyo okufunwa ngumthengi kwaye ithengise kwakhona ngexabiso leprimiyamu, kunye nentlawulo yezavenge ekuvunyelwene ngayo kwangaphambili. Oku kuvumela umthengi ukuba afumane ipropati ngaphandle kokuhlawula inzala, kodwa kunokuhlawula ixabiso eliphezulu kwixesha elithile.

Esinye isakhiwo esisetyenzisiweyo yi-Ijara, eyiyo iyafana nerenti ngenketho yokuthenga. Ibhanki ithenga ipropati kwaye iqeshise kumthengi ixesha elimiselweyo, kunye neentlawulo eziqhelekileyo. Ekupheleni kwesivumelwano, umthengi unokuthenga izinto ezilungileyo ngexabiso ekuvunyelwene ngalo okanye azibuyisele ebhankini.

Iimali-mboleko zezindlu

Iimali-mboleko zezindlu ezithengiswayo iimali-mboleko ezinikezelweyo ngeebhanki kunye namaziko emali yokuthenga okanye ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, njengendlu okanye indlu. Ezi mboleko zivumela ababoleki ukuba bahlawule ukufunyanwa kwe-real estate ngelixa behlawula imali ebolekiweyo kunye nenzala kwixesha elichaziweyo.

Kumxholo weebhanki zamaSilamsi, iimali mboleko zezindlu zakhiwe ukuba zihloniphe imigaqo yezemali yamaSilamsi. Iibhanki zamaSilamsi zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso-mali ezithobela iSharia ukuze zibonelele ngeendlela ezizezinye ezingenanzala ezingenanzala (i-riba) kubaboleki.

Esinye sezakhiwo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo seso seMurabaha. Kule meko, ibhanki ithenga i-real estate efunwa ngumboleki kwaye ithengise kwakhona ngexabiso leprimiyamu, kunye nentlawulo yezavenge ekuvunyelwene ngayo kwangaphambili. Oku kuvumela umboleki ukuba afumane ipropati ngaphandle kokuhlawula inzala, kodwa kunokuhlawula ixabiso eliphezulu kwixesha elimiselweyo.

Esinye isakhiwo esisetyenzisiweyo seso i-Ijara, olufana nerenti enokhetho lokuthenga. Ibhanki ithenga ipropati kwaye iqeshise kumboleki ixesha elimiselweyo, kunye neentlawulo eziqhelekileyo. Ekupheleni kwesivumelwano, umboleki unokuthenga ipropati ngexabiso elivunyelweneyo okanye ayibuyisele ebhankini.

I-inshurensi yamaSilamsi (takaful)

I-inshurensi yamaSilamsi, eyaziwa ngokuba igama lika Takaful, ziimveliso ze-inshorensi ezithobela imigaqo yezemali yamaSilamsi. Ngokungafaniyo ne-inshurensi eqhelekileyo, esekelwe kwingcamango yokudlulisela ingozi kwinkampani ye-inshurensi, i-inshurensi yamaSilamsi isekelwe kwimigaqo yokubambisana kunye nokwabelana ngomngcipheko.

Kwi-inshurensi yamaSilamsi, abathathi-nxaxheba igalelo kwingxowa-mali efanayo ukugubungela imingcipheko ngokudibeneyo. Xa umthathi-nxaxheba efumana ilahleko okanye umonakalo, ufanelekile ukuba afumane imbuyekezo yemali kule ngxowa-mali.

Ngoko ke, endaweni yokuhlawula izavenge zeinshorensi, abathathi-nxaxheba benza iminikelo kwiqula elisetyenziselwa ukuhlawula amabango.

🎓 Ukuqukumbela

Iibhanki zamaSilamsi ngamaziko emali ahlonipha imigaqo yezemali yamaSilamsi, esekelwe ngokukodwa ekuthinteleni ukuqokelela okanye ukuhlawula inzala (ribâ). Bayanda, ngoku bamele phantse ama-2 eebhiliyoni iidola ze-asethi kwihlabathi jikelele. Kodwa zeziphi izinto ezikhethekileyo zemodeli yabo xa kuthelekiswa nemali eqhelekileyo?

Okokuqala, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zisebenzisa umgaqo wokwabelana ngenzuzo kunye nelahleko. Kunokuba babolekise ngemali ngokutshintshiselana ngenzala emiselweyo, batyala imali ngokuthe ngqo kwiiprojekthi zoqoqosho kwaye babelane ngeziphumo, ezintle okanye ezimbi, zolu tyalo-mali kunye nabaxhasi babo.

Bakwagxininisa kwimisebenzi abayenzayo yigqale njengefanelekileyo. Imidlalo yamathuba, ukuthengiswa kotywala okanye izixhobo, iindawo ezingamanyala, phakathi kwabanye, azivumelekanga. Umbono kukuxhasa ngemali kuphela iiprojekthi ezinegalelo kwizinto ezilungileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, iibhanki zamaSilamsi zihlawula inxalenye yenzuzo abayenzayo kwimibutho yesisa, ngendlela yezipho ezisemthethweni. ebizwa zakah. Le rhafu ethile kwiSilamsi yinxalenye yeDNA yabo.

Emva kwezi nkcukacha kukho imali esekwe ekwabelaneni, imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nokupha. Kodwa zithini iimpembelelo eziphathekayo zale modeli ingenye? Yiloo nto esiza kuyibona kulo lonke eli nqaku.