Yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga nenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum

Iprojekthi ye-Ethereum yinxalenye yomzamo wokwenza intando yesininzi kwi-intanethi ngokudala a ikhompyuter yehlabathi. Injongo yayo kukutshintsha imodeli yakudala yeeseva okanye idatha yokubamba idatha ngendlela entsha: iindawo zokuhlala ezibonelelwa ngamavolontiya. Abadali bayo bafuna ukwazisa esinye isakhiwo sedatha kunye izicelo ezinatyisiweyo ezingaxhomekeke kwiinkampani ezinkulu zeteknoloji.

Igama lomdali we-Ethereum ngu-Vitalik Buterin kwaye ungumRashiya-eCanada ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Emva kwexesha, abanye abantu bajoyina lo mfana ukucokisa iPhepha eliMhlophe lokuqala: umphuhlisi waseBritane uGavin Wood, uJeffrey Wilcke, umphuhlisi ophambili womthengi weGo, kunye noCharles Hoskinson. Lo mva ngumathematika waseMelika owaseka iprojekthi yemfundo kwi-blockchain. Kwakhona ungumsunguli we-Cardano blockchain.

🥀 Yintoni i-Ethereum?

Ethereum liqonga elenziwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo esekwe kwi-blockchain okanye kwi-block chain system. Liqonga lomthombo ovulekileyo lokusebenza kunye nokwenza ishishini kwi-Intanethi, elinegumbi elibanzi lophuhliso. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lwesixhobo lusathatha amanyathelo okuqala phakathi kwabatyalo-mali abaphazamisayo.

Ngendlela efanayo ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwayo akukagqibi, kuba kusafuna ulwazi oluninzi kwicala labaphulaphuli abajoliswe kuyo, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ayo, ngokwemivuzo, asekhulu kakhulu.

I-Ether, i-cryptocurrency enika amandla i-Ethereum, isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula ukuthengiselana okwenzeka kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum. Yena eyona njongo iphambili kukuvuza abasebenzi basezimayini abaqhuba utshintshiselwano lwedatha kwinethiwekhi ye-homonymous, nangona kunokwenzeka ukurhweba ngeli xabiso.

Uninzi lwabantu abangabandakanyekanga ngokusebenzayo kule nethiwekhi bayabhenela kwi-Ether njenge-Ethereum. Lo mlingani wedijithali wakhutshwa njengenxalenye yephulo lokuxhaswa kwabantu abaninzi elaqala eli nyathelo, kodwa izigidi zeengqekembe ezintsha zenziwa minyaka le.

Ukuthenga le cryptocurrency kufuna ukusetyenziswa amaqonga e-cryptocurrency iingcali, nto leyo enokuba yinto enzima kwaye ithatha ixesha eliya kuphazamisa ukukwazi kwakho ukusabela kwiinguqu zexesha elifutshane zexabiso.

Ukurhweba i-Ethereum nge-CFDs ikuvumela ukuba usabele ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu kunye nenzuzo ekuguquguqukayo kwindawo. Ngapha koko, awudingi ukuba ngumnikazi wale cryptocurrency ukuze ukwazi ukurhweba ngexabiso layo.

🥀 Isebenza njani iEthereum?

Le blockchain isebenza (okwangoku) kunye nethandwayo Ubungqina Bomsebenzi (PoW). I-algorithm yayo yezemigodi ibizwa ngokuba "ethash", ngaphandle kwe Bitcoin's SHA-256. Apha, i-block validators (oko kukuthi abavukuzi base-Ethereum) baphinda bakhuphisane ukusombulula ingxaki yeemathematika, kunye nomntu ophumeleleyo ufumana umvuzo ojikeleze i-3,5 ETH.

Ngokumalunga nokumbiwa kwabo, sinokuthi abavukuzi babo kunye nabaphuhlisi abathandi oomatshini be-ASIC kuba, ngokutsho kwabo, banokubangela i-centralization ethile. Ngoko ke, i-algorithm ethash yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukugxotha ezi ntlobo zoomatshini; okanye kunoko, ubenze bangabi namsebenzi ngandlel’ ithile emigodini yakho. Enyanisweni, ngokungafaniyo ne-Bitcoin, i-ETH eninzi yachithwa ngamakhadi evidiyo (GPUs).

Ngoku, kwixesha elizayo, u-Ethereum kulindeleke ukuba ashiye ubungqina boMsebenzi (i-PoW) kwaye amkele ngokupheleleyo ubungqina be-Stake (PoS). Ngale nkqubo, akusayi kubakho bambi, kodwa abathunywa okanye abaqinisekisi bentengiselwano “uya kuthenga"ilungelo labo kunye nesixa esithile se-ETH kwisipaji sabo.

Ngaloo ndlela, abo baneengqekembe ezininzi baya kuba nethuba elihle lokukhethwa yinkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana ngaphandle kwenkcitho eyongezelelweyo yamandla okanye izinto eziphathekayo.

Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba i-ETH nganye iyahlulwa ukuya kuthi ga kwiindawo ezili-18 (0,000000000000000001 ETH). Kanye njengokuba kukho isenti kwiimali ze-fiat, wabiza awona maqhezu amancinci.

Apha kufuneka sikhankanye ukuba i-Gwei yeyona yunithi ixhaphakileyo yokubonisa amanani amancinci, njengaye i-satoshi kwi-bitcoin. Ke endaweni yokuchaza ukuba iindleko zakho zerhasi yi-0,000000001 ether, unokuthi ixabisa 1 qwayi.

🥀 Ngaba ndingabhatala nge-ether kwenye indawo?

Ngaba unayo i-ETH kwaye ufuna ukwazi ukuba wenze ntoni ngayo? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuthenga into okanye ukuhlawula inkonzo ngale cryptocurrency?

Ewe, nangona kubonakala kungakholeleki kwabaninzi, ngaphezulu kwe-1 yeenkampani ezahlukeneyo yamkela i-ETH njengendlela yokuhlawula kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokwedatha enikezwe nguCryptwerk. Oku kubandakanya iivenkile ezinkulu, amashishini okhenketho, icandelo lomdlalo wevidiyo, iinkonzo ze-intanethi kunye neenkonzo ezinxulumene ne-cryptocurrency, phakathi kwezinye.

Xa uphonononga iinkcukacha-manani zesiza, ukonyuka kancinci kodwa okubalulekileyo kulwamkelo lwe-cryptocurrency ngabarhwebi ijongwe ukusuka kowama-2018 ukuya kowama-2020. Kwaye asinakusilela ukukhankanya ukuba iUnited States ithatha indawo yokuqala phakathi kwamazwe anelona nani likhulu leenkampani.

🥀 Yintoni i-Ethereum "umatshini obonakalayo" (EVM)?

Sinokuthi i-EVM (i-Ethereum Virtual Machine) yinto efana ne-Ethereum CPU. Kwaye yiloo nto kanye evakala ngathi: umatshini wedijithali othi, ngokwethiyori, okwaziyo ukusombulula phantse nayiphi na ingxaki yezibalo kwaye, ke ngoko, uphumeza phantse nawuphi na umyalelo okanye inkqubo.

Oku kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo.Ukujija kugqityiwe", kwaye ibhekisa kumthamo weekhompyuter esiwaziyo sonke. Yiyo loo nto i-Ethereum yaziwa nangokuthi "ikhompyutha jikelele".

Zonke iintlobo zeenkqubo zekhompyuter zakhiwe kwi-EVM kwiSolidity kunye neelwimi zeVyper. Zizi nkqubo esizaziyo ngokuthi "izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile", ngoko, njengoko unokucinga, i-EVM yintliziyo ye-Ethereum, apho umlingo uzalwa khona. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuyivula, njengoko sele sichazile, kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngegesi.

Ngaphezu koko, i-EVM inolwimi lwayo: i 'EVM bytecode'. Emva kokuba iikhontrakthi zibhalwe kwi-Solidity, i-Vyper okanye enye, "iguqulelwe" kuyo Ikhowudi ukuze i-EVM ifunde kwaye izenze ngokuchanekileyo.

🥀 Yintoni "igesi" kwaye isetyenziselwa ntoni?

Ukuba usebenzise i-Bitcoin ubuncinane kanye, uya kwazi ukuba intengiselwano nganye inexabiso elincinci elongezelelweyo. Yikhomishini ejoliswe kubavukuzi abagcina inethiwekhi. Ewe, ukulingana ngaphakathi kwe-Ethereum yinto ebizwa ngokuba "gesi“. Nantsi indawo yemigodi ye-cryptocurrency kwitekhnoloji yeBlockchain.

Khumbula xa bephawula ngasentla ukuba uhlawula imali encinci kwi-ETH ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi? Ewe, loo xabiso yigesi. Asikuko ukuba yenye imali, ingaphezulu komlinganiselo wento omele uyihlawule ngento oyenzayo.

Nangona a Inkqubo yeDapp okanye uphawu lwesiko lubonakala luzimeleyo kwi-Ethereum ekuqaleni, inyaniso kukuba kufuneka ube "gesi” ngendlela ye-ETH ukuze ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa, kuba yonke intengiselwano kunye nabo iya kubandakanya le ndleko encinci kwii-ethers.

Ngaphambi kokuba udlulele kwiindleko zegesi ezinokwenzeka, kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba kukho "iintlobo" zabasebenzisi ezimbini: umda wegesi kunye nexabiso legesi. Umda ubhekiselele kwinani leeyunithi "zerhasi" ozimisele ukuyichitha kuloo ntengiselwano kwaye ayihlukanga ngokubanzi. Ngelixa ixabiso liyimali ye-ETH ehlawulwa kwiyunithi nganye "gesi“. Ngoko ixabiso lilonke libalwa ngokuphinda-phinda umda ngexabiso.

🥀 Ukwembiwa kweetere

Le imigodi ngumba osisiseko wendlela i-Ethereum esebenza ngayo, njengoko yenzayo kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin. Ngaphandle kwemigodi, ukuthengiselana akunakuze kwenzeke kwaye inethiwekhi iya kuba sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa.

Le Imigodi ye-Ethereum ibandakanya ukudalwa kweebhloko zentengiselwano, ukugcinwa kwenethiwekhi, kunye nokujikeleza kwe-ether entsha. Abavukuzi banikezela ngamandla ekhompyuter yeekhompyuter zabo ukuze baqinisekise iibhloko kwaye bavuzwe kwi-ether esanda kwenziwa ngebhloko nganye.

Ngokungafaniyo neBitcoin, imigodi ye-Ethereum ayisekelwanga kumandla we-hashing kodwa kwimemori. Indlela esetyenziswayo ibizwa ngokuba yiProgPoW (Programmatic Proof-of-Work). Ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa okunzulu kofikelelo kwimemori evela kwiiGPU ezixhobisa iikhompyuter zabasebenzi basezimayini.

Abasebenzi basezimayini kufuneka basombulule iingxaki zezibalo ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna amandla amaninzi e-RAM. Umgcini-mgodini wokuqala ukufumana isisombululo kwibhloko nganye entsha uvuzwa nge-ether e-2 esanda kwenziwa, kunye nentlawulo yetengiselwano yebhloko. Ibhloko entsha ifunyanwa malunga nemizuzwana eli-13.

Qaphela ukuba umsebenzi wasezimayini usebenzisa izixa ezibalulekileyo zombane. Oku kusetyenziswa kuqikelelwa ukuba kuthelekiswe nelizwe elincinci. Kungenxa yoko le nto u-Ethereum efuna ukufudukela kubungqina be-stake kunye ne-Eth2, indlela encinci kakhulu yamandla.

Ukumbiwa kwemigodi kuya kuhlala kuyimfuneko iminyaka embalwa ngakumbi ngexesha lokutshintshela kwi-Eth2. Abavukuzi baze badale i-consortium (iBhunga leMigodi yase-Ethereum) ukuxhasa olu tshintsho olukhulu lwezobuchwepheshe lwe-Ethereum.

🥀 iifolokhwe ze-Ethereum

Ifolokhwe kukwahluka kobugcisa okukhokelela kukwahlulwa phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zendaleko kwibhloko. Kwi-Ethereum, iifolokhwe ezininzi sele zenziwe.

Eyona folokhwe ye-iconic yi-DAO ifoloki elandela i-ether ye-50 yezigidi ze-ether exploit kwi-2016. Ukubuyisela imali, u-Vitalik Buterin wagqiba ekubeni enze i-fork enzima ngokuguqula ukuthengiselana. Oku kwakhokelela kwiindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: Ethereum (ETH) ikhonkco eliphambili kunye Ethereum Classic (ETC) umjelo ochasayo.

Kwakukho nefolokhwe yaseByzantium kwi-2017 eyazisa utshintsho ukulungiselela ukulinganisa kwe-Ethereum. Emva koko ifolokhwe yaseConstantinople ngo-2019 eyatshintsha uqoqosho lwemigodi kunye neentlawulo kwinethiwekhi.

Ngo-2020, ifolokhwe ye-Istanbul yenza ukuba kube lula ukudibanisa ukusebenzisana phakathi Ethereum kunye neZcash. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ekuqaleni kuka-2022, ifolokhwe ye-Arrow Glacier yabuyisela umva umhla we-The Merge kunye nokufudukela kubungqina bokubambisa ukuzinzisa inethiwekhi.

Qaphela ukuba nge-Eth2, ukufudukela kwi-proof-of-stake kuya kuphelisa iifolokhwe eziqhelekileyo eziye zafumana inethiwekhi ye-Ethereum ukususela ekudalweni kwayo, kunye ne-blockchain ibe yomelele ngakumbi.

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba iifolokhwe ezilandelayo kufuneka zibe nefuthe elihle ngokuphucula i-scalability, isantya kunye neendleko zokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokuthengiselana kunye nezicelo.

🥀 Ethereum kunye neDeFi

Enye yezona zinto zisetyenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwe-Ethereum kuphuhliso oluqhumayo lwe Ulawulo lwezezimali (DeFi) ukususela ngo-2020. I-Cryptocurrencies kunye ne-blockchain yenza ukuba kube lula ukwakha isiseko semali esivulekileyo, ngaphandle kwabameli kunye nokufikeleleka kubo bonke.

Izicelo zezemali ezinikezelweyo zakhiwe kwi-Ethereum kusetyenziswa iikontraki ezihlakaniphile. Ezi nkqubo zekhompyuter zizenzekela zilawula urhwebo, iimali-mboleko okanye inzala ngokungafihlisiyo nangokukhuselekileyo.

Uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo zeDeFi ziye zavela ngolu hlobo ezizinzileyo, amaqonga okuboleka kunye nokuboleka (Aave, Compound), ii-inshurensi ezibekwe phantsi (i-Nexus Mutual, i-Etherisc) okanye utshintshiselwano olusemthethweni oluvumela ukutshintshiselana kwamathokheni kunye ne-cryptocurrensets ngaphandle komlamli (Uniswap, Curve).

Ixabiso elipheleleyo elivaliweyo kwizicelo ze-DeFi liye laqhuma kwiminyaka eyi-2 ukudlula i-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Esi sisiqalo nje kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba i-10% yeenkonzo zezemali zemveli zinokugqithiswa ngo-2025 ngenxa ye-Ethereum.

Nokuba imiceli mngeni ihleli malunga nobumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba eli candelo likhulayo liza kuqhubeka liphuhlisa kwaye linikezela ngeenkonzo ezitsha ezintsha ezigxile kwixabiso lokwabelana kunokulikhupha.

🥀 izicelo ezinatyisiweyo

Enye yezinto ezintsha ezintsha ze-Ethereum yithuba lokudala izicelo ezibekwe phantsi (i-DApps) usebenzisa iteknoloji yekhontrakthi ehlakaniphile. Le migca ezenzekelayo yekhowudi yenza kube lula ukwakha zonke iintlobo zezicelo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-blockchain.

Sele kukho ngaphezulu 3000 DApps esebenzayo kwi-Ethereum kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwezicelo zeflegi, sinokucaphula amaqonga emali anikezelweyo afana ne-Uniswap okanye iCompound. Kodwa kunye nemidlalo ye-blockchain efana ne-CryptoKitties okanye i-Axie Infinity. Okanye iindawo zentengiso ezinamagunya afana ne-OpenSea.

Ezi zicelo azinandawo enye yokujonga okanye ukusilela. Idatha kunye nekhowudi ye-DApps isasazwa kwii-nodes zenethiwekhi ye-Ethereum. Akukho mncedisi we-centralized kwaye ayakwazi ukunyamezela ukucinywa okanye ukuvalwa.

Ii-DApps zenziwe ngeekontraki ezihlakaniphile ezichaza imigaqo yenkqubo. Baziphumeza ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwemigaqo yekhontrakthi xa iimeko ezithile zihlangatyezwana nazo. Bayakwazi ukulawula ii-cryptocurrencies, iimpawu ezingenakufungiswa (NFTs) kunye nokunye okuninzi ukwakha iinkonzo ezivelisa izinto ezintsha.

Ekugqibeleni, sinokucinga ukuba izicelo ezinatyisiweyo ziya kuthatha indawo yeenkonzo ezininzi zangoku zedijithali, zibonelela ngokucace ngakumbi, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokomelela ngelixa zisekwe kukwabelana ngexabiso. Enkosi ku-Ethereum, ii-DApps ziqala nje inguqu yazo kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ziguqule ngokunzulu uqoqosho lwedijithali ngexesha leshumi leminyaka le-2020.

🥀 I-Ethereum kunye nemeko yolawulo

Sele sisazi ukuba ii-cryptocurrencies ayisiyonto ithandwayo koorhulumente kunye neebhanki ezingoovimba kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yeengcamango zabo ezingundoqo: ukuzimela nokwabela amagunya. Kwamanye amazwe ehlabathini lonke, ziye zavalwa ngokupheleleyo.

Kwezinye, baye baba luncedo ekuhlangabezaneni neengxaki zemali. Yaye inkwenkwe yaphumelela! Kanti abanye, kanye embindini webhalansi, baye bagqiba ekubeni balawule imisebenzi ethile.

Kwi-2018, iqonga lalilawulwa ngabalawuli base-US njenge iKhomishini yoKhuseleko kunye noTshintshiselwano (SEC) et la IKomishini yoTshintshiselwano lweLikamva leMveliso (CFEC); ngenxa yokuthengiswa kwangaphambili kwethokheni yayo kwi-2014.

Nangona ibali lalidala ngelo xesha, babenexhala lokuba i-presale eyaphakamisa i-31 BTC (elingana ne-000 yezigidi zeedola ngelo xesha) yawela phantsi kokuhlelwa kweentengiso ze-securities Act ka-18,3. Ukuba kunjalo, abaphuhlisi kufuneka babhalise i-cryptocurrency njengokhuseleko phambi kokuthengisa.

Nangona kunjalo, uLubin uthe lonke ixesha abalichitha ngokubonisana namagqwetha e-United States nakwamanye amazwe ngaphambi kokuba ukuthengiswa kophawu kwakungelolize. I-Ethers ifunyenwe ukuba ingabalwa njengexabiso lemali ngokwe-Honey test. Ke le ngxelo evela kwabasemagunyeni ayisebenzi, kwaye okwangoku izinto zihlala zinje ngobusuku bokungeniswa kwePoS.

🥀 Ethereum: enye inkqubo ngaphandle cryptocurrencies

Nangona i-ether iyi-cryptocurrency yeqonga elisikhathazayo kulo mbhalo, akusiyo ingundoqo kule nkqubo yokusebenza. Isiseko sokusebenza kwayo yinto ebizwa ngokobuchwephesha isivumelwano esihlakaniphile, ebandakanya ulwakhiwo lwenkxaso yothungelwano olusebenza kakhulu nolulula.

Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo ziyazenzekela, ngokuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokupheliswa kwendima yabalamli. Ngenxa yoko, le nethiwekhi izibonakalisa njengenye indlela enika amandla kubadlali abancinci ngokuchasene neenkampani ezinkulu ezityala imali kwizinga lezizwe ngezizwe.

Unokurekhoda izivumelwano smart ngokulandelanayo ngokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye notyalo-mali olufanelekileyo. Oku kusasazwa kwamagunya, ngaphezu koko, kuthintela ukuphazamiseka okucaphukisayo okuvela kwiibhanki kunye nezinye ii-arhente zekhomishini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, usebenza kunye neekhontrakthi eziphumayo ezidityaniswe kwisixa sakho se-ether, kodwa ezi aziyi kuba yipropathi yakho.

🥀 Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Ethereum kunye neBitcoin

Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ukususela ekuzalweni kwama-ethers kwi-2015, ubudlelwane kunye nokuthelekiswa kunye ne-bitcoins kuye kwaphawula umzila wayo. Ngokunjalo, kube nefuthe kuphuhliso lwezinye iiplatifomu zebhloko okanye i-cryptocurrency.

Kufuneka ugcine engqondweni ukuba i-bitcoins yayiyi-cryptocurrencies yokuqala eyavela. Umlingiswa wayo onguvulindlela wavula indlela yezinye izindululo ezingaphazamisi kangako. Iqonga likaButerin lalandela ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lafumana ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Kodwa ngaphandle kokugxininisa isiseko senkqubo kwi-cryptocurrencies. Kuqhelekile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba abatyali-mali babukele ibini eyenza phakathi kwe-bitcoins kunye neqonga le-ether.

Ngokubanzi, sigxininisa ukuhambelana kokuqaliswa kwe-bitcoins kwinethiwekhi yokusebenza kwe izivumelwano smart. Ngaloo ndlela, ukunyuka kwexabiso kule nkqubo kuye kwabonwa ukuba kuqhutywe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-influx ye-bitcoins.

Ifikelele kwinqanaba apho inethiwekhi esiyihlalutyayo igqithise iibitcoins ngo-2020 kwiirekhodi ezinje ngokunxulumene nomphuhlisi kunye nentengiselwano ngomzuzwana.

Ngokubanzi, ii-bitcoins ezinophawu ziba zii-cryptocurrencies eziqhelekileyo kwiqonga le-ethers. Ubudlelwane obuhle kwabo bathanda ukusebenza kwi-blockchain, kodwa apho, kancinci kancinci, inkqubo ezalwe ngo-2015 ikhula ngokulimaza i-bitcoins.